The aim of this study was to identify and investigate preschool teachers’ experiences and views on the role of outdoor education on social interactions. The research questions were: How do the teachers conceptualize outdoor activities’ role on social interactions in multicultural preschool settings? How do the teachers foster social interactions through outdoor education? What kind of challenges have the teachers faced regarding outdoor education in multicultural preschool groups? Semi-structured interviews were conducted with five preschool teachers from three different preschools in a multicultural suburb in southern Sweden. The results showed that – despite children’s possible aversions to engaging in activities in the outdoors - outdoor activities are supportive of the development of closer bonds within the group. According to the teachers interviewed, the natural settings bring calmness and openness, therefore this environment facilitates social interactions among children. The lack of strictly preplanned activities offer children opportunities to follow their interests and to have shared experiences through the discovery of nature. Their willingness for collaborative explorations is a basis for joint play, discussion and group work.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:16:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3122348 bytes, checksum: 55491e3ee81fbabe071b5f7a921d1baa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-11-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The main objective of this thesis was to examine parental socialization goals made by mothers and fathers with respect to the development of their children. The parental socialization goals were focused from integracionalist theories that view the development of children from the socio-cultural, placing the social dimension as a key aspect for human development. The parental socialization goals appear as a relevant field of research for understanding human development, because they are directly linked to parenting styles towards children, and socializing the fundamental axis around in which family interactions are articulated. The principle of bidirectionality demonstrates that development is a product of interaction between child characteristics and the characteristics of people who socialize, placing a sync between children s development and their parental behavior. The study used the technique of field research of a descriptive nature; the locus of the research was the participants' home residences in the city of Joao Pessoa, Paraiba. We interviewed 18 couples, each spouse individually with children 12 to 48 months, who responded to a questionnaire and an interview with semi-structure. The contents of the interviews were treated according to the technique of content analysis proposed by Bardin. Each interview was treated in depth and the results were analyzed in a quantitative and qualitative approach, presented in simple frequency of the reference values of verbal expressions, carried out by inference and interpretation, which allowed the identification of nine categories, 40 subcategories and 643 units of analysis. The results showed more similarities than differences between the goals pursued by mothers and fathers, verifying that the efforts are more likely to be that of combining responsibilities in pursuit of a co-parenting. The differences between mother and father were seen as complementary. The father is presented only as a reflection or replacement of the mother, but as a relevant participant to the child s development. Both mothers and fathers were more focused and committed to the responsibility of educating and caring for children observing a social construction of the current historical context. / O objetivo principal da presente tese foi analisar as metas parentais de socialização apresentadas por mães e pais com relação ao desenvolvimento de seus filhos. As metas parentais de socialização foram enfocadas a partir das teorias interacionistas, que concebem o desenvolvimento da criança a partir do meio sócio-cultural, colocando a dimensão social como um aspecto primordial para o desenvolvimento humano. As metas parentais de socialização configuramse como um campo relevante da pesquisa, para compreensão do desenvolvimento humano por estarem diretamente vinculadas aos estilos parentais dirigidos à criança, sendo a socialização o eixo fundamental em torno do qual se articulam as interações familiares. O princípio da bidirecionalidade demonstra que o desenvolvimento é um produto da interação entre as características da criança e as características das pessoas que as socializam, ocorrendo uma sincronia entre o seu desenvolvimento e a conduta parental. O estudo utilizou a técnica de pesquisa de campo de caráter descritivo, o lócus da realização da pesquisa foi nas residências domiciliares dos participantes, na cidade de João Pessoa, no estado da Paraíba. Foram entrevistados 18 casais, cada cônjuge individualmente, com filhos de 12 a 48 meses, que responderam a um questionário e a uma entrevista com roteiro semi-estruturado. Os conteúdos das entrevistas foram tratados de acordo com a técnica de Análise de Conteúdo proposta por Bardin. Cada entrevista foi estudada em profundidade e os resultados tratados e analisados de forma quantitativa e qualitativa, apresentados em frequência simples dos valores de referencia das manifestações verbais, por inferência e interpretação, o que possibilitou a identificação de 9 Categorias, 40 subcategorias e 643 Unidades de Análises. Os resultados demonstraram mais semelhanças do que diferenças, nos relatos apresentados pelas mães e pais, verificando-se que os esforços tendem mais a ser no sentido de combinar responsabilidades na busca de uma co-paternidade. As diferenças encontradas entre a mãe e o pai foram vistas como complementares, o pai não se apresentou apenas como um reflexo ou substituição da mãe, mas como um participante relevante para o desenvolvimento da criança. Tanto as mães como os pais estavam mais voltados e comprometidos com a responsabilidade de educar e cuidar dos filhos, verificando-se uma construção social do atual contexto histórico.

