Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-04-22T16:50:20Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Joice Duarte Batista Lôbo - 2012.pdf: 1193755 bytes, checksum: 9a0ef0020bbbc657d3c73a3760afc08e (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-04-22T16:51:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Joice Duarte Batista Lôbo - 2012.pdf: 1193755 bytes, checksum: 9a0ef0020bbbc657d3c73a3760afc08e (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-22T16:51:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Joice Duarte Batista Lôbo - 2012.pdf: 1193755 bytes, checksum: 9a0ef0020bbbc657d3c73a3760afc08e (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-01 / This dissertation has chosen as its objective the study of violence by students against teachers in state schools in the city of Goiania. Permeating the understanding of violence by students against teachers. The study aimed to conceptualize the terminology of violence in schools, contextualizing its nature, cause and consequence. The intention was also to identify the social mechanisms of school that contribute to the characterization of social practices, values and behaviors that indicate violence within the school unit. The study was also to meet the violent practices of students against teachers to contribute to building a database specific to the issue of violence in schools. For both the research paper talks about the factors that generate violence by students against teachers in public schools in Goiânia-GO. To account for this work was the study of literature about the violence, focusing on aspects related to the proposed objectives. The theoretical framework and methodology of this study is the theory of social representations, guiding the foundation of understanding representations of violence in schools. Data collection occurred through the empirical selection of eight public schools in the city of Goiania. For the data collection questionnaire was administered to 360 students and 40 teachers in these schools. The results from the literature and empirical research indicate that for adolescents to violence is linked to their life experiences, being a phenomenon present in everyday school, neighborhood, family and society. Violence at school and with teachers, manifested through physical and verbal aggression as a way of resolving interpersonal conflicts. / A presente dissertação elegeu como objetivo o estudo da violência de alunos contra professores nas Escolas Públicas Estaduais do Município de Goiânia. Permeando a compreensão dos atos violentos de alunos contra os professores. O trabalho objetivou conceituar a terminologia da violência nas escolas, contextualizando sua natureza, causa e conseqüência. Pretendeu-se também identificar os mecanismos sociais do contexto escolar que contribuem para a caracterização das práticas sociais, valores e comportamentos que indicam as violências no âmbito da unidade escolar. O estudo consistiu ainda em conhecer as práticas violentas de alunos contra professores de forma a contribuir com a construção de um banco de dados específico para a questão da violência nas escolas. Para tanto o trabalho de pesquisa discorre a cerca dos fatores que geram a violência de alunos contra professores nas escolas públicas estaduais de Goiânia-GO. Para dar conta deste trabalho foi realizado o estudo da literatura a cerca da violência, focalizando aspectos relacionados aos objetivos propostos. O marco teórico e metodológico deste trabalho tem na teoria das Representações Sociais, as bases norteadoras da compreensão das representações violentas no âmbito escolar. A obtenção dos dados empíricos ocorreu por meio da seleção de oito escolas públicas estaduais do município de Goiânia. Para a coleta de dados foi aplicado questionários a 360 alunos e 40 professores dessas escolas. Os resultados advindos da literatura e da pesquisa empírica indicam que para os adolescentes a violência está vinculada às suas experiências de vida, sendo um fenômeno presente no cotidiano da escola, bairro, família e sociedade. A violência na escola, e para com os professores, se manifesta por meio de agressões físicas e verbais, como uma forma de resolução dos conflitos interpessoais.

Submitted by Neusa Fagundes (neusa.fagundes@unioeste.br) on 2018-02-20T14:28:14Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Jakeline_Goldoni2017.pdf: 1272885 bytes, checksum: df52297f2a016ef4e0345eaae16eaece (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-20T14:28:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Jakeline_Goldoni2017.pdf: 1272885 bytes, checksum: df52297f2a016ef4e0345eaae16eaece (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-28 / The phenomenon of violence and its modulations has been at the heart of countless scientific researches. The concern with the modulation of the phenomenon through the internet has been increasing, as much as its expression and incidence. Thus, we aim in this research, to make reflections about school violence in postmodern society, specifically expressed from the cyber bullying phenomenon. We sought to understand the use of cyberspace in manifestations of violence, aiming to analyze the possible consequences of cyber bullying in the life of high school students of public institutions in the city of Cascavel. Therefore, we analyzed the discourse of students who experienced cyber bullying situations. The strategies used intended, by design, to grasp notions, attitudes, experiences, reactions and feelings about the theme. The theoretical contribution of the bibliographical research was based on authors who talk about post-modernity (BARROS, 2014; MAFFESOLI 1987, 1998); violence and youth (GADEA, 2014; GUIMARÃES, 2005; MAFFESOLI, 1987,1998; RECCHIA, 2008; SPOSITO, 1998); and cyberspace (BARROS, 2007; CASTELLS, 2003; LÉVY, 1999; RECUERO, 2006). We chose the semi-structured interview as an instrument for data collection and we used Bardin (2001) for content analysis. / O fenômeno da violência e suas modulações tem sido o cerne de inúmeras pesquisas cientificas. A preocupação com a modulação do fenômeno via internet tem sido crescente, tanto quanto sua expressão e incidência. Assim, objetivamos nesta pesquisa, tecer reflexões acerca da violência escolar na sociedade pós-moderna, expressa especificamente a partir do fenômeno ciberbullying. Buscamos compreender o uso do ciberespaço em manifestações de violência, intuindo analisar as possíveis consequências advindas do ciberbullying na vida de estudantes do Ensino Médio de instituições públicas da cidade de Cascavel. Para tanto, analisamos o discurso de alunos que vivenciaram situações de ciberbullying. As estratégias utilizadas pretenderam, por desígnio, apreender noções, atitudes, experiências, reações e sentimentos acerca da temática. O aporte teórico da pesquisa bibliográfica baseou-se em autores que versam sobre pós-modernidade (BARROS, 2014; MAFFESOLI 1987, 1998); violência e juventude (GADEA, 2014; GUIMARÃES, 2005; MAFFESOLI, 1987,1998; RECCHIA, 2008; SPOSITO, 1998); e ciberespaço (BARROS, 2007; CASTELLS, 2003; LÉVY, 1999; RECUERO, 2006). Optamos pela entrevista semiestruturada enquanto instrumento de coleta de dados e pautamo-nos em Bardin (2001) para a análise de conteúdo.

Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2016-08-10T11:54:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 lucianaxaviersenra.pdf: 1235340 bytes, checksum: 63a5a9672fbf0835eb4d58adab066446 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-08-10T13:03:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lucianaxaviersenra.pdf: 1235340 bytes, checksum: 63a5a9672fbf0835eb4d58adab066446 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T13:03:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lucianaxaviersenra.pdf: 1235340 bytes, checksum: 63a5a9672fbf0835eb4d58adab066446 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-20 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A violência escolar consiste em uma forma de violência interpessoal que vitimiza principalmente crianças e adolescentes com atos e condutas agressivas e violentas diretas e/ou indiretas, traduzidos nas formas física, sexual, moral e psicológica, patrimonial, institucional e virtual. Porém, envolve também a comunidade no entorno da escola, a família, professores e todos aqueles que atuam no processo educacional desses sujeitos. O fenômeno não possui compreensão consensual e desde a década de 1950 tem sido alvo de estudos de diferentes áreas do conhecimento em todo o mundo. Esses seguimentos tentam buscar um consenso acerca do entendimento das formas de manifestação da violência na escola, bem como no que se refere à tentativa de combate-la com vistas a reduzir os impactos desencadeados no curso de vida dos envolvividos. Com base em tais considerações, a presente pesquisa teve por escopo realizar uma revisão de literatura sobre a violência escolar e a respeito das formas pelas quais ela tem sido rastreada no contexto educacional, sobretudo no perído compreendido entre os anos de 2000 à 2015. A delimitação desse período se justifica tendo em vista a divulgação do primeiro levantamento sobre o tema feito no Brasil a partir de meados da década de 1980 seguindo uma tendência mundial; assim como pela necessidade de conceber as maneiras pelas quais o fenômeno continuou a ser investigado e abordado nacional e internacionalmente. A busca dos textos para a revisão ocorreu a partir da eleição das bases de dados mais apropriadas, isto é, com escopo de catalogação de textos sobre o tema em pesquisa, para o levantamento da literatura pertinente. Esse procedimento foi adotado a partir da identificação das bases junto ao site do banco de periódicos capes. As bases assim eleitas foram: Web of Science, Dialnet, Redalyc, Lilacs, Eric, GoogleSchoolar, Jstor e PsyvInfo. Nestas, após consulta ao dicionário de descritores, foram associandos os termos school violence or bullying à questionnaire; scale; instrument; assessment e measure. Objetivou-se, pois, levantar as definições de violência escolar salientadas nas publicações e verificar a ocorrência e uso de instrumentos de rastreio de violência escolar. Foram incluídos na presente revisão artigos científicos que abordassem o tema sem quaisquer associações a outras temáticas tais como problemas de saúde, de desenvolvimento, psiquiátricos ou jurídicos. As publicações indexadas em mais de uma base de dados e/ou referentes a monografias, dissertações, teses e capítulos de livros não foram incluídos no estudo. Para análise dos textos foram empregadas, respectivamente, as técnicas do estudo bibliométrico e da análise do conteúdo. A primeira visa oferecer um panorama da quantidade de publicações no período, por base de dados e autores, de metodologias utilizadas, seguimentos do conhecimento, localidade e periódicos das publicações decorrentes das pesquisas as originaram. A análise de conteúdo foi empregada com intuito de avaliar e compreender as maneiras pelas quais o fenômeno da violência escolar tem sido estudado e concebido, além de buscar compreensão das estratégias sobre o tema adotadas por pesquisadores, na tentativa traçar subsídios mais sistematizados para abordagens nas situações de violência. O levantamento nas bases de dados permitiu