Education in Cape Verde has come a long way since its humble colonial beginnings with the opening of the first school in 1525. However, despite notable progress and the existence of some schools which are perceived to be superior, the quality of the education provided in the public school system is poor overall. Unfortunately the dearth of research on education in Cape Verde - and indeed the rest of the developing world - available to guide qualitative improvement forces school officials and change agents to use models from developed countries to guide change efforts. The purpose of this study is to examine the validity of that practice based on experiences accumulated during part of a seven year technical aid intervention.

The purpose of the study was to explore and compare key classroom level factors affecting mathematics learner achievement for South Africa and Australia. The study focused in the classroom where teaching and learning takes place. This is a secondary analysis of classroom level factors influencing Grade 8 mathematics learner achievement using the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) 2003. TIMSS 2003 was chosen because it was the latest international study available to measure trends in mathematics learner achievement, where South Africa had participated. Quantitative research approach was employed and a survey research method was used which seeks, among others, to explore relationships and patterns. Survey research method was suitable to provide data that responded to the research questions. The data collection in South Africa and Australia was conducted in October-December 2002 as both countries are located in the Southern Hemisphere. The sample for South Africa consisted of 255 schools with 100% coverage and stratification done by a total of nine provinces, and language. This resulted in 8952 learners tested across the provinces (Joncas, 2004, p. 212). For Australia, the sample consisted of 207 schools with 100% coverage and stratification done by a total of 8 States and Territories and school type. This resulted in 4791 learners participating in the study. The sample included teachers of learners who were selected to participate in the TIMSS 2003 study for South Africa and Australia. The intended target was teachers of all learners at the end of their eight year of schooling. For each participating school, a single mathematics class was sampled and the mathematics teacher of the selected class was asked to complete a mathematics questionnaire. Mathematics teachers of sampled learners responded to questions about teaching emphasis on the topics in the curriculum frameworks, instructional practices, professional training and education and their views on mathematics. The mathematics teacher questionnaire was designed to take about 45 minutes to complete The main question for this study was “What are the key classroom factors that influence learner performance in mathematics?” The three sub questions for the study were: What key variables on classroom level are related to learner achievement in mathematics for South Africa? What key variables on classroom level are related to learner achievement in mathematics for Australia? How do the classroom level factors in mathematics performance of South Africa compare with classroom level factors in Australia? The conceptual framework for the study stressed classroom level factors including instructional quality, which includes teacher background factors, classroom climate, teaching requirements and mathematics curriculum. The framework describes the factors related to classroom interactions within the comprehensive education system, with regard to inputs – process – outputs – outcomes. The selection of variables for the inclusion in the models was guided by the conceptual framework and extensive preliminary analyses. Preliminary statistical analyses included exploring descriptive statistics, Varimax factor analysis, reliability, correlation analysis and stepwise multiple regression analysis. The results of the study indicate that several specific classroom level factors were associated with the higher levels of mathematics achievement of South Africa and Australia. The results for the final South African model were: age of teacher; years been teaching; outside school day grading tests; outside school day other; and computer shortage were identified to predict learner achievement. For Australia ten classroom factors, namely, teacher perception of school climate; teacher perception of school safety; teacher emphasis on mathematics homework; teacher repeat mathematics limiting factors; homework contribute towards learning; work conditions; unhappy learners; shortage of instructional equipment; geometric shapes; and algebraic functions were identified to predict learner achievement. South Africa has factors like teacher background and outside school activities by the teacher. Australia has factors like classroom climate, work conditions and curriculum quality. In the light of schools effectiveness research and school improvement research, a comparative study like this one would require more than one level (classroom level), two or three levels would have been ideal to draw other variables and enrich the analysis, especially the learner level and school level. School effectiveness places an emphasis on the ability and social background of the learners as factors that shape academic performance / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Science, Mathematics and Technology Education / unrestricted