A presente dissertação versa sobre o desenvolvimento de grupos e suas interações, a partir de diferentes estratégias de formação em um ambiente virtual de aprendizagem (AVA). Para isso, buscou-se investigar a influência na organização e trajetória destes alunos, durante a realização de dinâmicas de grupo. A modalidade de ensino escolhida foi a Educação a Distância (EAD), por detectar um desafio, frente à dificuldade dos educadores em aplicar tarefas colaborativas em suas propostas pedagógicas. Desta forma, para atingir esse fim, foi realizado um curso de extensão para acompanhar as interações e o desenvolvimento dos grupos através das funcionalidades do AVA ROODA. A metodologia utilizada na pesquisa foi a quali-quantitativa, com abordagem descritiva, do tipo estudo de caso. Para análise dos dados de interação, a pesquisa contou, principalmente, com as informações apresentadas nas funcionalidades Fórum, Contatos e Mapa Social do AVA ROODA, como também com questionários e observação participante da pesquisadora. Com o estudo, conseguiu-se delinear o desenvolvimento dos sujeitos quando estão trabalhando com dinâmicas de grupo na EAD. Assim, verificou-se que as interações sociais influenciam nos comportamentos dos indivíduos, principalmente nas relações existentes entre os sujeitos e o meio em que convivem. Além disso, os resultados indicam que a utilização de estratégias de formação, viabiliza de forma eficiente a realização de dinâmicas de grupo nesta modalidade a distância. / This dissertation deals with the development of groups and their interactions, from different training strategies in a virtual learning environment (VLE). For this, we sought to investigate the influence on the organization and trajectory of these students, while conducting group dynamics. The chosen mode of education was Distance Education (EAD), for detecting a challenge facing the difficulty of educators in applying collaborative tasks in their educational proposals. Thus, to achieve this purpose, it performed an extension course to follow interactions and development of groups through the features of AVA ROODA. The methodology used in the research was qualitative and quantitative with descriptive approach of a case study. For analysis of interaction data, the research was mainly with the information presented in functionality Forum, Contacts and Social AVA ROODA Map, as well as questionnaires and participant observation the researcher. To the study, it was possible to outline the development of the subjects when they are working with group dynamics in EAD. Thus, it was found that social interactions influence the behavior of individuals, especially in the relationship between the subjects and the environment they live. Furthermore, the results indicate that the use of training strategies enables efficiently performing group dynamics this embodiment the distance.

Boa parte (senão todos) os fundamentos culturais de uma sociedade convergem em seu modo particular e sistemático de lidar com a morte, formulando prescrições técnicas e simbólicas que estabelecem códigos de conduta, instituem papéis profissionais etc., de modo a integrar a morte à realidade social e garantir a restauração da vida comunitária após a morte de um ou alguns de seus membros. Mas tais prescrições operam muito além dos momentos de luto e, de fato, condicionam largamente todas as interações sociais que compõem a vida cotidiana das pessoas - por isto mesmo, os sistemas de lida com a morte apresentam grande interesse para a Psicologia Social, embora venham sendo estudados incipientemente neste campo. O presente estudo visa contribuir para o necessário aprofundamento conceitual e metodológico sobre o assunto, primeiramente através da delimitação de campo dos sistemas de lida com a morte, a descrição de suas estruturas e funcionalidades e o estabelecimento de uma terminologia clara, já que estes sistemas têm sido nomeados na literatura especializada, indistintamente, como mortuários, tanatológicos, funerários ou necro-sistemas; adicionalmente, através do estudo comparativo de dois grupos humanos contemporâneos que apresentam características histórico culturais específicas: os moradores da cidade de Lins-SP (linenses) e os remanescentes Bororo que vivem em onze aldeias no estado de Mato Grosso. Nesta perspectiva, o trabalho compreendeu uma revisão da literatura em busca das elucidações teóricas visadas, bem como uma pesquisa empírica que consistiu de levantamento bibliográfico e exame de fontes documentais sobre a estrutura e a dinâmica social de ambos os grupos, a história da ocupação e das transformações dos territórios por eles habitados, seus principais mitos fundadores e as instituições, práticas, discursos, técnicas e símbolos utilizados na lida com a morte. Estas informações