A presente pesquisa tem como finalidade analisar a ocorrência, a forma e os motivos do desperdício de alimentos no varejo supermercadista, analisando um procedimento das rotinas varejistas chamado de quebra operacional. Nesse sentido, as perdas, resultado direto das quebras, será apresentada sob uma perspectiva tripla, gerando problemas de natureza financeira para o varejo e indústria e ambientais e sociais para a sociedade como um todo, sendo, portanto, uma prática incoerente com as demandas sustentáveis. Considerando o desperdício como um resultado de assimetrias no canal de distribuição e a necessidade das organizações em considerar a sociedade em suas estratégias de negócios, a pesquisa apresenta e discute canais reversos e canais de ciclo fechado como modelos institucionais de coordenação para o tratamento e redução de desperdício e o marketing social como ferramenta para a mudança de comportamento e geração de benefícios à sociedade por parte das organizações. Para ilustrar a conjugação dos temas propostos, a pesquisa apresentará o projeto Last Minute Market, que tem por finalidade a transformação do desperdício em recurso. Em sentido complementar apresentar-se-á a quantificação da quebra operacional de uma loja varejista localizada na cidade de Ribeirão Preto, SP e os mecanismos que a loja usa para gerenciar as perdas e o descarte de alimentos. A conclusão que se tem é que o varejo se esforça para que a perda seja reduzida, mas esforços são necessários para que o desperdício seja também evitado. / This study aims to analyse the occurrence, form and the reasons for food wastage in the retail business context, analyzing a routine retail procedure called operational break. In this sense, the losses, as a direct result of the operational break, will be presented in a triple perspective, generating financial problems to the retail business and industry and environmental and social problems to the society as a whole, therefore, an inconsistent practice with the sustainable demands. Considering the waste as a result of asymmetries in the distribution channel and the need for organizations to consider the society in their business strategies, the study presents and discusses reverse channels and closed-loop channels as institutional models of coordination for the treatment and waste reduction and the social marketing as a tool for behavior change and benefits generation to the society by the organizations. To illustrate the combination of the proposed topics, the research will presents the Last Minute Market project, which aims to convert the waste into resource. On complementary sense, a operational break quantification of a retail store at Ribeirão Preto, SP and the mechanisms that the store uses to manage the loss and disposal of food will be presented. The conclusion is that retail business is striving for the loss to be reduce, but efforts are necessary so that the waste could be also avoided.

No description available.

世界衛生組織(WHO)於2003年5月第56屆世界衛生大會通過國際「菸草控制框架公約」 (Framework Convention of Tobacco Control, 簡稱FCTC)，在「禁止菸品廣告、促銷及贊助行為」、「跨國合作管制非法走私菸品貿易」、「管制銷售菸品予未成年人及對弱勢族群的保護」、「研議並追究菸商之法律責任」等各方面皆訂有突破性規範。目前全世界已有超過150國家或簽署、或批准遞交世界衛生組織「菸草控制框架公約」。顯見「菸害防制」議題已經是不分國界、不分種族，21世紀全球一致最重要的公共衛生政策之一。 社會行銷在國外行之有年，強調：「以行銷之概念及技巧，來達到某種特定行為之改變，並改善社會」，而運用於健康議題之社會行銷，則是：「將行銷觀念及技巧系統化，以達到促進健康及減少傷害之行為改變目的」。「菸害防制」之推動，即為運用社會行銷所常見之議題及案例。在台灣，董氏基金會為國內最早推動菸害防制宣導的非營利組織，致力於國內菸害防制工作規劃、教育宣導，並促成相關政策法案制訂及監督執法。1997年推動「菸害防制法」立法(歷經十年)；2000年推動菸品開徵「健康福利捐」、執行「衛生署國民健康局菸害申訴服務中心」、舉辦國際「Quit and Win戒菸就贏」比賽等…董氏基金會推動菸害防制二十餘年，因著社會脈動調整推動策略，其寶貴之實務經驗在在與社會行銷理論相結合。 本研究即希望能收集國內外推動健康議題之社會行銷文獻，以社會行銷之概念，配合個案訪談，分析董氏基金會在推動菸害防制議題上之成效，歸納出活動成果及成功因素，以作為相關組織經營及發展策略之參考方向。 / World Health Organization has adopted the Framework Convention of Tobacco Control (FCTC) in the 56th World Health Assembly in May, 2003. The provisions have breakthrough progress on the fields such as “ban on tobacco advising, promotion and sponsorship”, “cross-country control over tobacco smuggling”, “ban on selling of tobacco to minors”, and “legal liability of the tobacco industry”. Up to date, over 150 countries already signed or ratified the FCTC. This shows that tobacco control is already such an important health policy in 21th century beyond country and race. Social marketing has been popular in other countries for years. The idea is “To change a certain collective behavior and improve the society with the concept and techniques of marketing.” To apply “social marketing” to health issues is to “To change behaviors that promote health and eliminate harm with systematized concept and techniques of marketing.” The promotion of tobacco control is a common topic and case that utilize social marketing theory. In Taiwan, John Tung Foundation (JTF) is the first NGO that advocates tobacco control movement. It has been dedicated to the planning, education and promotion of tobacco control in order to enhance police and legislation and the supervision of law enforcement. In 1997, after ten years of efforts, the Tobacco Hazard Prevention Act was finally passed. In 2000, JTF advocated and successfully lead to the levy of the tobacco health and welfare surcharge, executed the “tobacco complaint center sponsored by Bureau of Health Promotion, Department of health” and sponsored the international Quit & Win cessation campaign. In more than two decades, JTF always modifies its tobacco control strategies with the trend of society. Its invaluable experience is again and again accords with the theory of social marketing. The study aims to collect the literature regarding social marketing of health issues. The author uses the concept of social marketing and case interview to analyze the effects of JTF’s advocacy of tobacco control issues. The performance of its campaign and success factors may be a new guideline for the relevant organizations for their operation and strategy development.

<p>Bakgrund: Statliga och kommunala myndigheter, liksom privata företag och ickevinstdrivande organisationer verkar idag för att bekämpa samhällsproblem och negativa beteenden såsom drogberoende, rökning och dåliga matvanor. För att påverka samhället i en positiv inriktning kommuniceras hälsofrämjande och sociala budskap på olika sätt, dock med varierande framgång. Detta beror på organisationernas natur och verksamhetssyfte, men framför allt på de varierande resurser de olika aktörerna har att tillgå. Kännetecknande för icke-vinstdrivande organisationer är det ideella syftet och bidragsberoende från såväl privatpersoner, företag som statliga bidrag. På senare år har konkurrensen om givarnas pengar ökat, vilket har fått till följd att de icke-vinstdrivande organisationerna har utvecklat och fördjupat sitt engagemang i företagssamarbete. Samtidigt har det för företag blivit allt viktigare att visa på ett socialt ansvarstagande. Sociala allianser är en samarbetsform av marknadsföringskaraktär mellan en icke-vinstdrivande organisation och ett företag. Till grund för samarbetet ligger den icke-vinstdrivande organisationens mission och en social allians präglas av långsiktighet och ömsesidiga förtjänster.</p><p>Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att identifiera faktorer som är väsentliga för ingåendet och vidmakthållandet av en social allians.</p><p>Genomförande: Den empiriska studien är en kvalitativ undersökning bestående av sex intervjuer med representanter från Hjärt-Lungfonden och deras samarbetspartners Unilever och Choice Hotels som har direkt anknytning till de sociala allianserna.</p><p>Resultat: Studien tyder på att ett gemensamt mål är grundläggande för den sociala alliansens existens. Valet av samarbetspartner är ytterligare en grundläggande faktor vid ingåendet av en social allians. Detta bör ske med hänsyn till en rad matchningsdimensioner med utgångspunkt i parternas mission, mål och värderingar. Därtill är motiv, engagemang och kommunikation väsentliga faktorer för ett förtjänstfullt samarbete. Maktbalansen ger inte upphov till några konkreta förtjänster i sig men är en förutsättning för ett framgångsrikt samarbete.