2021 utkom Skolinspektionen med rapporten Långvarigt låga kunskapsresultat – Grundskolor som under 10 år haft en hög andel elever utan godkända betyg i alla ämnen. Svensk skola har sedan 1990-talet genomgått en decentralisering och marknadsanpassning. Under samma tid har skolsegregationen i Sverige ökat, skolorna har blivit mer homogena och resultatskillnaderna mellan skolor har ökat. Skolorna i Skolinspektionens rapport har i jämförelse med hela riket en högre andel elever vars föräldrar har låg utbildningsbakgrund, en högre andel elever med utländsk bakgrund samt en högre andel nyinvandrade elever. I denna studie sätts rektors roll och arbete i relation till Skolinspektionens rapport om låga kunskapsresultat. Intervjuer har genomförts med sex rektorer på skolor som finns med i rapporten och intresset har riktats mot deras subjektiva bild av sin skolas resultat, utveckling och framgång. Studien pekar på hur Skolinspektionens och tidigare forsknings diskurs kring skolframgång marginaliseras på skolor med komplext kompensatoriskt uppdrag genom att just dessa skolor påverkas i stor utsträckning av diskurser kring segregation och resultatstyrning av skolan. Studien har fokus på hur rektorer i dessa utsatta skolor erbjuds en rekontextualiserad subjektsposition i sin yrkesroll som marginaliserar Skolinspektionens skolframgångsdiskurs. / In 2021 the Swedish Schools Inspectorate published a report Schools with prolonged low results – Compulsory schools that during 10 years have high proportion of students without passing grades in all subjects (com. author´s translation).  The Swedish school have since the 1990´s passed through a great decentralization and market adjustment. During the same years school segregation in Sweden has increased, the schools have become more homogeneous and the differences in results between schools have increased. The schools in the report of the Swedish Schools Inspectorate have compared to all Swedish schools a higher proportion of students with parents with low level of education, a higher proportion of students with foreign lineage and a higher proportion of student newly arrived to Sweden. In this study the role and work of principals are put in relation to the Swedish Schools Inspectorate´s report about prolonged low results. Interviews have been held with six principals of schools from the report and the interest which is pointed is their subjective description of their schools results, development and improvement.  This study points how the discourse of school improvement of the Swedish Schools Inspectorate and previous research is marginalized at schools with a complex compensatory mission by that they are affected by discourses about segregation and results management of school. The study is focusing on how principals at schools in social-economic fragile areas is offered a recontextualized position as subject in their work that marginalize the Swedish Schools Inspectorate´s discourse of school improvement.

[pt] Em 2003 o governo brasileiro lançou o Programa Bolsa Família (PBF), que objetivou garantir a superação da pobreza e pobreza extrema, através da transferência de renda mensal às famílias em situação de vulnerabilidade e pobreza no país. O programa transfere, atualmente, um recurso mensal a 14 milhões de famílias que, em contrapartida, precisam obrigatoriamente matricular os filhos de 6 a 17 anos nas escolas de Educação Básica e garantir a frequência escolar acima de 85 por cento, para alunos de 6 a 15 anos, e de 75 por cento para alunos de 16 a 17 anos, além de outras condicionalidades. Esta pesquisa objetivou compreender algumas das características institucionais e pedagógicas de escolas do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul (MS) que apresentam, simultaneamente, duas condições: têm, sistematicamente, resultados positivos nas avaliações nacionais, e concentram um número significativo de alunos beneficiários do Programa Bolsa Família (PBF). Para tanto, este estudo adotou uma abordagem qualitativa. Inicialmente, foi calculado, para as escolas públicas municipais e estaduais do estado, um índice através de regressão linear clássica que, após o controle das características socioeconômicas dos alunos, composição social da escola em razão da concentração de alunos do PBF, proficiência média e distribuição nas faixas de desempenho da Prova Brasil, identificou 14 escolas que se sobressaíram entre as mais de 1900 escolas do estado. Destas, foram selecionadas para este estudo quatro escolas, em dois municípios distintos. Aquelas que produziram os melhores resultados, analisando também questões relacionadas à equidade, foram investigadas in loco na busca da compreensão do que fazem estas escolas para minimizar o peso da origem social dos estudantes. Assim, fatores como condições de gestão, liderança, clima interno da escola, prática pedagógica, prestígio escolar, relação família-escola-PBF, foram investigados, por meio de uma pesquisa de campo que envolveu observações do contexto escolas e da sala de aula, e também entrevistas semiestruturadas com diretores, coordenadores, professores, alunos e famílias beneficiárias dos municípios e escolas selecionadas. O conjunto de escolas que participou da pesquisa apresenta como traço comum o fato de ter resultados positivos e mais homogêneos apesar de atender alunos pobres e em situação de vulnerabilidade social. Afora essa característica mais geral, o conjunto das escolas investigadas