foram complementadas por observações participantes e entrevistas temáticas semi-estruturadas, tendo sido realizadas onze entrevistas (sete linenses e quatro Bororo) e uma visita de nove dias à aldeia Meruri. As informações colhidas foram interpretadas à luz das teorias estudadas, na perspectiva da fenomenologia hermenêutica. Os resultados permitem constatar que ambos os grupos, frente às alterações sócio-culturais intensificadas nas últimas décadas, vivenciaram um progressivo distanciamento dos indivíduos adoentados, moribundos e enlutados. Contudo, e a despeito do intenso processo de aculturação dos Bororo, este grupo ainda guarda diferenças marcantes em relação aos linenses quanto ao modo de lidar com a morte. Sobretudo, os Bororo mantém a possibilidade de expressar coletivamente sua dor e de vivenciar o luto comunitariamente, enquanto aos linenses restam apenas formas privadas e discretas; além disto, os Bororo guardam muito maior proximidade com tudo o que cerca a morte e o morto. Em ambos os grupos confirma-se que o aparato técnico e simbólico de lida com a morte representa um importante organizador psicossocial, pois orienta e auxilia as pessoas no enfrentamento individual e/ou coletivo da morte, favorecendo a elaboração dos impactos psíquicos e a reorganização dos papéis e vínculos sociais. Também se verificou, em ambos os grupos, fenômenos indicativos de ataques aos seus respectivos sistemas de lida com a morte que, ao que parece, contribuem para aumentar o distanciamento de todas as faces e nuances da morte / Many of (if not all) the cultural foundations of a society converge in their particular and systematic way of dealing with death, formulating technical and symbolic prescriptions that establish codes of conduct, institute professional roles etc., in order to integrate death to social reality and ensure the restoration of life in community after the death of one or some of its members. But such prescriptions operate far beyond the mourning period and, in fact, theywidely affect all social interactions that make up the everyday life of people for this reason, the systems of dealing with death show great interest to Social Psychology, although they have been studied incipiently in this field. This study aims to contribute to the necessary conceptual and methodological deepening of the subject, first through the delimitation of the field of systems of dealing with death, the description of their structures and functionalities and the establishment of clear terminology, since these systems have been named in specialized literature, interchangeably, as mortuary, thanatological, Funeral or necrosystems; additionally, through the comparative study of two contemporary human groups that have specific historical cultural features: the residents of the city of Lins-SP (linenses) and the remaining Bororo people that live in eleven villages in the state of Mato Grosso. In this perspective, the paper comprised a revision of the literature searching the targeted theoretical elucidationsas well as empirical research consisted of bibliographical survey and examination of documental sources about the structure and social dynamics of both groups, the history of the occupation and transformation of the territories inhabited by them, their major founding myths and institutions, practices, speeches, techniques and symbols used when dealing with death. This information was complemented with participant observation and semi-structured thematic interviews, eleven interviews have been made (seven linenses and four Bororo) and a nine-day visit to Meruri village. The collected information was interpreted in light of the studied theories, in the perspective of hermeneutic phenomenology. The results help determine that both groups before the intensified socio and cultural changes in the last decades, have been keeping a progressive distance from sick, dying and bereaved individuals. However, and despite the intense process of acculturation of the Bororo, this group still keeps striking differences from the linenses regarding the way they deal with death. Above all, the Bororo maintain the possibility to express their grief collectively and get through their mourning communally, whereas for the linenses there are only private and discrete ways; furthermore the Bororo keep a closer relationship with everything surrounding the death and the dead. In both groups it is confirmed that the technical and symbolic apparatus to copy with death is an important psychosocial organizer, as it guides and assists people when copying with death individually and/or collectively, favoring the elaboration of psychic impacts and reorganization of roles and social ties. It has also been found, in both groups, indicative phenomena of attacks to their respective systems of dealing with death, it seems that they contribute to increase the distance from all the faces and nuances of death