identificar 4278 publicações catalogadas. Com a aplicação dos critérios de exclusão, 268 artigos foram elencados para a leitura inicial dos resumos. Essa leitura permitiu identificar 119 (55,6%) publicações com relato de uso de instrumentos de rastreio da violência escolar. As demais (44,4%), consistiram em revisões de literatura e pesquisas qualitativas cujas técnicas envolveram entrevistas abertas, estudos de caso e/ou grupos focais. Dentre os demais resultados, a Redalyc indexou 27,1%(76) das publicações; e Pereira e Fonseca & Veiga representaram 2,33% do total de autorias. O Journal of School Violence e Archives of Scientific Psychology publicaram 12%(32) dos artigos. A classificação tipológica de pesquisa mencionada com maior frequência nas publicações foi a dos estudos transversais, com 35,8%(96). Os instrumentos de rastreio mais citados foram o Questionário de Bullying de Olweus e SVS- School Vitimization Scale, ambos representando 35,5%(50) dos textos estudados. A análise de conteúdo permitiu classificar três grandes categorias de avaliação das publicações: (A) definição de violência escolar; (B) tipos de atos agressivos e violentos perpetrados e sofridos; e (C) características psicométricas dos instrumentos de rastreio da violência escolar. Na categoria A constatou-se que uma tendência predominante em definir e compreender o fenômeno como sinônimo de bullying (53%); na categoria B, verificou-se que os sujeitos do sexo masculinos tendem a ser mais perpetradores do que vítimas dos atos agressivos e violentos, os quais são diversos, podendo ser tanto físicos, quanto morais e psicológicos ou virtuais. A categoria C possibilitou verificar, de modo geral, que os instrumentos predominantemente utilizados são adaptações de instrumento originalmente construídos no idioma inglês, o que evidencia limitações relativas a organização semâtica dos itens e, portanto, podendo comprometer a validade de construto. Os achados desta revisão de literatura indicam a importância da temática e a necessidade da continuidade dos estudos, principalmente que sejam condizentes com o contexto sociocultural do Brasil. / The school violence is a form of interpersonal violence mainly against children and adolescents in physical, sexual, moral, psychological, institutional and virtual forms. But it also involves the community around the school, family, teachers and all those working in the educational process. The phenomenon has no common understanding and since 1950 has been the subject of studies in different fields of knowledge worldwide. These threads try to seek a consensus in understanding the manifestation of these forms of violence in schools, as well as with regard to the attempt to reduce the effects triggered in the lives of those involved. Based on these considerations, the present study aimed to carry out a review of the literature on school violence and on instruments for which was screened in the educational context, especially in the period prescribed in the years 2000 to 2015. The demarcation that period is justified by taking as reference the first research on the subject made in Brazil since the mid 1980s; and the need to find ways in which the phenomenon continued to be investigated and treated in the country. The search for text revision occurred after the election of the most appropriate databases, ie, the collection of relevant texts to the topic under study. This procedure was adopted from the identification of the bases with the website of the Capes Periodicals. The so elected bases were: Web of Science, Dialnet, Redalyc, Lilacs, Eric, GoogleSchoolar, Jstor and PsycInfo. These, after consulting dictionaries descriptors were associated with the terms of school violence or intimidation to the questionnaire; scale; instrument; evaluation and measurement. The goal, therefore, was enumerating the definitions of school violence highlighted in publications and verify the occurrence and use of bullying screening tools and school violence. Were included in this review scientific articles that addressed the issue without any associations to other issues like health problems, developmental, psychiatric or legal. Publications indexed in more than one database and / or relating to monographs, dissertations, thesis and book chapters were not included in the study. For analysis of the texts were used, respectively, the bibliometric study and analysis of the content techniques. The first aims to provide an overview of the number of publications in the period, based on data and authors, used methodologies, knowledge area, site of the search the journal in which the articles were published. The content analysis was used to assess and understand the study of ways and approach to school violence phenomenon; and seek understanding of the strategies adopted by researchers on the subject, in an attempt to define more systematic approaches to subsidies in situations of violence. The search in the databases identified 4278 cataloged publications. With the application of the exclusion criteria, 268 articles were listed for the initial reading summaries. This reading has identified 119 (55.6%) publications use of screening tools reported school violence. The rest (44.4%) consisted of literature reviews and qualitative research techniques involving open interviews, case studies and focus groups. Among other results, the indexed Redalyc 27.1% (76) publications; and Pereira and Fonseca & Veiga represented 2.33% of authorship. The Journal of School Violence e Archives of Scientific Psychology published 12% (32) of the articles. The typological classification research most cited publications were