comporta, deliberadamente, uma grande diversidade. Nele, há escolas rurais e urbanas, municipais e estadual, localizadas em cidades consideradas de grande e de pequeno porte. Essa diversidade responde pelo interesse em conhecer, para além de características comuns às quatro escolas, um repertório mais amplo de fatores e práticas promotoras de eficácia e de equidade escolar em contextos que apresentam desafios institucionais, de funcionamento e espaciais específicos. Entre as características que estão presentes no conjunto de escolas, os resultados da pesquisa permitem destacar: i. gestão com ênfase pedagógica, exercida pelo diretor, ou delegada aos coordenadores; ii. clima escolar positivo promovido pelos diretores e expresso na satisfação com o trabalho de diretores, coordenadores, professores e no reconhecimento do trabalho da equipe escolar por famílias e alunos; iii. relações harmoniosas e respeitosas com os alunos; iv. ênfase nos processos de aprendizagem, com atividades diversificadas; v. acompanhamento do trabalho pedagógico dos professores pelos coordenadores; vi. prestígio institucional das escolas, propiciado por altas notas no IDEB, pela disciplina escolar e pela qualidade do ensino e dos profissionais; vii. relação família-escola, com pais que se sentem ouvidos pelas instituições, demonstram interesse na escola, e estão alinhados às expectativas de participação da equipe escolar. A principal diferença entre essas escolas está relacionada como formas seletivas de enturmação dos alunos, que tipicamente contribuem para a manutenção das desigualdades educacionais e sociais. / [en] In 2003 the Brazilian government introduced Bolsa Família (Family Grant) Program (PBF), which intended to guarantee the overcoming of poverty and extreme poverty by a monthly transfer of income to the families in situation of vulnerability and poverty in the country. Currently, the program transfers a monthly resource to 14 million families, which in return must enroll their children between 6 and 17 years old in Elementary and Secondary Schools and ensure a school attendance up to 85 percent of students from 6 to 15 years, and 75 percent for students from 16 to 17, besides other conditionalities. This research aimed to understand some of the schools institutional and pedagogical features of Mato Grosso do Sul state, that present, simultaneously, two conditions: have systematically positive results in national assessments, and concentrate a significant number of beneficiary students from Bolsa Família Program (PBF). Therefore, this study adopted a qualitative approach. Initially, an index through a classic linear regression was calculated for the municipal and state public schools of Mato Grosso do Sul, which, after the controlling of students socioeconomic characteristics, the school social composition due to the concentration of students from PBF, average proficiency and distribution in the performance levels of Prova Brasil (Brazil assessment), identified 14 schools that stand out among more than 1,900 schools in the state. From these, fours schools were selected in two different municipalities. Those who presented better results, also analyzing issues related to equity, were investigated in loco in the pursuit of understanding what these schools do to minimize the weight of the students social background. Thus, the criteria of management, leadership, the school internal environment, pedagogical practice, family-school-PBF were investigated, through a field research, observing the school and the classroom, and using semi-structured interviews with directors, coordinators, teachers, students and beneficiary families of the selected municipalities and schools. The group of schools that participated in the research has in common the fact of having positive and more homogeneous results despite attending poor students and students in situations of social vulnerability. Apart from this more general characteristic, the whole of schools investigated deliberately contains a great diversity. In this group, there is rural and urban schools, municipal and state, located in big and small cities. This diversity responds to the interest in knowing, in addition to common characteristics to the four schools, a wide repertoire of factors and practices that promote efficacy and school equity in circumstances that present specific institutional, operational and spatial challenges. Among the characteristics that are present in the group of schools, the results of the research allow highlighting: i. management with pedagogical emphasis, exercised by the director, or delegated to the coordinators; ii. positive school environmet promoted by directors and expressed in satisfaction with the work of directors, coordinators, teachers and recognition of the work of the school team by families and students; iii. harmonious and respectful relationships with students; iv. emphasis on learning processes, with diversified activities; v. monitoring of teachers pedagogical work by coordinators; vi. institutional prestige of schools, promoted by high grades in the IDEB, school discipline and teaching and professionals quality; vii. family-school relationship, with parents who feel heard by the institutions, show interest in the school, and are aligned with the expectation of school team participation. The main difference between these schools is related as selective forms of student interaction, which typically contribute to the maintenance of educational and social inequalities.

