Patienterna blir allt äldre och deras komplexa akuta och kroniska ohälsotillstånd kräver specifik bedömning och vård av omvårdnadspersonalen. Utveckling av sjuksköterskans praktiska yrkeskunskap är en lång process samtidigt som nya sjuksköterskor upplever att klyftan mellan teori- och praktisk kunskap är stor. Sjuksköterskorna och verksamheterna behöver mer kunskap om hur sjuksköterskornas kompetensutveckling kan stödjas för att öka kvalificerade bedömningar i de komplexa omvårdnadssituationerna. Syftet med denna studie är att få ökad förståelse för sjuksköterskors upplevda erfarenheter av praktisk kunskap i de komplexa omvårdnadssituationerna. Metoden för denna studie har varit en fenomenologisk forskningsansats med kvalitativa intervjuer för att förstå sjuksköterskornas perspektiv på kunskap i de komplexa omvårdnadssituationerna. Data bearbetades och analyserades utifrån Giorgis analysmetod för den fenomenologiska analysens reduktion. Sjuksköterskornas praktiska kunskap baserades på två teman: Sjuksköterskans omdöme i de komplexa omvårdnadssituationerna och utveckling av praktisk kunskap och ett antal kategorier och underkategorier. Sjuksköterskornas beslutsfattande i de komplexa omvårdnadssituationerna baseras på deras tidigare erfarenheter, värderingar, professionella ambitioner, kritiska och logiska tänkande samt intuition. Nya situationer löses med hjälp av informationssökning, kritiskt och logiskt tänkande och med hjälp av andra. Sjuksköterskorna utvecklar sin kunskap genom självreflektion och reflektion i grupp. Resultaten visade att sjuksköterskornas medvetenhet om sin och yrkeskollektivets tysta kunskap är låg. För att säkerhetsställa att den legitimerade sjuksköterskan har den yrkeskunskap och kompetens som behövs för att möta patienter i de komplexa omvårdnadssituationerna behöver verksamheterna bättre stödja sjuksköterskorna i deras kompetensutveckling. De tysta föreställningar som påverkar beslutsfattande i komplexa omvårdnadssituationer behöver synliggöras och ifrågasättas för att de medvetet ska kunna basera sina beslut på kvalificerade bedömningar och erbjuda en god omvårdnadskvalitet som bygger på evidensbaserad kunskap. / The Swedish population lives longer, and a consequence is that healthcare professionalsencounter more older patients. Older patients and their complex acute and chronic ill health conditionsrequire specific assessment and care of nursing staff. The development of the nurse's practicalprofessional skills is a long process and nurses are thought to learn throughout their working lives. Atthe same time many new nurses experience a gap between theoretical and practical knowledge.Nurses, nurse trainers and clinical settings need more knowledge about how nurses’ skillsdevelopment can be supported to increase qualified assessments and nursing proficiency in complexnursing situations. The purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding of nurses’ experience of practicalknowledge in complex nursing situations. The study adopts a phenomenological method, using qualitative interviews to collect data, inorder to understand the nurses' experiences of complex nursing situations. Data was processed andanalyzed using Giorgi's phenomenological method. The study identifies two main themes: Nursing's judgment in the complex nursing situationsand the development of practical knowledge. A number of categories and subcategories are alsoidentified. Nurses decision making in complex nursing situations is based on their previousexperiences, values, professional ambitions, critical and logical thinking and intuition. New complexsituations are solved using information retrieval, logical thinking and the help of others. Nursesdevelop their knowledge through self-reflection and reflection in groups. The results showed that thenurses’ awareness about tacit knowledge, individually and in the nursing collective is low. In order toensure that the legitimate nurse has the professional skills and skills needed to meet patients incomplex nursing situations, nursing education and clinical settings need to better support the nurses intheir skills development in professional settings. Tacit knowledge and tacit theories need to be madevisible and open for critical reflection, so that nurses can consciously base their decisions on qualifiedassessments and offer good quality care based on evidence-based knowledge.