cross-sectional studies, with 35.8% (96). The most cited screening tools were Olweus Bullying Questionnaire and SVS- Vitimization Scale School, both representing 35.5% (50) of the studied texts. Content analysis allowed to classify three publications evaluation categories: (A) the definition of school violence; (B) types of aggressive and violent acts perpetrated and suffered; and (C) psychometric characteristics of school violence screening tools. In category A was predominant tendency to define and understand the phenomenon as a synonym for bullying (53%); in category B, it was found that male subjects tend to be more aggressive perpetrators of acts and violent than females. The types of acts perpetrated most often are the physical, moral, psychological and virtual. The Category C enabled us to verify the predominance of adapted and translated instruments of the English language, which highlights semantic limitations items and therefore may compromise the validity of the construct. The results of this analysis indicate the importance of this issue and the need for further study, especially that are consistent with the social and cultural contexts of Brazil.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2018-08-23T11:34:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 marcosaparecidodasilva.pdf: 2017003 bytes, checksum: ec583ce6dde4648481b6b2be32012b42 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-09-03T16:36:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 marcosaparecidodasilva.pdf: 2017003 bytes, checksum: ec583ce6dde4648481b6b2be32012b42 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-03T16:36:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marcosaparecidodasilva.pdf: 2017003 bytes, checksum: ec583ce6dde4648481b6b2be32012b42 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-19 / Partindo do preceito de que o fenômeno da violência está diretamente ligado às questões de ordem social, econômica e cultural de uma sociedade, o objetivo deste trabalho é a compreensão de como esse fato ocorre no ambiente escolar. Além disso, entender as ações que os profissionais da educação empreendem no enfrentamento à violência na escola. O tema da pesquisa buscará fazer uma análise acerca das ações que a gestão escolar tem desenvolvido para o enfrentamento da violência entre os alunos, tendo em vista o seu comportamento agressivo na Escola Estadual Immanuel Kant. A partir de instrumentos de pesquisa, elaborados pelo pesquisador, com base no referencial teórico construído anteriormente, foi possível contrastar a realidade exibida pelos registros de ocorrência com as respostas dos questionários aplicados. A metodologia para a coleta de dados teve como base os questionários com professores e alunos e entrevistas com a direção da escola, além da pesquisa documental dos registros escolares de ocorrências. A análise das entrevistas e das respostas extraídas dos questionários confirmou a existência de condutas violentas no ambiente escolar, apontando, inclusive, para um crescimento desse fenômeno nos últimos anos. Essa realidade se reflete em sala de aula, prejudicando o processo ensino-aprendizagem e se tornando mais grave com o passar do tempo, tendo em vista o caso de homicídio registrado. O trabalho aborda quais seriam as principais causas da violência no ambiente escolar, buscando conhecer também as ações que a gestão escolar vem empreendendo diante deste fenômeno. Foi possível perceber, além disso, que os participantes da pesquisa não relacionam os atos de depredação da escola, como as pichações (em paredes e mobiliário) e os vidros quebrados, com uma forma de violência. A partir da pesquisa e dos anseios percebidos durante a pesquisa de campo, foi elaborado um Plano de Ação, que buscará agir sobre o contexto escolar pesquisado. / Based on the fact that the situations of violence are directly related to the social, economic and cultural issues of a society, the objective of this research is the understanding of how this fact occurs in the school environment and the actions that the education professionals undertake when are in confrontation with violence at school. The research theme will analyse the actions the school managers have been developing face the aggressive behavior among Escola Estadual Immanuel Kant’s students. Based on research tools developed by the researcher that were based on the theoretical framework previously constructed by him, it was possible to contrast the reality shown in the occurrence registers with the answers of the applied questionnaires. The methodology for data collection was based on the questionnaires with teachers and students and interviews with school managers, as well as the documentary research of school registers of occurrences. The analysis of the interviews and the answers extracted from the questionnaires confirmed the existence of violent behaviors in the school environment, pointing to a growth of this phenomenon in the last years, reflecting in the classroom, damaging the teachinglearning process and becoming more serious with the passage of years, in view of the case of registered homicide. The paper addresses the main causes of violence in the school environment, seeking to know also the actions that school managers have been undertaking in the face of this phenomenon. It was also possible to see that the research participants did not relate the depredation acts of the school, such as graffiti (on walls and furniture) and broken glass as a form of violence. From the research and the situations perceived during the field research, an Action Plan was developed to help the researched school context.