</p> / <p>Background: Today there are several actors that, by preventing and fighting against social issues such as drug addiction, smoking and bad eating habits, are working to create a better society. The different actors try to influence society and their specific target group by communicating social messages. The success of this communication varies depending on the nature and the object of the actor’s operations, but first and foremost it depends on the</p><p>resources available to the organization in question. Non-profit organizations are characterized by an ideal purpose and depend on private gifts and governmental funding. As their external environment has changed, non-profit organizations have been forced to reach beyond traditional sources and modes of funding their activities. At the same time, it has become more common for corporations to become good social citizens by engaging in social</p><p>activities. A social alliance is a type of co-operation that spans the for-profit/non-profit boundary and it is a close, mutually beneficial, long-term partnership designed to accomplish strategic goals for both entities. The objectives of the alliance generally include a mutual marketing objective and a fund-raising objective on the part of the non-profit.</p><p>Purpose: The purpose of the thesis is to identify the essential factors for the agreement of entering and the upholding of a social alliance.</p><p>Method: The empirical study is a qualitative investigation. Six interviews have been carried out with representatives from the non-profit Hjärt-Lungfonden, and their collaborators Unilever and Choice Hotels, who all are directly involved in the two social alliances.</p><p>Results: The study indicates that a common goal is fundamental to the existence of the social alliance. The choice of collaborator is another fundamental issue when entering a social alliance. It should take place with consideration taken to an array of matching dimensions starting with the parties’ mission, objectives and values. Motives, commitment and communication are further factors that contribute to a meritorious collaboration. The power balance does not seem to cause any concrete benefits, it is however a significant prerequisite.</p>

Bakgrund: Statliga och kommunala myndigheter, liksom privata företag och ickevinstdrivande organisationer verkar idag för att bekämpa samhällsproblem och negativa beteenden såsom drogberoende, rökning och dåliga matvanor. För att påverka samhället i en positiv inriktning kommuniceras hälsofrämjande och sociala budskap på olika sätt, dock med varierande framgång. Detta beror på organisationernas natur och verksamhetssyfte, men framför allt på de varierande resurser de olika aktörerna har att tillgå. Kännetecknande för icke-vinstdrivande organisationer är det ideella syftet och bidragsberoende från såväl privatpersoner, företag som statliga bidrag. På senare år har konkurrensen om givarnas pengar ökat, vilket har fått till följd att de icke-vinstdrivande organisationerna har utvecklat och fördjupat sitt engagemang i företagssamarbete. Samtidigt har det för företag blivit allt viktigare att visa på ett socialt ansvarstagande. Sociala allianser är en samarbetsform av marknadsföringskaraktär mellan en icke-vinstdrivande organisation och ett företag. Till grund för samarbetet ligger den icke-vinstdrivande organisationens mission och en social allians präglas av långsiktighet och ömsesidiga förtjänster. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att identifiera faktorer som är väsentliga för ingåendet och vidmakthållandet av en social allians. Genomförande: Den empiriska studien är en kvalitativ undersökning bestående av sex intervjuer med representanter från Hjärt-Lungfonden och deras samarbetspartners Unilever och Choice Hotels som har direkt anknytning till de sociala allianserna. Resultat: Studien tyder på att ett gemensamt mål är grundläggande för den sociala alliansens existens. Valet av samarbetspartner är ytterligare en grundläggande faktor vid ingåendet av en social allians. Detta bör ske med hänsyn till en rad matchningsdimensioner med utgångspunkt i parternas mission, mål och värderingar. Därtill är motiv, engagemang och kommunikation väsentliga faktorer för ett förtjänstfullt samarbete. Maktbalansen ger inte upphov till några konkreta förtjänster i sig men är en förutsättning för ett framgångsrikt samarbete. / Background: Today there are several actors that, by preventing and fighting against social issues such as drug addiction, smoking and bad eating habits, are working to create a better society. The different actors try to influence society and their specific target group by communicating social messages. The success of this communication varies depending on the nature and the object of the actor’s