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:40:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 raianne souza.pdf: 863280 bytes, checksum: 07764e35fe56209ff8958a5a30d81a8e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-15 / FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / This piece of work has comprised the theme of social interactions between students and the learning process in a school under the perspective of the Constructivist Sociocultural approach. It has consisted in a qualitative-based research done with eighteen students 6th Grade on fundamental level at a Manaus/AM state-owned school. Its general objective was to analyze the relations between the students´ social interactions and the learning process and the specific goals were identify social interactions among the students within the classroom environment and investigate the meanings and senses attributed to the learning process inside the school by students. The contributions of Valsiner have allowed us to have a wide, complex and critical look onto the learning processes and the human development springing up from the interaction between pairs inside a school as well as an outlining of an educational approach supported in the dialogue prospect and cooperation in classroom. The material analyzed resulted from semi-structured audio-recorded interviews and participant observation on field diary studies. The results confirmed that the school and family are the pillars in the process of Subjectivity constitution and citizenship formation, as well as they indicated that the pedagogical practices performed by most teachers must be thought over again and transformed by acknowledging the social interactions among students inside the classroom, mainly in the group activities as an enforceable and effective strategy aiming at building up learning from the school environment and the promoting human development, besides the possible prospects of a future in the sense of employability and quality of life. It was concluded that studying the between pairs social interaction and the learning process in the school environment has proved intriguing as a challenge the Educational and School Psychology in regards to the educational practices focusing onto the individual as a being in regards with his/her peers and inserted in a historical and cultural context, where transforms the environment and him/her dialectically by performance an active role in the constitution of being, thinking and acting about the world. / Este trabalho abordou a temática das interações sociais entre alunos e o processo de aprendizagem escolar sob o olhar da Abordagem Sociocultural Construtivista. Consistiu numa pesquisa de cunho qualitativo, realizada numa turma do 6º ano do ensino fundamental de uma escola estadual da cidade de Manaus/AM, sendo o recorte dezoito alunos. Teve como objetivo geral analisar a relação entre as interações sociais entre alunos e o processo de aprendizagem escolar e como objetivos específicos identificar as interações sociais entre alunos na sala de aula e investigar os significados e os sentidos atribuídos à aprendizagem escolar pelos alunos. As contribuições de Valsiner permitiram um olhar amplo, complexo e crítico sobre os processos da aprendizagem escolar e do desenvolvimento humano a partir das interações entre pares, bem como um delineamento de uma proposta educativa alicerçada na perspectiva do diálogo e da cooperação na sala de aula. O material analisado resultou de entrevistas semiestruturadas gravadas em áudio e de observação participante registrada em diário de campo. Os resultados confirmaram que a escola e a família são os pilares no processo de constituição da subjetividade e da formação cidadã, bem como indicaram que as práticas pedagógicas desenvolvidas pela maioria dos professores precisam ser repensadas e transformadas reconhecendo-se o papel das interações sociais entre alunos na sala de aula, especialmente nas atividades grupais, como uma estratégia exequível e eficaz na construção da aprendizagem escolar e na promoção do desenvolvimento humano, além da possibilidade de perspectiva do futuro no sentido da empregabilidade e qualidade de vida. Concluiu-se que estudar a relação da interação social entre pares e a aprendizagem escolar demonstrou ser um desafio intrigante à Psicologia Escolar e Educacional na proposição de saberes e práticas educativas que primam à compreensão do sujeito enquanto ser constituído na relação com o outro e inserido num contexto histórico e cultural, no qual o transforma e dialeticamente é transformado desempenhando papel ativo na constituição do ser, pensar e agir sobre o mundo.