Orientador: Dirce Djanira Pacheco e Zan / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T03:29:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Possato_BeatrisCristina_D.pdf: 3464892 bytes, checksum: bd8c14e539a4801a50d6d305ffd79c4f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Esta pesquisa propõe um estudo de abordagem qualitativa, tendo como referencial metodológico a pesquisa etnográfica em uma escola pública estadual, de Campinas - SP. Partindo da aproximação com a realidade a ser investigada, conhecendo aspectos da comunidade atendida e dos sujeitos que constituem essa instituição, o intuito foi observar a inserção e atuação do Professor Mediador Escolar e Comunitário (PMEC) na escola investigada. Esse profissional representa a figura central de um programa da Secretaria de Educação do Estado de São Paulo (SEESP), o "Sistema de Proteção escolar" (SPE), que tem como propósito amenizar as violências escolares. A pesquisa etnográfica propôs a compreensão das práticas, das funções, da formação, das ações educativas e dos sentidos do PMEC para esta instituição, analisando seu papel perante as violências escolares. A busca era, igualmente, de perceber as relações e a atuação deste profissional junto aos sujeitos da pesquisa, realizando entrevistas com representantes da SEESP, da equipe gestora, da equipe docente e discente, problematizando o desenvolvimento do SPE. Para alcançar esse intento, houve a permanência durante um ano letivo na escola, observando os sujeitos da pesquisa nos diversos espaços, como pátio, sala de aula, entre outros, além de acompanhar intensamente as atividades da PMEC. Para os registros dessa observação o diário de campo foi utilizado como instrumento principal e os documentos da escola, utilizados para complementar os dados do campo. A pesquisa etnográfica permitiu que múltiplas facetas do campo fossem desvendadas pouco a pouco e que as relações humanas naquela escola fossem observadas do ponto de vista dos sujeitos escolares. Foi possível constatar que o PMEC possuía uma condição de trabalho aviltante, que não lhe permitia construir sua função, assumindo vários papéis que não eram os seus. Ademais, assumia uma função mais punitiva, burocrática, do que mediadora. Havia um desmonte da coletividade na escola, dos espaços de trabalho coletivo e delegava-se a um único sujeito a responsabilidade pela convivência e pelas violências escolares. O absenteísmo dos professores e funcionários, a escola vista como uma organização burocrática, diversos problemas e descontentamentos, faziam parte da estrutura escolar. Estrutura essa, que demonstra uma política de aparência cuja preocupação principal seria responder à sociedade sobre os casos de violência destacados pela mídia e que efetivamente, não permite que um programa de Mediação de Conflitos escolares ou qualquer outro programa, que busque amenizar as violências escolares, seja bem sucedido. / Abstract: This search is a qualitative study and it has as ethnography research methodology referential a public school in Campinas - SP. The search tries to be as close as it can with the reality, to be investigated as to get to know the community where the school is and the people who are part of it. The intention with the observation was watch how the School Teacher Mediator (PMEC)* is integrated and acts in the investigated school. This position represents the central person in a program created by the Department of Education of the State of São Paulo (SEESP)*, the "School protection system" (SPE)*, it has the purpose to reduce the school violence. The ethnography research offer the understanding about the practices, the function, the formation, the actions about education and the PMCE senses for the institution analyzing how it acts against school violence. The investigation equally explores the relation and the action of the professional with the research subjects, making interviews with SEESP representants, the management team, teaching and student team, questioning the SPE's development. To achieve this purpose there was permanence at the school in a whole year, watching the research subjects in different spaces, like courtyard, classroom, among others, in addition to permanent follow of actives from PMEC. For the registration of this observation the daily field had been used as principal instrument and the school documents had also been used as a complementation of the field. The ethnography research allowed that multifaceted field in this area had been unveiled little by little and the humans relations in that school had been seen from the school subjects. After it was possible to show, that PMEC have degrading job conditions, that situation didn't allowed them to be able to do their function, so they had to assume different papers. Moreover, assume a function more punitive, bureaucratic than mediator. There was a division in the community school, in the collective work space and all the responsibility for the familiarity and for the school violence. The absence of workers and teachers, the view of the school as bureaucratic, several problems and discontentment were part of the school structure. Structure that shows a police that the principal worry is answer to the population about the managers conflicts showed up through the media and not allows a real Mediation conflict school program or any other kind of program, to reduce the school violence problems, it will be successful. / Doutorado / Ensino e Práticas Culturais / Doutora em Educação