operations, but first and foremost it depends on the resources available to the organization in question. Non-profit organizations are characterized by an ideal purpose and depend on private gifts and governmental funding. As their external environment has changed, non-profit organizations have been forced to reach beyond traditional sources and modes of funding their activities. At the same time, it has become more common for corporations to become good social citizens by engaging in social activities. A social alliance is a type of co-operation that spans the for-profit/non-profit boundary and it is a close, mutually beneficial, long-term partnership designed to accomplish strategic goals for both entities. The objectives of the alliance generally include a mutual marketing objective and a fund-raising objective on the part of the non-profit. Purpose: The purpose of the thesis is to identify the essential factors for the agreement of entering and the upholding of a social alliance. Method: The empirical study is a qualitative investigation. Six interviews have been carried out with representatives from the non-profit Hjärt-Lungfonden, and their collaborators Unilever and Choice Hotels, who all are directly involved in the two social alliances. Results: The study indicates that a common goal is fundamental to the existence of the social alliance. The choice of collaborator is another fundamental issue when entering a social alliance. It should take place with consideration taken to an array of matching dimensions starting with the parties’ mission, objectives and values. Motives, commitment and communication are further factors that contribute to a meritorious collaboration. The power balance does not seem to cause any concrete benefits, it is however a significant prerequisite.

Frågeställning: Vilken typ av människor har störst benägenhet att ändra sina resvanor?Vilka marknadsföringsstrategier är bäst lämpade för att få Eskilstunas invånare att ändra sina attityder och beteenden så att de väljer mer hållbara resealternativ? Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att presentera marknadsföringsåtgärder som Eskilstuna kommun kan använda sig av för att främja hållbart resande samt att redogöra vilka målgrupper dessa åtgärder bör riktas mot. Metod: Vi valde att göra en kombinerad kvantitativ och kvalitativ studie. Kvantitativ data har vi hämtat från sekundärkällor i form av tidigare undersökningar som är gjorda i Eskilstuna och andra jämförbara kommuner i Sverige. Primärdata i denna studie är kvalitativ och kommer från intervjuer med olika personer som jobbar med att främja hållbart resande. Teorin och empirin vävdes sedan samman till en analys. Slutsats: I slutsatsen presenterar vi vilka målgrupper som är intressanta att arbeta med samt med vilka marknadsföringsåtgärder vi anser att Eskilstuna kommun bäst kan nå dem. Vår förhoppning är att de åtgärder vi presenterat kommer till användning för Eskilstuna kommun och att de kommer föra med sig en beteendeförändring. / Research questions: What kind of people is most likely to change their travel habits?Which marketing strategies are best suited to get Eskilstuna’s residents to change their attitudes and behaviors so they will choose more sustainable travel options Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to present different marketing measures which Eskilstuna municipality can use to promote sustainable travel and to present which target groups such measures should be directed towards. Method: We chose to use a combined quantitative and qualitative research method. Quantitative data was obtained from secondary sources in the form of previous investigations that were made in Eskilstuna and other comparable municipalities in Sweden. The primary data in this study is qualitative and comes from interviews with various people who are working to promote sustainable travel. The theory and empirical data were woven together to constitute an analysis. Conclusion: In the conclusion, we present the target groups that are of interest to work with and with which marketing measures we consider Eskilstuna municipality best can reach them. We hope that the measures we have presented will be useful for Eskilstuna municipality and that they will lead to behavioral change.