nÃo hà / Durante quase trÃs meses, no segundo semestre de 2008, a pesquisadora acompanhou integrantes de um grupo de conversaÃÃo da praÃa do Ferreira, no Centro de Fortaleza, para buscar compreender como cada um forma suas opiniÃes sobre polÃtica justamente Ãs vÃsperas de uma eleiÃÃo. O estudo tomou como base o consumo de produtos midiÃticos ou midiatizados sobre a polÃtica, sobretudo o HorÃrio Eleitoral Gratuito, para perceber de que forma esses conteÃdos eram apropriados e ressignificados pelos integrantes do grupo. A abordagem foi etnogrÃfica, para que fossem captadas conversas espontÃneas dos indivÃduos, para depois submetÃ-las Ãs tÃcnicas da AnÃlise da ConversaÃÃo e da AnÃlise do Discurso. Diferentemente de estudos de recepÃÃo midiÃtica, em que sÃo promovidos, geralmente, grupos focais ou entrevistas, neste caso buscou-se dar Ãnfase à fala cotidiana mais rotineira, com a mÃnima intervenÃÃo, para se perceber, na recorrÃncia das estratÃgias discursivas, como certas opiniÃes vÃo se cristalizando, a partir tambÃm da prÃpria estrutura do grupo. Para a compreensÃo deste objeto e de seus resultados, foram usados conceitos de autores contemporÃneos que trataram das aÃÃes cotidianas, como Pierre Bourdieu, com as ideias de espaÃo social e habitus, Erving Goffman, com o de interaÃÃo social, situaÃÃo e face, e Harold Garfinkel, com sua proposta de reflexividade, chave da etnometodologia. TambÃm foi retomada a percepÃÃo cada vez mais crescente da presenÃa dos media na sociedade, com poderes mas tambÃm com limitaÃÃes, numa relaÃÃo que ainda precisa ser recorrentemente pesquisada por seguir em franca transformaÃÃo na sociedade. Entre as conclusÃes desta pesquisa, està a de que a exposiÃÃo das opiniÃes nÃo se dà sà por uma argumentaÃÃo lÃgica evidente, mas tambÃm por contradiÃÃes, utilizadas muitas vezes como estratÃgia para manter a coesÃo do grupo e a prÃpria conversaÃÃo viva. Elementos midiÃticos sobre polÃtica sÃo largamente usados como ponto de partida para conversas, mas nem sempre com o enquadramento aparentemente sugerido pelos produtores; hà uma aÃÃo subversiva, que se torna compreensÃvel pelo recurso à memÃria, tanto de outros fatos midiÃticos como de aÃÃes vividas por cada indivÃduo, e que servem para dar um tom de verdade à opiniÃo emitida. O HorÃrio Eleitoral Gratuito, nesse ponto, à a principal fonte de assuntos das conversas sobre polÃtica, mas nÃo isoladamente; hà um forte diÃlogo dos acontecimentos dessa campanha municipal com campanhas anteriores, o que cria uma lÃgica prÃpria e argumentos que fogem do controle dos produtores do marketing polÃtico. / For nearly three months in the second half of 2008, the researcher followed members of a conversation group in PraÃa do Ferreira, in downtown Fortaleza, to try to understand how each one form their opinions on policy just on the eve of an election. The study focused on the consumption of media products about politics, especially the HorÃrio Eleitoral Gratuito (time free elections), to see how such material was accepted and reinterpreted by the band members. The approach was ethnographic, to capture spontaneous conversations of individuals, and then submit them to the techniques of Conversation Analysis and Discourse Analysis. Unlike studies of media reception, which are promoted, often, focus groups or interviews, in this case sought to emphasize the everyday speech, with minimal intervention, to understanding, on the recurrence of discursive strategies, as some reviews are crystallized, from the structure of the group. To understand this object and its results were used concepts of contemporary authors who have wrote about everyday actions, such as Pierre Bourdieu, with the ideas of social space and habitus, Erving Goffman, the social interaction, situation and face, and Harold Garfinkel, with his proposal of reflexivity, key of ethnomethodology. It was resumed the increasing awareness of the growing presence of media in society with power but with limitations, a relationship that remains to be investigated to be changing too in society. Among the conclusions of this research is that exposure of the views not only gives a clear logical argument, but also contradictions, often used as a strategy to maintain group cohesion and the conversation lively. Elements of media policy are widely used as a starting point for talks, but not always with the guidelines suggested by the producers apparently. There is a subversive action, that is understandable by the use of memory, as other media events as experienced by each individual, and which serve to give a real effect of truth to the opinions. The HorÃrio Eleitoral Gratuito is the main source of topics of conversation about politics, but not in isolation, there is a strong dialogue between that campaign events with previous campaigns, which creates its own logic and arguments beyond the control of producers of political marketing.