Abstract This dissertation examines how boys construct masculinities and hierarchical orders in their social interactions at school. Those themes are studied from viewpoints of power, ethnicity, status, and particularly violence in a framework of hegemonic masculinity. The study uses feminist post-structural methodology and critical discourse analysis; the material consists of questionnaires, interview data, and observation material collected in two phases from the same school classes in 2002 and 2007. Tuija Huuki’s qualitative, longitudinal material is also explored in two joint articles written with her. Longitudinal analysis and case studies are also used in this research. Four discursive forms of masculinity are found and analysed in this research from the perspective of hegemonic masculinity. These forms of masculinity legitimate, challenge, or affect hegemonic masculinity, and are considered particularly from a viewpoint of visible violence and subtle, normalised violence. Toughies used violence the most visibly. Banal balancers used violence in more subtle manners. Silent sympathisers for their part legitimated violence as bystanders, while gender traitors were often targets of gendered violence as they withdraw from hegemonic masculinity. In the context of this work, hegemonic masculinity refers to the pursuit of culturally and socially idealised masculinity, which was considered normal on a local level. This research also analyses peer likeability and respect, which are suggested as the prominent dimensions of status in a framework of hegemonic masculinity. Respect links more closely to a cultural pattern of masculine supremacy and power position than to peer likeability. The concept of hegemonic masculinity – analysed through power relations and through status and its resources – proved mosaic-like, transforming, and difficult in nature, but also useful to this research both theoretically and pragmatically. The struggle for status and power is violent when it includes a superiority that diminishes others and if a higher hierarchical position is aspired to at another person’s expense. This research also exposes the struggles and normalised violence in which ethnicity is present. It challenges teachers to develop models of how communality constructs manners of using power. / Tiivistelmä Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan poikien maskuliinisuuksien rakentumista ja hierarkkisia järjestyksiä sosiaalisissa vuorovaikutussuhteissaan koulussa. Näitä teemoja analysoidaan vallan, etnisyyden, statuksen ja erityisesti väkivallan näkökulmista hegemonisen maskuliinisuuden viitekehyksessä. Tutkimuksessa käytetään feminististä metodologiaa ja kriittistä diskurssianalyysia. Materiaali koostuu kahdesta koululuokasta viiden vuoden välein kerätystä kyselylomake-, haastattelu- ja havainnointiaineistosta. Kahdessa yhteisartikkelissa on käytetty myös Tuija Huukin kokoamaa laadullista, pitkittäistutkimuksellista aineistoa. Tutkimuksessa käytetään pitkittäisanalyysia sekä tapaustutkimuksellista otetta. Aineistosta löytyi hegemonisen maskuliinisuuden näkökulmasta tarkasteluna neljä maskuliinisuusmuotoa. Näitä hegemonista maskuliinisuutta legitimoivia, haastavia ja siitä irtisanoutuvia diskursiivisia maskuliinisuuksien muotoja on analysoitu huomioiden erityisesti näkyvä ja piiloinen, normalisoitunut väkivalta. Kovikset käyttivät väkivaltaa näkyvimmin, banaalit tasapainoilijat piiloisemmin, rauhalliset myötäilijät legitimoivat väkivaltaa sivusta seuraamalla ja hegemonisen maskuliinisuuden pettäjät joutuivat usein sukupuolistuneen väkivallan kohteiksi irtisanouduttuaan hegemonisesta maskuliinisuudesta. Hegemoninen maskuliinisuus tarkoittaa tässä tutkimuksessa paikallisella tasolla kulttuurisesti ja sosiaalisesti hyväksytyn, normaalina pidetyn maskuliinisuuden tavoittelua. Tutkimuksessa on analysoitu myös statuksen ulottuvuuksia, joiksi hegemonisen maskuliinisuuden viitekehyksessä määrittyivät kaverisuosio ja respekti. Respekti määrittyy tässä tutkimuksessa statuksen maskuliiniseen kunnioitukseen liittyväksi minäorientoituneeksi ulottuvuudeksi, jolla on vahvempi yhteys valta-asemaan kuin kaverisuosioon. Hegemoninen maskuliinisuus näyttäytyi mosaiikkimaisena, muuttuvana ja hankalana mutta käyttökelpoisena teoreettisena ja pragmaattisena käsitteenä tämän tutkimuksen kontekstissa. Kamppailu statuksesta ja vallasta on väkivaltaista silloin, kun siihen liittyy toisia väheksyvää paremmuusajattelua, jossa omaa asemaa pyritään parantamaan toisten kustannuksella. Tämä tutkimus tekee näkyväksi näitä kamppailuja ja niihin liittyvää normalisoitunutta väkivaltaa, jossa myös etnisyydellä on osansa. Samalla se haastaa kasvattajat kehittämään malleja yhteisöllisyyttä rakentavasta vallankäytöstä koulussa.