From the wave of policy reforms of the new Minister of Education and Human Resources for a "World Class Quality Education", stakeholders have been ascribing the poor quality of learner performance to a lack of motivated teachers. This study focuses on the factors that impact on teacher motivation in the Flacq district of Mauritius and on the role of the principal in enhancing teacher motivation. An empirical investigation based on qualitative research was conducted following the literature study on these two themes. Motivational factors pertain to the school-based personal and professional needs of the teacher. Due to centralised school governance and instructional leadership tasks being delegated to the School Management Team, principals are not effective teacher motivators. Recommendations relate to transformational, distributive and participatory leadership strategies for optimal instructional principalship. / Educational Leadership and Management / M. Ed. (Educational management)

The study was carried out to investigate the role of the secondary school head in Botswana in respect to four themes, namely: staff development; classroom supervision; school culture building; and conflict management. Basically, school development planning was defined as a strategy that can be employed to improve the teaching and learning processes. This could be achieved by on-going staff development programmes that equip staff with new knowledge and new classroom teaching techniques. Details of strategies that could be used to achieve this were examined and discussed in this thesis. Two chapters of the literature review were made in this thesis. Chapter II (Part I) made a direct link between the literature review and the research questions on the main topic of this thesis. Chapter III (Part II) on the other hand provided, a comparative analysis of school development planning between Botswana (as the focal point) and the United Kingdom and Australia (as examples). The analysis was concerned with three issues of: human capacity; budget allocation and its control; and accountability. The inclusion of this second chapter on the literature analysis was to add weight and to raise the analytical standard of the thesis. Closed responses and open-ended questionnaires were used to gather data. A total of 60 respondents comprising heads and teachers from 10 junior and five senior secondary schools participated in the investigation. Summaries of the findings from both the empirical and theoretical components for each of the themes are that: • There cannot be development without developing the developer. • Classroom supervision is essential because it provides the basis for staff development and subsequently improved teaching. • School development planning must be a staff co-operative effort leading to the formation of a sustainable school culture of working teams. • Conflict is always there in organizations, what is important , however, is for the administrator to manage it such that it benefits the organization. Basically, the empirical and theoretical components, supported each other on the majority of issues. The United Kingdom and Australia, being developed countries, do not experience the problems of funding, staffing, and other supportive resources to effectively implement school development planning to the extent of Botswana. / Educational Leadership and Management / D. Ed. (Educational Management)

本研究係對台灣天主教中等學校校長道德領導、學校組織健康與學校效能三個變項進行受訪教職員知覺調查與描述、比較不同背景變項的教職員差異是否顯著、探討校長道德領導、學校組織健康對學校效能相關性及預測性，依據研究所得結論,分別對台灣天主教中等學校董事會、學校當局、教育人員及後續研究者提出建議，以做為推展校長道德領導、精進學校組織健康及提高學校效能之參考。 本研究使用問卷調查法，以t檢訂、單因子變異數分析、皮爾森積差相關、多元迴歸等統計方法，探討台灣天主教中等學校校長道德領導、學校組織健康與學校效能之關係。 經由文獻的蒐集與探討，提出本研究的研究架構模式圖。研究對象為台灣天主教中等學校435位教職員，研究工具係組合陳浩、秦夢群、蔡玲玲三位各自編寫之「校長道德領導」、「學校組織健康」與「學校效能」問卷。 透過統計分析與討論,本研究獲得以下結論: 一、台灣天主教中等學校教職員知覺校長道德領導、學校組織健康與學校效能之現況屬中高程度。 二、台灣天主教中等學校教職員在人員背景變項對校長道德領導、學校組織健康與學校效能的知覺，大部分未達顯著差異。 三、台灣天主教中等學校校長道德領導、學校組織健康與學校效能三者間具有正向關聯性。 四、台灣天主教中等學校校長道德領導與學校組織健康對學校效能均具有正向預測力。 / This study aims to examine the relationship among the principals’ moral leadership, school organization health, and school effectiveness in Taiwan Catholic secondary schools. Through the organization status description, comparison between different teacher background variables, the correlation with the principals’ moral leadership, school organizational health to forecast school effectiveness was discussed. Finally, it proposes suggestions for Taiwan's Catholic secondary school boards, school authorities, educators and subsequent researchers for further improvement of school effectiveness. This study uses questionnaires survey, t test, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson product-moment correlation, multiple regression and other statistical methods to explore Taiwan's Catholic secondary school moral leadership, the organizational health and schools' effectiveness. Through the collection and discussion of the literature, this study proposes the study frmaework. The questionnaire interviewing 435 Taiwan Catholic secondary school faculties, is developed by the results of moral leadership, school organization and school effectiveness relationship of health from the research of Chen, Qin, and Tsai. Through statistical analysis and discussion, this study obtains the following conclusions: 1. Taiwan Catholic secondary school staff has medium-to-high perception of moral leadership, organizational status of school health and school performance. 2. Taiwan Catholic secondary school faculty staff’s background variancees show insignificant differences in surveying the principals’ moral leadership of principals, school organization and school effectiveness of health. 3. Taiwan Catholic secondary school moral leadership, school health and school performance of the organizations have a positive correlation. 4. Taiwan Catholic secondary school moral leadership and school organization health have a positive predictive power for the effectiveness of school.