En aquest treball de recerca es realitza una aproximació transversal a les característiques de l'entorn en el que s'ha desenvolupat el màrqueting amb causa (MCC), englobant aspectes com l'evolució del sector no lucratiu a Espanya, l'augment del compromís social empresarial, el sorgiment d'una tendència que prioritza valors com la solidaritat i el medi ambient i que pot haver influït ens els hàbits de compra de certs consumidors i, per últim, la progressiva ampliació del màrqueting tradicional, fet que ha permès el sorgiment de disciplines com el màrqueting social o el MCC, entre d'altres. Posteriorment, s'aprofundeix específicament en el MCC, analitzant el seu origen i evolució durant els últims anys. Per això, es realitza una aproximació històrica a aquest concepte, exposant les principals definicions que sobre aquesta disciplina s'han realitzat a Espanya i a l'estranger i des dels seus orígens fins a l'actualitat. Així mateix, es realitza una clarificació de l'actual confusió terminològica existent entre conceptes com MCC, màrqueting social corporatiu, màrqueting de causes socials o màrqueting social, entre altres. Finalment, es realitza un model procedimental de desenvolupament de programes de MCC entre les organitzacions no lucratives i la comunitat empresarial, model que pretén servir de guia i orientació a les organitzacions no lucratives que decideixin portar a terme programes de MCC amb la comunitat empresarial. Si bé no existeix cap procediment ni forma de gestió que asseguri que els programes de MCC seran un èxit, en aquesta investigació s'exposen, per un costat, les principals variables que influeixen en l'èxit o fracàs d'una programa de MCC i, per l'altre, es desenvolupa un model procedimental de desenvolupament de programes de MCC que serveix de punt de partida per a que una organització no lucrativa tingui les bases i els fonaments bàsics per poder gestionar correctament un programa d'aquestes característiques. Les variables i el model procedimental, elaborat a partir de la literatura analitzada sobre el tema, la observació de programes de MCC i els coneixements previs de l'autora, tenen l'objectiu de servir de guia i orientació als estrategues de màrqueting de les organitzacions no lucratives que, sovint, no disposen de la formació ni la informació adequada per portar a terme iniciatives en aquest àmbit i, per tant, desaprofiten una bona ocasió per donar-se a conèixer com a organització no lucrativa i per augmentar i diversificar les fonts de recursos. / En este trabajo de investigación se realiza una aproximación transversal a las características del entorno en el que se ha desarrollado el marketing con causa (MCC), englobando aspectos como la evolución del sector no lucrativo en España, el aumento del compromiso social empresarial, el surgimiento de una tendencia que prioriza valores como la solidaridad y el medio ambiente y que puede haber influido en los hábitos de compra de ciertos consumidores y, por último, la progresiva ampliación del alcance del marketing tradicional, hecho que ha permitido el surgimiento de disciplinas como el marketing social o el MCC, entre otros. Posteriormente, se profundiza específicamente en el MCC, analizando su origen y evolución a lo largo de los últimos años. Para ello, se realiza una aproximación histórica a este concepto, exponiendo las principales definiciones que sobre esta disciplina se han realizado en España y en el extranjero y desde sus orígenes hasta la actualidad. Asimismo, se realiza una clarificación de la actual confusión terminológica existente entre conceptos como MCC, marketing social corporativo, marketing de causas sociales o marketing social, entre otros. Finalmente, se realiza un modelo procedimental de desarrollo de programas de MCC entre las organizaciones no lucrativas y la comunidad empresarial, modelo que pretende servir de guía y orientación a las organizaciones no lucrativas que decidan llevar a cabo programas de MCC con la comunidad empresarial. Si bien no existe ningún procedimiento ni forma de gestión que asegure que los programas de MCC van a ser un éxito, en esta investigación se exponen, por un lado, las principales variables que influyen en el éxito o fracaso de un programa de MCC y, por otro, se desarrolla un modelo procedimental de desarrollo de programas de MCC que sirve de punto de partida para que una organización no lucrativa tenga las bases y fundamentos básicos para poder gestionar correctamente un programa de estas características. Las variables y el modelo procedimental, elaborado a partir de la literatura analizada sobre el tema, la observación de programas de MCC y los conocimientos previos de la autora, tienen el objetivo de servir de guía y orientación a los estrategas de marketing de las organizaciones no lucrativas que, a