Abstract Besides affiliative interaction, varied forms of subordination are present in the daily life of many school students; however, research into school violence—particularly into its non-systematic, subtle forms—is still scarce. This work aims to examine how dimensions of violence and caring are related in the pursuit of social status among school boys. The study focuses on the analysis of the ways and prerequisites by which boys acquire and maintain social status in informal student relations. The study also asks how the violence and caring of others are present in acquiring and maintaining status. The study stands on longitudinal qualitative data collected in three Finnish comprehensive schools in the beginning of 2000’s. In the first school, located in northernmost Finland, forty-six Grade 6 students were interviewed and observed for the first phase of the study. In the second phase, a smaller sample of eight students were interviewed individually in Grade 9 and again at nineteen years of age. Additionally, longitudinal qualitative data from two other schools in southern Finland was used in two joint articles. This study draws on recent post-structuralist feminist methodology and uses critical and reflective reading as a tool for analysis. Schoolboys ingratiated themselves with peer groups using local socio-cultural resources, namely physicality/materiality, humour, social relations, performances, sexuality, violence, and caring. The workable strategic utilisation of these resources brought status and high social position in the peer group, while high position brought the possibility to utilise the resources available through fair power or fear power. The acquisition of status presumed status work, defined as action in which boys used culturally available resources and strategies in ways that brought them ascendancy over others. Communality inside peer groups, caring, and a struggle for power, as well as subordination of alliance with outsiders, proved characteristic of status work. Violence connected with status work was often subtle and normalised in nature and was bound up with caring or being liked. Caring might be a status resource if displayed in forms in line with culturally idealised images of masculinity. Humour and teasing that subordinate others are key phenomena in attempting to identify the mechanisms of violence in schools at a stage in which violence is not directed repeatedly at the same person. The study opens a perspective to consider on what conditions and what levels violence is systematic. Action damaging to another that appears non-systematic on an individual level may prove systematic when viewed on a group and community level. / Tiivistelmä Yhteisöllisen toiminnan ohella hienovarainen ja normalisoitunut toisarvoistaminen on monen kouluoppilaan arkea. Aihetta on kuitenkin tarkasteltu kouluväkivallan tutkimuksessa vähän. Tutkimus tarkastelee sitä, millaisia väkivallan ja välittämisen ulottuvuuksia poikien sosiaalisen statuksen tavoitteluun liittyy. Tutkimuksessa kysytään, millä keinoilla ja edellytyksillä pojat kykenevät hankkimaan ja ylläpitämään sosiaalista statusta informaalin koulun oppilasyhteisöissä paremmin kuin toiset sekä miten väkivalta ja toisista ihmisistä välittäminen ovat mukana tässä statustyössä. Tutkimuksessa käytetään kolmesta suomalaisesta peruskoulusta 2000-luvun alussa hankittua pitkittäistutkimuksellista laadullista tutkimusaineistoa. Ensimmäisestä, pohjoissuomessa sijaitsevasta koulusta 46 oppilasta haastateltiin ja havainnoitiin heidän ollessa kuudennella vuosiluokalla. Tästä oppilasjoukosta kahdeksan oppilasta osallistui uudelleen haastatteluun yhdeksännellä luokalla sekä kolmannen kerran 19-vuotiaana. Lisäksi kahdesta eteläsuomalaisesta koulusta kahdessa vaiheessa hankittua haastattelu-, havainnointi- ja kyselylomakeaineistoa käytettiin kahdessa osatutkimuksessa. Tutkimuksessa hyödynnetään feminististä metodologiaa ja aineiston analyysissä feminististä lähiluvun otetta. Koulupojat tavoittelivat sosiaalista statusta koulun oppilasyhteisöissä paikallisin sosiokulttuurisin resurssein, joita olivat fyysis-materiaalisuus, huumori, sosiaaliset suhteet, performanssit, seksuaalisuus, väkivalta ja välittäminen. Resurssit ja niiden toimiva strateginen käyttö toivat pojalle sosiaalista statusta ja arvoaseman oppilasyhteisössä. Asema tarjosi mahdollisuuden hyödyntää statusresursseja rakentavan vallan tai pelkovallan keinoin. Statuksen tavoittelu ja ylläpito edellyttivät statustyötä. Statustyö määrittyy toiminnaksi, jossa pojat käyttivät kulttuurisia resursseja ja strategioita asemaa vahvistavalla tavalla. Statustyölle oli ominaista sisäpiiriryhmän keskinäinen yhteisöllisyys, välittäminen ja valtakamppailu sekä poissulkeminen tai liittoutuminen suhteessa ryhmän ulkopuolisiin. Statustyöhön liittyvä väkivalta oli luonteeltaan usein hienovaraista ja normalisoitunutta ja kietoutui välittämiseen tai pidettynä olemiseen. Välittäminen voi olla statusresurssi, mikäli se tuli esiin hyväksytyn maskuliinisuuskuvan ilmiasussa. Toista kyseenalaistava huumori ja kiusoittelu toimivat avainilmiöinä pyrittäessä tunnistamaan kouluväkivallan mekanismeja vaiheessa, jolloin väkivalta ei ole muodostunut toistuvaksi samaan henkilöön kohdistuvaksi toiminnaksi. Tutkimus haastaa myös selvittämään väkivallan systemaattisuutta yksilökeskeisen tarkastelun ylittävästä näkökulmasta. Yksilötasolla ei-systemaattiselta vaikuttava toista vahingoittava toiminta saattaa ryhmä- ja yhteisötasolla tarkasteltuna osoittautua systemaattiseksi.

