Samhället idag blir alltmer mångkulturellt. Syftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka uppfattningar om smärta och smärtuttryck hos kvinnor från olika kulturer, från såväl ett patient- som ett vårdpersonalperspektiv. Teoretisk referensram för litteraturstudien var Joyce Travelbees teori om mellanmänskliga aspekter i omvårdnaden. Litteraturstudien är baserad på Forsberg och Wengströms (2003) metod för att genomföra systematiska litteraturstudier. Resultatet mynnade ut i en rad skillnader och likheter som har bearbetats i olika kategorier där de viktigaste resultaten pekade på att det finns både skillnader och likheter i smärtupplevelse och smärtintensitet hos kvinnor från olika kulturgrupper. Även skillnader i vårdpersonalens uppfattningar om patienters smärtintensitet jämfört med patienters självrapporterade smärta kunde ses. / Today´s society is becoming increasingly multicultural. The purpose of this study was to investigate perceptions of pain and expressions of pain experienced by women from different cultures, in the perspective of the patient as well as the patient care system. Theoretical framework used in the study was Joyce Travelbee´s theory of "Interpersonal aspects of nursing". The literature review is based on Forsberg and Wengströms (2003) method for performing systematic literature reviews. The result shows a series of differences and similarities which have been worked on in different categories where the most important results pointed in the direction that there exists both differences and similarities in pain perception and intensity in women from different cultures. Additionally, differences in nursing staff´s perception of the patients pain intensity compared to patients´self reported pain intensity were observed.

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​This thesis explores the complex decision-making process behind companies' first international market selection, focusing on the influence of cultural similarities and geographic proximity. By examining how these factors intersect with strategic market opportunities, the study aims to provide valuable insights into why certain markets are prioritized during international expansion. The study took on a qualitative approach, conducted through interviews with consultants in internationalization. The data was analyzed with an explorative, abductive approach, with support of the analytical model formed by the literature review. The results reveal a tendency among Swedish companies to prioritize neighboring markets as their first international expansion due to perceived cultural and geographic advantages. While the findings align with the Uppsala model of internationalization, it often leads to a superficial understanding of cultural similarities and neglects comprehensive market analysis. The findings highlight the influence of intuition, gut feeling, coincidences, and personal networks in market selection, which introduces unpredictability into the decision-making process. The study underscores the need for a balanced approach that integrates intuitive decisions with thorough market analysis to avoid missed opportunities and unexpected challenges.

Um dos principais problemas das lajes-cogumelo refere-se à ruína por puncionamento da ligação laje-pilar. Esta forma de ruína deve ser evitada, proporcionando-se às lajes as melhores condições para o desenvolvimento de mecanismos de escoamento das armaduras e de ruína por flexão, antes da ocorrência da ruína por cisalhamento. A introdução de fibras de aço em elementos de concreto submetidos a solicitações tangenciais proporciona melhoria de desempenho, seja pelo aumento da capacidade resistente, seja pela alteração da forma de ruína. Pretende-se contribuir com o avanço do conhecimento sobre o assunto, explorando aspectos como a análise das similaridades dos efeitos da adição de fibras de aço na resistência e na ductilidade de lajes-cogumelo à punção, com aqueles que se observam no cisalhamento de vigas prismáticas análogas. Abordam-se os casos de ligações laje-pilar interno sem armadura de punção, variando-se a resistência do concreto, a taxa e o tipo de fibra utilizado. A partir dos resultados experimentais, verificou-se que existe uma similaridade de comportamento estrutural entre esses dois elementos e concluiu-se que é possível utilizar ensaios de cisalhamento em vigas prismáticas para se obter indicadores a serem utilizados nos ensaios de punção de lajes. Foi efetuada uma análise da adaptabilidade de modelos teóricos existentes sobre cisalhamento em vigas e punção em lajes, com vistas à consideração do efeito da adição de fibras de aço ao concreto. Com base nesses modelos, foram estabelecidos critérios quantitativos para avaliação da resistência e da ductilidade das ligações laje-pilar. / One of the main problems of flat slabs concerns the punching shear failure of the slab-column connection. This form of failure must be avoided, providing flat slabs with the best conditions for the development of yielding mechanisms of the flexural reinforcement before the occurrence of shear failure. The addition of steel fibers to concrete elements subjected to tangential stress provides performance improvement, by either the resistant capacity increase or the failure mode alteration. It is intended to contribute to the advance of the subject knowledge, by exploring aspects as the analysis of similarities of the steel fiber addition effects on both strength and ductility of flat slabs to punching shear with those observed in the shear of analogous prismatic beams. The cases approached include internal slab-column connections without shear reinforcement, and the variables investigated included concrete strength, fiber volume and type of steel fiber. From the experimental results, it was possible to verify that there exists a similarity of structural behavior between these two elements and the shear tests in prismatic beams can be used to get indicators to be utilized in punching shear tests of flat slabs. An adaptability analysis of the existing theoretical models on shear in beams and punching shear in flat slabs was carried out in order to consider the steel fibers addition effect on the concrete. Based on these models, quantitative criteria for the evaluation of both strength and ductility of the slab-column connections were established.