menudo, no disponen de la formación ni la información adecuada para llevar a cabo iniciativas en este ámbito y, por lo tanto, desaprovechan una buena ocasión para darse a conocer como organización no lucrativa y para aumentar y diversificar sus fuentes de recursos. / In this research work, a cross-sectional approach has been employed to assess the characteristics of the environment in which cause related marketing has been developed, encompassing aspects such as the evolution of the non-profit sector in Spain, the increase of entrepreneurial social commitment, the emergence of a trend that prioritises values such as solidarity and the environment and that may have influenced purchasing habits of certain consumers and, lastly, the progressive expansion of the scope of traditional marketing, a fact which has enabled the birth of disciplines such as social marketing or cause related marketing, amongst others. Subsequently, specific emphasis is placed on cause related marketing, analysing its origins and evolution over the course of the past few years. To this end, a historical approximation to this concept is carried out, presenting the primary definitions that have been developed to define this field in Spain and internationally and in the time period spanning from its origins up until the present moment. Likewise, the current terminological confusion that exists between concepts such as cause related marketing, corporate social marketing, social causes marketing or social marketing, amongst others, is clarified. Finally, a procedural model has been created for the development of cause related marketing programmes between non-profit organizations and the entrepreneurial community. This model aims to serve as a guide for non-profit organizations who decide to carry out cause related marketing programmes with the entrepreneurial community. Even though there is no management procedure or form that ensures that cause related marketing programmes are going to be successful, in this research the main variables that influence the success or failure of a cause related marketing programme are presented on the one hand, and, on the other, a procedural model is elaborated for the development of cause related marketing programmes, serving as a starting point and basic foundation for non-profit organizations to properly manage a programme such as this one. These variables and the procedural model, elaborated using analysed literature on the topic, the observation of cause related marketing programmes and the author's prior knowledge, all aim to guide the marketing strategies of non-profit organizations who often do not have proper training or adequate information to carry out initiatives in this field and, therefore, miss out on a good opportunity to make their non-profit organization known and to increase and diversify their resource sources.

Man brukar säga att en bild säger mer än tusen ord. Att marknadsföra ett företag genom att använda bilder och video är en strategi som används i allt större utsträckning då det ses som ett starkt marknadsföringsverktyg. I moderna samhällen kan företag inte bara nöja sig med att erbjuda sina tjänster, de måste också sälja dem genom att skapa ett tydligt varumärke. Ett varumärke skapas av en image och denna image ska som mål kunna representera varumärket alldeles självt. Syftet med detta examensarbete är att få en bredare förståelse av marknadsföring via sociala och digitala medier. Examensarbetet har utförts på uppdrag av DJkollektivet “Håll Käften och dansa” där målet har varit att skapa en internationell webbsida för att marknadsföra dem. Syftet med webbsidan är att besökaren ska få en känsla av hur det kan vara att besöka en av deras spelningar. Den primära datainsamlingen har bestått av en kartläggning över vilken sorts information som visas på befintliga DJ's webbsidor där fokus har legat på menyer, sociala nätverk och vilken information de har valt att ha med på webbsidan. Detta för att skapa en förståelse för hur marknadsföring via internet ser ut idag. Vi har även utfört ett användartest på webbsidan för att analysera användarens reaktion på hur de upplever webbsidan och dess innehåll. Rapporten beskriver produktionens arbetsprocess och avslutas med att koppla samman den teoretiska delen till det slutgiltiga utformandet av webbsidan. Resultatet av detta arbete består av ett grafiskt kit som levereras i form utav; en webbsida, en egenproducerad video, en marknadsföringsguide samt våra egna fotograferade bilder till webbsidan. / It is often said that a picture is worth a thousand words. Marketing a company by using images and video is a strategy that is increasing in use as it is seen as a strong marketing tool. In modern societies, companies cannot limit themselves to merely offering their services. They