Masters in Public Administration - MPA / Existing situations at various schools, especially in post apartheid South Africa suggest that the education environment for effective teaching and learning is problematic for several reasons namely a lack of safety and security, poor governance and management and a lack of community ownership and partnership. This research however assumed that the implementation of safety related policies and other departmental guidelines is the foundation for effective learning, especially in the Western Cape. The primary aim and objective of this research was to ensure that learning takes place in an environment free from crime, violence, drugs, intimidation and fear. It was an assessment to acquire information from schools and other role-players regarding the status of safety and security in schools and to verify whether crime prevention policies are implemented. / South Africa

Cette thèse propose une approche rationnelle du phénomène de violence paroxystique en milieu scolaire. Sous le prisme des cindyniques urbaines, les possibles motivations d’une violence réactionnelle à l’égard de l’institution scolaire et de ses acteurs sont d’abord mises en exergue. Suffisent-elles à expliquer le recours à la violence extrême ? Nous proposons en second lieu des éléments de réponse consolidés, sur la base de 156 événements échelonnés sur un siècle à travers 5 continents et 25 pays. Après un large focus sur les espaces de perpétration, une typologie des auteurs est établie avec précision. L’analyse se porte ensuite sur les déterminants socioculturels de ces actions criminelles, dans une combinaison individuelle, conjoncturelle et sociétale. Cet examen détaillé autorise ensuite la modélisation des processus criminels à l’œuvre, selon le genre et l’âge des perpétrateurs. Les niveaux de criticité des facteurs de risque identifiés sont estimés, afin de faire émerger les « coupes minimales » d’un « arbre des causes » (phase pré-accidentelle). Celui-ci s’agrège à un arbre des conséquences (phase post-accidentelle), autour de « l’événement redouté central » que constitue l’acte de « school shooting ». Ce modèle discursif en forme de « nœud papillon » suppose in fine la déclinaison de barrières de mitigation des risques qui préfigurent, dans une approche transactionnelle de la sécurité, une stratégie globale et pluridisciplinaire d’anticipation des meurtres de masse dans les écoles, collèges, lycées et universités / This doctoral thesis proposes a rational and scientific approach to the phenomenon of paroxysmal violence in schools. Through the prism of urban “cindynics” (risk science), we first highlight the possible motivations of violent reaction against the school system and its actors. Are they sufficient to explain the use of extreme violence ? We secondly offer some consolidated elements to answer, based on 156 events spread over a century across 5 continents and 25 countries. After extensive focus on spaces of commission, a typology of the perpetrators is precisely established. The analysis then focuses on socio-cultural determinants of these criminal actions in a single, cyclical and societal combination.This detailed review then allows the modeling of criminal processes at work, gender and age of the perpetrators. Criticality levels of identified risk factors are estimated to bring out the “minimum cuts” of a causal tree (pre-accident phase). It aggregates to a tree consequences (post-accident phase) around the “central event dreaded” that is the act of school shooting. The interest of the “bow tie” thus formed extends beyond the stage of diagnosis. This discursive model assumes ultimately declination barriers of risk mitigation that prefigure, in a transactional approach to security, a comprehensive and multidisciplinary strategy of anticipation to mass murders in French and European schools or universities

This paper presents the results of a study about peer intimidation and victimization with 1167 school students from 6th, 7th, and 8th grade from the Valparaiso Region of Valparaíso, Chile. The instrument used was the Insebull Battery (Avilés & Elices, 2007). Results show that approximately 9% of students have been victim of peer victimization many times or almost every day during the school year. Psychological victimization was more frequent thanphysical aggression, particularly through virtual communication such as cell-phone messages and e-mails. Participants tend to be groups of male students. Although male students participate more in physical aggression, they also receive more physical and psychological aggression. The most frequent places were inside the classroom and the school yard, when the teacher is not present. Most students inform not knowing, or vaguely knowing, thereasons underlying these aggressions, and do not do anything to deal with them. These results coincide with international studies and allow a better understanding of the characteristics of peer victimization in specific educational contexts within the Chilean school system. / Se presenta un estudio de conductas de intimidación y victmización en 1167 escolares de 6º, 7º y 8º año Básico de la Región de Valparaíso, Chile. Se utilizó la batería Insebull (Avilés &Elices, 2007). Los resultados indican que 9% ha sido víctima del maltrato de sus compañeros bastantes veces o casi todos los días durante el año escolar. El maltrato psicológico es más frecuente que la agresión física, destacándose el uso de medios virtuales. Los participantes suelen ser varones que actúan en grupo. Los lugares más frecuentes son la sala de clases y el patio de recreo, en ausencia del profesor. La mayoría señala no saber, o solo difusamente, las razones que subyacen a estos actos, y no hacer nada frente a actos observados. Estos resultados coinciden con los estudios a nivel internacional, y permiten comprender el maltrato entre pares en contextos específicos de la realidad educativa chilena.