Följande C-uppsats inom företagsekonomi behandlar ämnet ledarskap med inriktningen ledarskap inom volontärorganisationer. Studien är kvalitativ och är baserad på teorier och praktiska exempel. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka hur en ledare inom en volontärorganisation bör tillämpa sitt ledarskap jämfört med en ledare över betald arbetskraft.Inledningsvis presenteras synpunkter och teorier kring ledarskap i allmänhet. Sedan följer en djupare inriktning kring ledarskap inom volontärorganisationer samt motivation. Dessa teorier är av stor vikt för analysen och resultatet i uppsatsen. Utifrån teorierna har en mall för intervjuer samt enkäter utformats, vilket datainsamlingen skett genom. Totalt genomfördes sju intervjuer där respondenterna var eventstudenter med erfarenhet inom volontäryrken. Enkäterna skickades ut till respondenter som tidigare arbetat som volontärer varav vi erhöll 50 svar. Intervjuerna samt enkäterna transkriberades och tolkades och i uppsatsen undersöks likheter och olikheter då vi drar kopplingar till teoriavsnittet. I den sammanfattande diskussionen av analys och resultat diskuteras olika ståndpunkter och samband. Uppsatsens slutsats är att de mest eftersökta egenskaperna hos en ledare är att kunna delegera, leda och kommunicera. Den mest markanta skillnaden mellan att leda frivillig och betald arbetskraft är att ledaren måste skapa en större förståelse för volontärerna och dess bakomliggande motiv till arbete, eftersom det resulterar i de rätta motivationspreferenserna. Det går även att fastställa att belöningar är ett bra medel för att motivera volontärer. Trots att motivationsfaktorerna skiljer sig åt från person till person kan vi konstatera att den viktigaste motivationsfaktorn till att arbeta som volontär är meriter. Under arbetets gång är det uppskattning och ett bra arbetsklimat som motiverar och de belöningar som kan rekommenderas är positiv respons då det skapar en bra arbetsmiljö.

Idag riktar många butiker in sig på sina kvinnliga kunder. De är väl omtalat hur kvinnor handlar och att de ser shopping som ett nöje. Butikerna sätter upp erbjudande för att locka kvinnor att handla mer och göra dem tillfredsställda; då kommer de tillbaka igen. Det läggs inte ner lika mycket tid och engagemang på de manliga kunderna, då det finns olika teorier som säger att män inte tycker om att shoppa. Samtidigt som samhället har förändrats har också männen och kvinnorna förändras. Det glapp som en gång fanns mellan dem har börjat bli mindre och detta är något som alla butiker borde se över. Det är en hård konkurrens på klädmarknaden idag och om butiker vill vara med måste de sluta se hur allt var förr och se framåt. Genom att konsumenternas köpbeteende har förändrats gäller det att företag måste förändra sitt erbjudande för att få alla sina kunder att återvända till just deras butiker. Butikerna måste se till både de manliga och kvinnliga kunderna och skapa en bra balans som ger tillfredsställelse för de både könen.Skillnader på män och kvinnor är ett ämne som är väl omtalat och diskuteras flitigt runt om i världen. Vi tycker det är intressant att se om män och kvinnor skiljer sig åt i sin shopping eller om det har förändrats och börjat handla kläder på liknande sätt. Vårt syfte i rapporten är att jämföra och analysera skillnader och likheter mellan den manliga och kvinnliga konsumenten när det gäller kläder. Där undersöker vi vad som påverkar deras val av butik och vilka faktorer som är viktigast för deras köpupplevelse när de besöker en butik.Vi genomförde två marknadsundersökningar, en enkätundersökning och en fokusgrupp. Vi använde oss av dessa då vi ansåg att de skulle ge oss den information vi behövde för att kunna besvara vår forskningsfråga. Därefter kunde vi jämföra och analysera de svar vi fått med den teoretiska referensramen och där igenom komma fram till en slutsats om ämnet. Vi fick bilden av att män och kvinnor handlar sina kläder på liknande sätt men att deras syn på shopping är olika. Kvinnorna njuter av att handla kläder och har roligt när de shoppar. Männen ser de som en uppgift och tycker inte att det är speciellt roligt att shoppa utan de njuter mer av att bära de snygga kläderna. Med andra ord, medan kvinnan njuter av själva ögonblicket i affären så njuter mannen mer efteråt.Today directs many stores in on their female customers. There are well spoken of how women shop and that they view shopping as a pleasure. The stores put up offering to entice women to buy more and make them satisfied so they comes back again. The stores spend not as much time and commitment on the male customers, since there are many different theories that say that men do not like to shop. While society has changed so have also men and women done. The fetch that once existed between men and women have started to become less and this is something that all retailers should keep an eye on. It is a tough competition in the clothing market today and if retailers want to keep up they need to stop seeing how things used to be and look ahead. Consumers' behavior has changed and the company must change their offer so both women and men return to the stores. It is important that the stores directs to the male and female customers and create a balance that gives satisfaction for both sexes.Differences and similarities between men and women are a subject that is well spoken and debated extensively around the world. We think it is interesting to see if men and women are different in their shopping or if they have changed and started to shop for clothes in a similar way. Our purpose in this report is to compare and analyze differences and similarities between the male and female consumers when it comes to clothes. Where we will see what influences their choice of store, and the factors when they are in a store that is most important to their shopping experience.We conducted two surveys, a questionnaire survey and focus group. We used these because we felt they would give us the information we needed to answer our research question. Then we compare the analyze to our response we received in the theory to reach a conclusion on the subject.We got the impression that men and women buy cloths in a similar way, but that their approach to shopping is different. Women enjoy shopping and have fun while doing it. Men look at shopping as an indication and do not think it's really fun to shop but more by wearing the clothes. While the women enjoys the very moment of the deal the men enjoys it more afterwards. / Program: Butikschefsutbildningen