must also sell by creating a clear brand. A brand is created by an image and this image should aim to represent the brand itself. The purpose of this thesis is to gain a broader understanding of marketing through social and digital media. This project was assigned by the DJ collective "Shut up and dance" where the goal has been to create an international website to market them. The purpose of the website is for the visitor to get a feeling of how it can be to visit one of their gigs. The primary data collection consisted of a survey orientation on the information that displayed on existing DJ websites. The focus has been on the menus, social networks and the information that they have chosen to include on the website. This is to create an understanding of how marketing on the Internet is today. We also performed a usability test on the website to analyze user's reaction to how they perceive the website and its content. The report describes the work process and concludes by linking the theoretical part of the final design to the website. The result of this work has a graphic kit supplied with the collection of; a website, a showreel, marketing guide and photos we have taken to the website.

Millions of people in the world are infected by HIV/AIDS or/and other Sexually Transmitted Infections, STIs. Ethiopia is, with its population on almost 94 million people, one of the worst affected countries. One of the methods that are used in the prevention work in order to combat the spread of HIV/AIDS and STIs in Ethiopia is Social Marketing, a concept that adopts traditional marketing techniques in order to obtain social change. This inductive study explores how three various Ethiopian organizations are utilizing Social Marketing in their HIV/AIDS and STI prevention work throughout Ethiopia, how the concept can be used to achieve attitudinal- and behavioral change by people, as well as if the organization’s various Social Marketing projects strive to provide vulnerable groups of the Ethiopian society with empowerment, and if so, in what ways. The empirical material was collected through six qualitative interviews and two focus group discussions during an eight-week long stay in Ethiopia during March-May, 2012. The findings of this study have been analyzed through theories about human behavior with a focus on behavior change, as well as various definitions and concepts of empowerment. The study’s result shows that Social Marketing can be utilized in several ways in the HIV/AIDS and STI prevention work in Ethiopia to obtain attitudinal- and behavior changes, for instance by using various commercial techniques, street campaigns, information/education/behavioral change materials, as well as trainings, outreach work and peer education, which aims to educate people about HIV/AIDS, STIs, condoms and condom use. The organization’s joint Social Marketing project “Wise Up-program” includes Drop In Centers and Cooperative Activity for sex workers. The findings of this essay shows that these projects do strive to provide vulnerable groups of the Ethiopian society with empowerment, psychologically as well as economically.

Recognising that road safety is a development priority in South Africa, this research project aims to compare the efficacy of the Social Marketing development communication approach with that of the education approach favoured by the National Department of Transport in road safety development interventions. The research is also driven by the identified need to explore the role of new Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in development. To this end, road safety "action kits" were developed using Social Marketing principles and incorporating the use of interactive technology. Educational kits using information supplied by the National Department of Transport were also developed. The efficacy of the two interventions was compared by comparing the results of a road safety inventory across three groups of participants. These participants were learner drivers from Pietermaritzburg aged < 25 years and with access to the required technology. The first experimental group (N=36) received the action kits, the second experimental group (N=42) received the developed educational intervention and a third control group (N=40) received no intervention. The Social Marketing group was found to score higher than the education group across all items in the inventory (educational, attitudinal and behavioural). The research concludes that the Social Marketing approach needs to be considered as an alternative to the current approach in road safety communication interventions. It also provides the basis for further exploration of the uses of ICTs in development interventions. / Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2005.