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-06-14T13:59:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandamarcondesmachadosilva.pdf: 1117035 bytes, checksum: cdd046907e5cdf700edb0af2202a0fb6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-13T14:05:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandamarcondesmachadosilva.pdf: 1117035 bytes, checksum: cdd046907e5cdf700edb0af2202a0fb6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-13T14:05:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 fernandamarcondesmachadosilva.pdf: 1117035 bytes, checksum: cdd046907e5cdf700edb0af2202a0fb6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-24 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Não sendo clara a diversidade de respostas defensivas e as influências que exercem sobre estas, é vantajoso se obter cada vez mais informações sobre a espécie. Assim, elaborou-se uma relação dos comportamentos defensivos e a descrição de cada ato. Também se relacionou fatores abióticos, corporais e sociais com as respostas exibidas. Foram observados 54 espécimes adultos, divididos em grupos de cinco e mantidos por 10 dias consecutivos. Os experimentos foram realizados em três fases (Aproximação, Preensão e Manuseio), excluindo o Manuseio as fases foram repetidas em três horários e em dois recintos. Na Preensão realizou-se o pinçamento dos indivíduos em dois locais do corpo para exercer níveis diferentes de estresse. Foram identificadas 20 atos comportamentais, classificados como passivos e ativos, sendo que na fase de aproximação observou-se menor diversidade de atos defensivos (10) do que nas fases de preensão (17) e de manuseio (18). Analisando os três níveis de estresse, foi observada maior frequência de respostas ativas na Preensão do pescoço do que na Preensão do corpo e este do que na Aproximação. Com relação aos recintos, foi encontrada maior frequência de comportamentos passivos nos indivíduos inseridos em um ambiente coletivo do que quando individualizados. Havendo uma pequena influência da temperatura nas respostas exibidas, porém sem alterar a significância dos resultados dos recintos. Esse estudo caracterizou o repertório comportamental defensivo da serpente Crotalus durissus, sendo identificados e descritos dois novos atos antipredatórios (saltar e bufar). Assim, podemos compreender seus padrões de ação e também auxiliar nas precauções contra acidentes durante as atividades no campo e em laboratório. O estudo também confirmou a influência da temperatura nas respostas defensivas e registrou a diferença de comportamento quando os indivíduos estavam sozinhos e com outros espécimes. Com isso, podemos inferir algum grau de interação entre os indivíduos, não tendo sido descrito antes nessa espécie. / The variety of defensive responses and the influence they exert on these are not being clear, because of that it is advantageous to obtain more information about the species. Thus, it was elaborated a list of defensive behavior and the description of each act. We also related abiotic, physical and social factors with the displayed answers. We observed 54 adult specimens and divided into groups of five and kept for 10 consecutive days.The experiments were carried out in three phases (approach, apprehension and handling), excluding the handling, the phases were repeated three times and in two enclosures. On apprehension it held clamping of individuals in two locations of the body to exert different levels of stress. We identified 20 behavioral acts, classified by passive and active, and in the approach phase there were less diversity of defensive actions (10) than in apprehension phase (17) and handle phase (18). Analyzing the three levels of stress, we observed higher frequency of active responses at prehension of posterior region of the head follow by body prehension and the lower frequency during approach. Regard to the enclosures, it was found more passive behavior at individuals into a collective enclosure than in individualized. There was a small influence of temperature on responses, the layers analyzed set the model for the significance of the results of the enclosures. This study characterized the defensive behavioral repertoire of Crotalus durissus snake, identified and described two new anti predatory acts (jump and hiss). So, we can understand their patterns of action and also assist at preventive measures to avoid accidents during the activities in the field and in the laboratory. The study also confirmed the influence of abiotic factors on the defensive responses and recorded the difference in behavior when individuals were being individualized and with other specimens. Therefore, we can infer some interaction between the specimens, this had not been described before in this species.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent to which the use of social stories that integrate a child’s particular restricted and repetitive behaviors results in differential social outcomes compared to the use of social stories that do not integrate restricted and repetitive behaviors. A non-concurrent multiple baseline experimental design across participants was used to examine the effects of two Social Story interventions on the frequency of appropriate social behaviors made by participants in a school setting. Field notes were also completed during each day of data collection in order to document the social context, events, activities, moods and behaviors of participants associated with each data collection session. Field notes also included the researcher’s thoughts, observations, and reflections on these variables. Overall, the intervention that included participants’ restricted interests within the Social Story had the effect of increasing participants’ appropriate social behaviors in contrast to the intervention that did not employ restricted interests. This research substantiates the principle that the restricted interests of children with ASD should not be viewed as a form of deficiency that needs to be eliminated. Rather, restricted interests should be viewed as reinforcing agents that increase children’s motivation to pursue activities that involve social initiations and interactions with their peers.