Four hundred and eight casual relief teachers (CRTs) and 670 permanent teachers from government, independent, and Catholic primary schools and secondary schools in and around metropolitan Melbourne were surveyed using the researcher-developed Issues in Teaching Questionnaire (ITQ) in order to assess their attitudes, perceptions, and experiences in relation to 10 areas of concern including: job security, provisions and facilities, information and communication, lesson management, status, relationships with the school community, relationships with students, student management, job satisfaction, and job stress. These 10 areas of concern were derived from the literature regarding casual relief teaching, which comprised of various anecdotal, published, and unpublished sources. Classical test theory methods (e.g., Cronbach¡¦s ƒÑ and exploratory factor analysis) were used to determine the psychometric properties of the survey instrument, which indicated that the ITQ pos sessed excellent internal reliability and construct validity, and confirmed the existence of an ¡§in-class¡¨ factor and an ¡§out-of-class¡¨ factor. Using descriptive and multivariate inferential statistics, the responses of the CRTs and the permanent teachers were analysed. By comparison with the other group characteristics, employment status (i.e., CRT or permanent teacher) was the best predictor of scores on the ITQ. The CRTs reported significantly more positive attitudes, perceptions, and experiences regarding job stress (i.e., less job stress) compared with the permanent teachers, whereas the permanent teachers reported significantly more positive attitudes, perceptions, and experiences across all other areas of concern compared with the CRTs. When the responses of the CRTs and the permanent teachers were compared on a scale of magnitude (i.e., effect size), much larger effects were observed for the ¡§out-of-class¡¨ concerns (e.g., Information and Communication, Provisions and Facilities, Lesson Manageme nt, Relationships with the School Community, Status, Job Security, and Job Satisfaction subscales) compared with the ¡§in-class¡¨ concerns (e.g., Relationships with Students, Student Management, and Job Stress subscales). Although many parallels were found between the CRTs and the permanent teachers in terms of their general classroom concerns, substantial differences existed between the two groups in relation to their concerns in the wider school context. Of particular importance were the considerable differences between the CRTs and the permanent teachers in terms of their employment conditions, and how they are currently being accommodated in schools and integrated into school communities. In these regards, CRTs are not receiving professional parity with their permanent counterparts. Overall, the results of this study (a) provide evidence of a psychometrically sound instrument for assessing the attitudes, perceptions, and experiences of CRTs and permanent teachers across a range of school settings, (b) hi ghlight the importance of employment status (i.e., CRT or permanent teacher) as a predictor of the ITQ subscales compared with the other group characteristics, and (c) present comprehensive and convincing evidence on the similarities and differences between the teaching experiences of CRTs and permanent teachers.