在台灣經歷少子化而後,國小超額老師問題相形嚴重. 故本論文以個案研究方式探討中型學校士東國小的資深與資淺教師為例,就學校歷史文化,課程設計,領導風格,及學校效能方面來探討教師在教職生涯滿意度與家長對教師之期望. / Since the phenomenon of low fertility rate emergent in Taiwan, the teacher of the primary education suffered and gradually caused the sever problem of the surplus elementary school teacher. Hence, the Shih-Tung elementary, a medium size school, is the scale aligned with optimal scale for government to borrow the experience. The thesis applied a case study method of in-depth interview for related party of teachers and parents of Shih-Tung Elementary School. Initially from retrieving the education core both from definition and ancient wisdom testing the true meaning for the primary education. It is discussed from the culture of the school, the belief of an organization, which is the symbol of pine, big pencil and eraser under persistent learning, preceding that, from the culture to the curriculum design in terms of characteristic of the school, the charm of the school which made less decline of the student enrollment. Moreover, from the leadership style to verify how it formed the consensus and the acceptance form the teachers, which later on lead the effectiveness of the school. Further, it is focused on the organizational behavior analysis applying the Hierarchy of Needs Theory and Motivator-Hygiene Theory to analyze the satisfaction factors of the teachers in the school. The main parts for the central idea are focused on the teachers’ attitude in relation with the satisfaction factors in the case school, in words, the organizational behavior of the case school. Hence, the discussions are brought under school culture and curriculum design, leadership style and school effectiveness, teachers’ working satisfaction and inspiration, parents’ expectation. Consequently, the result and suggestions are made for the 2 parts: one for the school, and the other for the government under the transition of the era. The suggestions are made for the school as to keep the culture and inheritance of the senior to the junior teacher as legacy, and improving the environment for more efficient purpose of using and curriculum design under innovated way under long history. And utilize the human resource of unmarried woman, and build a communicative talk relationship with the parents since the mutual understanding of both parties are changing from authorities to cooperative and increasing junior teachers in the near future.

本研究旨在瞭解目前新北市國民中學教師會運作成效、教師組織公民行為與學校效能的現況，分析不同背景變項下之教師，知覺教師會運作成效、教師組織公民行為與學校效能之差異情形，並探討三者間之關係，最後建構並驗證新北市國民中學教師會運作成效、教師組織公民行為與學校效能之結構方程模式。 本研究採問卷調查法，共計抽樣34所學校，發出738份問卷，回收558份有效問卷；有效問卷回收率達75.67％。問卷調查結果以描述性統計、t檢定、單因子變異數分析、相關分析、多元逐步迴歸及結構方程模式分析等統計方法加以分析與探討。 本研究獲致結論如下： 壹、新北市國民中學教師知覺教師會運作成效為中高程度，其中以「增進組織運作」表現最佳，「提升教師專業」則可再加強。 貳、新北市國民中學教師知覺教師組織公民行為為中高程度，其中「利他人行為」表現最佳，「工作投入與奉獻」則可再提升。 參、新北市國民中學教師知覺學校效能為中高程度 ，其中「教師教學效果」表現最佳，「社區家長支持」則有加強空間。 肆、新北市國民中學教師在不同背景變項中，「教師會幹部」、「教師會與學校行政互動關係非常良好」者，在知覺教師會運作成效上顯著較高。 伍、新北市國民中學教師在不同背景變項中，「擔任導師」、「教師會幹部」、「教師會與學校行政互動關係非常良好」者，在知覺教師組織公民行為上顯著較高。 陸、新北市國民中學教師在不同背景變項中，「兼任行政」、「教師會與學校行政互動關係非常良好」者，在知覺學校效能上顯著較高。 柒、新北市國民中學教師會運作成效、教師組織公民行為與學校效能之間具有正向關聯。 捌、新北市國民中學教師會運作成效與教師組織公民行為對學校效能有正向預測關係。 玖、教師組織公民行為在新北市國民中學教師會運作成效與學校效能之間有顯著完全中介效果。 最後，根據本研究結果，提出具體建議，供教育行政機關、學校教育人員與未來研究之參考。 / The purposes of this study are to learn the relationships among the Operational Effectiveness of Teachers' Associations, Teachers' Organizational Citizenship Behavior and School Effectiveness of Junior High Schools in New Taipei City. Comparing and analyzing the differences, relationships, and stepwise regression among Operational Effectiveness of Teachers' Associations, Teachers' Organizational Citizenship Behavior and School Effectiveness of Junior High Schools, the researcher tries to build and verify a model for these three elements. Through the use of questionnaires survey method, data are collected from 34 junior high schools, 738 questionnaires in total. Valid questionnaires of 558 are collected, with a usable rate of 75.6%. All data are analyzed by the methods of descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, correlation, multiple regressions and structural equation modeling. The conclusions are as follows: 1. The level of the operational effectiveness of teachers' associations is medium, the performance in "strengthen organization operation" is outstanding, and "enhance teacher professional" can be further strengthened. 2. The level of the teachers' organizational citizenship behavior is medium, the performance in "altruistic behavior" is outstanding, and "work input and dedication" can be improved. 3. The level of the school effectiveness is medium, the performance in "teacher teaching effect" is outstanding, and "community parent support" can be further strengthened. 4 .The junior high school teachers as "teachers' cadres" and "in a school where the teachers' association has better interaction with the school administration" show significant perception of the operational effectiveness of teachers' associations . 5. The junior high school teachers as "mentors", "teachers' cadres" and "in a school where the teachers' association has better interaction with the school administration" show significant perception of the teachers' organizational citizenship behavior. 6. The junior high school teachers as "the ones who are concurrently in administrative work" and "in a school where the teachers' association has better interaction with the school administration" show significant perception of the school effectiveness. 7. There are positive correlations among the operational effectiveness of teachers' associations, teachers' organizational citizenship behavior and school effectiveness of junior high schools in New Taipei City. 8. The operational effectiveness of teachers' associations and the teachers' organizational citizenship behavior can apparently predict the school effectiveness. 9.The proper fit of structural equation model among the operational effectiveness of teachers' associations, teachers' organizational citizenship behavior and school effectiveness of junior high schools in New Taipei City is assessed as positive and can explain the relationships among main variables. Teachers' organizational citizenship behavior fully mediates the relationship between the operational effectiveness of teachers' associations and school effectiveness.

本研究旨在瞭解國民小學校長混合教練、師傅教導與學校效能之內涵與現況，並探討其關係，進而建構與驗證三者之互動模式，最後依據研究結果提出建議。首先，進行文獻探討，作為研究立論之基礎及發展研究工具之依據；其次，透過問卷調查臺灣北、中、南、東四區之500位公立國民小學現任校長（有效問卷421份），以分析現況及驗證理論；再者，依據正式問卷回收後之統計分析結果，進行後置焦點團體座談與專家訪談，以探究問卷調查結果背後的可能意涵及影響因素，並尋求受訪者對本研究議題的具體建議；最後，依據研究結果進行綜合討論，以形成結論與建議。茲將本研究之主要結論與建議歸納如下： 壹、國民小學校長混合教練、師傅教導與學校效能之內涵與現況 一、國民小學校長在「COACH混合教練模式量表」及其向度的現況得分大多屬於中高程度，且以「組織專業知能」向度的得分最高。 二、國民小學校長在「MENTOR師傅教導模式量表」及其向度的現況得分大多屬於中高程度，且以「楷模典範形塑」向度的得分最高。 三、國民小學校長在「學校效能指標量表」及其向度的現況得分大多屬於高程度，且以「社區認同」、「環境設備」向度的得分最高。 貳、不同背景變項的國民小學校長在混合教練、師傅教導與學校效能得分之差異情形 一、國民小學校長的背景變項中，性別、擔任校長年資、跟隨教練校長（輔導校長）學習與否、跟隨師傅校長學習與否，在混合教練得分之差異達顯著水準。 二、國民小學校長的背景變項中，跟隨教練校長（輔導校長）學習與否、擔任教練校長（輔導校長）與否、跟隨師傅校長學習與否，在師傅教導得分之差異達顯著水準。 