En France, un habitant sur quatre est exposé aux inondations. Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes donc intéressés aux mécanismes de l'adaptation individuelle à ces risques naturels. Plus précisément, nous avons examiné l'influence des caractéristiques des individus et de leurs situations par rapport aux risques sur leurs décisions d'adaptation. Pour ce faire, nous avons mené une enquête quantitative auprès de 331 personnes résidant en zone inondable dans les départements de l'Aude et du Var. Le questionnaire utilisé lors de cette enquête a été développé à partir de la littérature et de l'analyse d'une enquête exploratoire par entretiens semi-directifs. D'après nos résultats, la perception de la menace liée aux inondations et la perception de la gravité de l'inondation vécue ont un effet positif sur les intentions d'adaptation, comme décrit dans la Protection Motivation Theory adaptée au domaine des inondations (Grothmann et Reusswig, 2006). Nos résultats suggèrent également l'existence d'une rétroaction négative de la mise en place d'une mesure de prévention sur la perception de la menace liée aux inondations. Cela invite à considérer avec prudence les relations observées empiriquement entre les perceptions et les décisions d'adaptation passées. De plus, nos résultats montrent une relation positive entre des indicateurs de la fréquence et de la sévérité des inondations et les perceptions de ces caractéristiques par les répondants. Comme ces perceptions ont un effet positif sur l'intention de s'adapter, cela signifie que les personnes les plus susceptibles de s'adapter sont celles qui sont exposées aux inondations les plus sévères et fréquentes dans l'échantillon étudié. Nous avons aussi examiné les relations entre les perceptions et les attitudes dans les domaines des risques financiers et d'inondation et étudié l'influence de ces variables sur l'adaptation individuelle. Pour ce faire, nous avons utilisé la sous-échelle psychométrique concernant les risques financiers de l'échelle DOSPERT (Weber et al., 2002; Blais et Weber, 2006) et développé une sous-échelle psychométrique sur le même modèle, mais qui concerne les risques d'inondation. Cette dernière présente des cohérences interne et externe satisfaisantes. L'analyse des données récoltées en utilisant les sous-échelles des domaines des risques financiers et d'inondation suggère que ces deux types de risques ont tendance à entrer en compétition. Ainsi, l'importance accordée par les individus aux risques financiers par rapport aux risques d'inondation semble avoir un effet négatif sur les intentions d'adaptation. En conséquence, les mesures de prévention ne peuvent pas être considérées comme des formes d'auto-assurance, qui permettent de réduire uniquement les risques de pertes financières. Ainsi, nos résultats suggèrent que l'adaptation individuelle dépend notamment des perceptions et attitudes des individus en ce qui concerne les risques financiers, les risques d'inondation, mais aussi de leurs perceptions concernant les moyens d'adaptation aux inondations. Or, d'après la théorie de l'amplification sociale du risque (Kasperson et al., 1988), les perceptions et attitudes peuvent être modifiées par l'expérience directe ou indirecte d'un risque. Nos résultats corroborent l'hypothèse selon laquelle le fait d'avoir vécu une inondation modifie les perceptions et attitudes non seulement dans le domaine des risques d'inondation, mais aussi dans celui des risques financiers. Pour examiner l'influence de l'expérience indirecte des inondations sur l'adaptation individuelle, nous avons développé un modèle théorique qui décrit les relations entre les composantes à considérer pour étudier la diffusion d'un moyen d'adaptation au sein d'un réseau social. Ce modèle prend notamment en compte les interactions sociales. / In France, one in four inhabitants is exposed to floods. In this thesis, we studied the mechanisms that lead individuals to adapt to these natural risks. More specifically, we examined the influence of the characteristics of individuals and their situations relating to risks on their adaptation decisions. To do so, we conducted a quantitative survey of 331 inhabitants of flood-prone areas in the South of France. To design the questionnaire used in the quantitative survey, we relied on the literature and on the analysis of an exploratory qualitative survey. According to our results, the appraisal of the threat posed by floods and the perception of the severity of past experiences of such disasters have a positive effect on adaptation intentions, as described in the Protection Motivation Theory (Grothmann and Reusswig, 2006). Our results also suggest the existence of a negative feedback effect of past adaptation