<p>Forskningsfråga: Vad finns det för skillnader respektive likheter i beteende mellan män och kvinnor när de shoppar kläder och skor?</p><p>Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att genom observationer, intervjuer och fokusgrupper undersöka samt skapa förståelse för vilka skillnader och likheter i shoppingbeteende det finns mellan män och kvinnor.</p><p>Metod: En deduktiv ansats har använts där vi tagit fram hypoteser. Vi har observerat män och kvinnor när de shoppar och sedan, med tester i SPSS, bevisat hur verkligheten ser ut samt accepterat eller förkastat hypoteserna. Testerna har genomförts i statistikprogrammet SPSS. En kvantitativ metod har använt då vi observerat och en kvalitativ metod har använts då vi även genomfört fokusgrupper samt en intervju.</p><p>Referensram: Uppsatsens fokus ligger i könsskillnader i shopping då vi framförallt utgått från Paco Underhills teorier och observationer. Även hedonistisk och ändamålsenligt beteende är av stor betydelse samt hur människans behov, önskemål och värderingar fungerar.</p><p>Slutsats: Våra resultat har visat att det finns fler likheter än skillnader i beteende hos män och kvinnor när de shoppar kläder och skor. Resultaten av vår uppsats indikerar på att mannens shoppingbeteende alltmer börjar likna kvinnans.</p> / <p>Researched question: What kind of differences and similarities is there between men and women when they shop clothes and shoes?</p><p>Purpose: The purpose of this paper is that thru observations, interviews and focus groups investigate and create an understanding of what differences and similarities there are between men and women when they shop clothes and shoes.</p><p>Method: A deductive approach has been used where we have developed six hypotheses. We have been observing men and women when they shop and thru that showed how the reality looks and proved whether the hypotheses where accepted or rejected. The results are shown in tests and diagrams that's has been carried out in SPSS. Both a quantitative and qualitative method has been used thru observations, focus groups and an interview.</p><p>Frame of reference: The focus of the paper lies in what gender differences there is in shopping behavior while shopping clothes and shoes. The main theories are taken from Paco Underhill's theories and observations. Hedonic and utilitarian behaviors and how humans create needs, desires and values, are also of great importance.</p><p>Conclusion: Our results have shown that there are more similarities than differences between male and female behavior when they shop clothes and shoes. The results of this paper indicate that male shopping behavior is starting to transform into female shopping behavior.</p>

Bergslagens Sparbank as well as other independent(fristående) sparbanker have discoveredthat some of their customers can not separate them from Swedbank. Some customers maythus believe that they are the same bank. This study seeks factors that may contribute to thisproblem, and measures that can counteract. We refer to this problem as brand confusion andmainly have our focus on factors derived from brand alliance, but also from the companyitself and the banking industry. We use a qualitative method where we collect empirical datafrom interviews with four sparbanker. Strategic differences between them, allow us to seehow different factors can contribute to and or counteract brand confusion. This study showsthat the graphic profile, that includes the common symbol and colors, may have great impactwhen it comes to sparbankerna. However, the messy business history that includes thecomplex partner relationship could also have a great impact. Finally, we would also like tomention the importance of how all involving parties in a brand alliance communicates this. Ifit does not come through loud and clear to the customer that there is a partnership, strongsimilarities and ambiguities may affect customers to believe two companies are one and underthe same brand.

Forskningsfråga: Vad finns det för skillnader respektive likheter i beteende mellan män och kvinnor när de shoppar kläder och skor? Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att genom observationer, intervjuer och fokusgrupper undersöka samt skapa förståelse för vilka skillnader och likheter i shoppingbeteende det finns mellan män och kvinnor. Metod: En deduktiv ansats har använts där vi tagit fram hypoteser. Vi har observerat män och kvinnor när de shoppar och sedan, med tester i SPSS, bevisat hur verkligheten ser ut samt accepterat eller förkastat hypoteserna. Testerna har genomförts i statistikprogrammet SPSS. En kvantitativ metod har använt då vi observerat och en kvalitativ metod har använts då vi även genomfört fokusgrupper samt en intervju. Referensram: Uppsatsens fokus ligger i könsskillnader i shopping då vi framförallt utgått från Paco Underhills teorier och observationer. Även hedonistisk och ändamålsenligt beteende är av stor betydelse samt hur människans behov, önskemål och värderingar fungerar. Slutsats: Våra resultat har visat att det finns fler likheter än skillnader i beteende hos män och kvinnor när de shoppar kläder och skor. Resultaten av vår uppsats indikerar på att mannens shoppingbeteende alltmer börjar likna kvinnans. / Researched question: What kind of differences and similarities is there between men and women when they shop clothes and shoes? Purpose: The purpose of this paper is that thru observations, interviews and focus groups investigate and create an understanding of what differences and similarities there are between men and women when they shop clothes and shoes. Method: A deductive approach has been used where we have developed six hypotheses. We have been observing men and women when they shop and thru that showed how the reality looks and proved whether the hypotheses where accepted or rejected. The results are shown in tests and diagrams that's has been carried out in SPSS. Both a quantitative and qualitative method has been used thru observations, focus groups and an interview. Frame of reference: The focus of the paper lies in what gender differences there is in shopping behavior while shopping clothes and shoes. The main theories are taken from Paco Underhill's theories and observations. Hedonic and utilitarian behaviors and how humans create needs, desires and values, are also of great importance. Conclusion: Our results have shown that there are more similarities than differences between male and female behavior when they shop clothes and shoes. The results of this paper indicate that male shopping behavior is starting to transform into female shopping behavior.