三、國民小學校長的背景變項中，年齡、擔任校長年資、跟隨師傅校長學習與否、學校區域，在學校效能得分之差異達顯著水準。 參、國民小學校長混合教練、師傅教導與學校效能之相關情形 一、整體混合教練與整體師傅教導間呈顯著的正相關，且以「教導專業職能」與「COACH混合教練模式量表」之相關程度最高。 二、整體混合教練與整體學校效能間呈顯著的正相關，且以「行政領導」與「COACH混合教練模式量表」之相關程度最高。 三、整體師傅教導與整體學校效能間呈顯著的正相關，且以「行政領導」與「MENTOR師傅教導模式量表」之相關程度最高。 肆、建構國民小學校長混合教練與學校效能以及師傅教導與學校效能之互動模式分析 一、混合教練與學校效能互動模式之適配度與影響力良好，在整體適配度指標、比較適配度指標、精簡適配度指標、基本適配度指標與內在適配度指標皆佳，前因變項（混合教練）對後果變項（學校效能）也具有顯著的影響力。 二、師傅教導與學校效能互動模式之適配度與影響力良好，在整體適配度指標、比較適配度指標、精簡適配度指標、基本適配度指標與內在適配度指標皆佳，前因變項（師傅教導）對後果變項（學校效能）也具有顯著的影響力。 伍、驗證本研究建構之國民小學校長混合教練、師傅教導對學校效能模式 上游潛在變項二（師傅教導）對下游潛在變項（學校效能）較具有顯著的影響力，而上游潛在變項一（混合教練）對下游潛在變項（學校效能）則較不具影響力；綜言之，師傅教導對學校效能具有顯著的影響效果，但混合教練對學校效能的影響效果較小。 最後，本研究依據文獻探討、問卷調查、焦點團體座談與專家訪談等研究結果，提出相關建議，俾供主管教育行政機關、學校教育人員及後續研究之參考。 / The main purpose of this research was to investigate the blended coaching, mentoring, and school effectiveness for elementary school principals in Taiwan. The research methods included literature review, questionnaire survey, focus group sessions, and interviews. First, the literature review was the basis of argument and for the development of research tools. Secondly, the research instrument was distributed to 500 elementary school principals all over Taiwan and there were 421 valid samples which were used in this study. Moreover, after the statistical analysis of the questionnaire results, the focus group sessions and interviews were being held to explore the possibility of results and the influence factors behind the meaning. Finally, the comprehensive discussion was based on the research findings, and to make up conclusions and recommendations which were summarized as follows: A. In the aspect of blended coaching 1. The blended coaching includes five parts: Connect, Organize, Administrate, Collaborate, and Help. For principals, the best dimension is “Organize”. 2. The background variables in gender, years of service, following the coach principal, and following the mentor principal have significant influences on blended coaching. B. In the aspect of mentoring 1. The mentoring includes six parts: Model, Educate, Network, Tell, Outlook, and React. For principals, the best dimension is “Model”. 2. The background variables in following the coach principal, acting as the coach principal, and following the mentor principal have significant influences on mentoring. C. In the aspect of school effectiveness 1. The school effectiveness includes five parts: Administrative leadership, Teacher teaching, Student learning, Community identity, and Environmental equipment. For principals, the best dimension is “Community identity” and “Environmental equipment”. 2. The background variables in age, years of service, following the mentor principal, school district have significant influences on school effectiveness. D. In the aspect of relationships among blended coaching, mentoring, and school effectiveness 1. There were positively correlation existed among blended coaching, mentoring, and school effectiveness. 2. The model of blended coaching to school effectiveness is proper and the model of mentoring to school effectiveness is also proper. 3. Mentoring which is better than blended coaching promotes and has significant influences on school effectiveness for elementary school principals. In the end, based on the research results, the researcher proposed some recommendations for educational administrative agencies, school personnel, and following research, hoping to benefit the development of elementary school education and the school principal preparation systems in the future.