decisions on the appraisal of the threat posed by floods. Consequently, caution should be taken when interpreting the observed relations between perceptions and past adaptation decisions. Moreover, our results show a positive relation between indicators of the frequency and severity of floods and the respondents' perceptions of these features. Since these perceptions have a positive effect on the intention to adapt, it implies that the individuals who face the most frequent and severe floods are the most likely to adapt to these risks in our sample. We also examined the relations between perceptions and attitudes in the domains of financial and flood risks and studied the influence of these variables on individual adaptation to floods. To do so, we used the financial subscale of the DOSPERT psychometric scale (Weber et al., 2002; Blais and Weber, 2006) and developed a new subscale following this model, but relating to flood risks. The new subscale has acceptable internal and external consistencies. The analysis of the data collected using the flood and financial risks subscales suggests that these two types of risks tend to compete with each other. Hence, the importance granted by the respondents to financial risks compared to flood risks seems to have a negative effect on their adaptation intentions. Consequently, precautionary measures cannot be treated as types of self-insurance, which reduce only the risk of financial loss. Thus, our results suggest that individual adaptation to floods depends in particular on people's perceptions and attitudes regarding financial and flood risks, but also on their perceptions regarding the measures that can be taken to adapt to floods. According to the social amplification of risk framework (Kasperson et al., 1988), perceptions and attitudes can be modified by the first-hand or indirect experience of a risk. Our results support the hypothesis that first-hand flood experience changes attitudes and perceptions, not only in the flood domain, but also in the financial domain. To examine the role of indirect experience of floods on individual adaptation, we designed a theoretical model. It describes the relations between the components which can be taken into account to study the diffusion of an adaptation measure within a social network. In particular, social interactions are represented in this model.

The workplace is a place where many people spend a lot of their awake time. It is a place where many people have the main part of their social contexts, and because of this, it is considered relevant to investigate job satisfaction closer to gain a deeper understanding of the subject. This essay is completed with a qualitative method and four semi-structured deep interviews have been conducted and the aim of the paper is to gain a deeper understanding of the factors that affect the job satisfaction of employees in service-oriented professions. The selection consists of four people employed in service professions, and the results have been analyzed using qualitative content analysis, previous research and theories related to job satisfaction. The results show five factors that are of the utmost importance for creating a high level of job satisfaction, and these are social interactions, communication, appreciation, motivation, and salary and benefits. These factors are in part consistent with earlier research but also indicate new approaches. The analysis aroused a curiosity about gender and it would therefore be interesting to approach the area in perspective about gender in further research. / Arbetsplatsen är en plats där många människor spenderar mycket av sin vakna tid. Det är också en plats där många människor har huvuddelen av sina sociala sammanhang och på grund av detta anses det vara av relevans att undersöka arbetstrivsel närmre för att få en djupare förståelse om ämnet. Denna C-uppsats är genomförd med en kvalitativ metod och fyra semistrukturerade djupintervjuer har genomförts. Syftet med uppsatsen är att få en djupare förståelse för vilka faktorer som påverkar arbetstrivseln för anställda inom servicenära yrken. Urvalet utgörs av fyra personer anställda i servicenära yrken och resultatet har analyserats med hjälp av kvalitativ innehållsanalys, tidigare forskning samt teorier kopplade till arbetstrivsel. Resultatet visar på fem faktorer som är av störst vikt för att skapa en hög grad av arbetstrivsel och dessa är sociala interaktioner, kommunikation, uppskattning, motivation samt lön och förmåner. Dessa faktorer stämmer till viss del överens med tidigare forskning men indikerar också på nya infallsvinklar. Analysen väckte en nyfikenhet kring genus och det skulle därför vara intressant att närma sig området i perspektiv om genus i vidare forskning.