This dissertation is comprised of two manuscripts that explore various contestations and representations of knowledge about the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1virus. In the first manuscript, I explore three narratives that have been produced to describe the 20-year journey of the virus. The journey begins in 1996 when the virus was a singular localized animal virus but then over the next 20 years multiplied its ontological status through a (de)stabilized global network of science and politics that promoted both fears of contagion and politics of otherness. Written by and for powerful actors and institutions in the global North, the narratives focused on technical solutions and outbreak fears. In doing so, the narratives produced policies and practices of biopower that obscured alternative considerations for equity, social justice, and wellbeing for the marginalized groups most directly affected by the H5N1 virus. The second manuscript explores a unique aspect of the H5N1 virus's journey as an emerging infectious disease -- its representation as a potential weapon for bioterrorists. The US government's recent attempt to secure what constitutes H5N1 knowledge produced a global debate between scientists and policy makers over how to balance the nation-state's desire for security with the life science's tradition of openly shared research. Known as the dual-use dilemma, this debate set up binaries of impossible reconciliation between the two groups. This dissertation argues that the dual-use dilemma obscures larger questions of justice. I propose a new concept of justice, knowledge justice, as an alternate more globally inclusive framework for exploring ways out of the dilemma. The concept is premised on the assertion that if knowledge is framed to obscure justice issues, then the justice questions of owning that knowledge can be used as a way out of the dual-use dilemma. Thus, knowledge becomes a question of justice that should be as important to policy makers as more traditional justice considerations of inequities in distribution, recognition, representation, and fairness. / Ph. D.

<p>Kunskap är en viktig resurs, speciellt inom kunskapsintensiva branscher så som revisionsföretag. En stor del av kunskapen hos en människa utgörs av den tysta kunskapen, som är den kunskapen som är personlig och svår att uttrycka. Genom att skapa en bättre förståelse för den tysta kunskapen, kan företagen utnyttja sina kunskapsresurser på ett bättre sätt. Därför krävs det att den tysta kunskapen studeras. Denna undersökning syftar till att ta reda på vad den tysta kunskapen är och hur den tillvaratas inom revisionsföretagen. För att besvara syftet har vi intervjuat fyra revisorer från de fyra största revisionsföretagen i världen. För att försöka fånga den tysta kunskapen, använde vi ”epitomes of tacit knowledge” som metod i vår intervjuguide. I undersökningen kom vi fram till att den tysta kunskapen finns inom revisionsyrket, och att den finns mest i möten med kunder. Det mest intressanta vi kom fram till, är att revisorerna tillvaratar den tysta kunskapen genom att ta hjälp av gamla fall vid bedömning av nya fall. Detta sker i diskussioner med andra medarbetare i berättelseform. Vi fann även andra förutsättningar där det finns en möjlighet för den tysta kunskapen att tillvaratas mellan revisorer, vilka revisionsföretagen använder sig av.</p> / <p>Knowledge is an important resource, especially in knowledge-intensive industries such as audit firms. Much of mankind's knowledge consists of tacit knowledge, this is a knowledge that is personal and difficult to express. By having a better understanding of tacit knowledge, companies can exploit their knowledge resources more effectively, and therefore it's important that the tacit knowledge is studied. The purpose of this study is to find out what tacit knowledge is and how audit firms take care of it within the own firm. To answer these questions we have interviewed four accountants from four of the largest accounting firms in the world. In our attempt to capture the tacit knowledge we used ''epitome of tacit knowledge'' as a method in our interview guide. In the survey, we found out that the tacit knowledge exists within the audit profession and that it appears in meetings with clients. The most interesting thing we discovered is that the auditors takes care of the tacit knowledge by taking help of old cases when assessing new cases. This occurs in discussions with other co-worker in narrative form. We also found other conditions where there is an opportunity for the tacit knowledge to be enforced between auditors, which audit firme use.</p>

Kunskap är en viktig resurs, speciellt inom kunskapsintensiva branscher så som revisionsföretag. En stor del av kunskapen hos en människa utgörs av den tysta kunskapen, som är den kunskapen som är personlig och svår att uttrycka. Genom att skapa en bättre förståelse för den tysta kunskapen, kan företagen utnyttja sina kunskapsresurser på ett bättre sätt. Därför krävs det att den tysta kunskapen studeras. Denna undersökning syftar till att ta reda på vad den tysta kunskapen är och hur den tillvaratas inom revisionsföretagen. För att besvara syftet har vi intervjuat fyra revisorer från de fyra största revisionsföretagen i världen. För att försöka fånga den tysta kunskapen, använde vi ”epitomes of tacit knowledge” som metod i vår intervjuguide. I undersökningen kom vi fram till att den tysta kunskapen finns inom revisionsyrket, och att den finns mest i möten med kunder. Det mest intressanta vi kom fram till, är att revisorerna tillvaratar den tysta kunskapen genom att ta hjälp av gamla fall vid bedömning av nya fall. Detta sker i diskussioner med andra medarbetare i berättelseform. Vi fann även andra förutsättningar där det finns en möjlighet för den tysta kunskapen att tillvaratas mellan revisorer, vilka revisionsföretagen använder sig av. / Knowledge is an important resource, especially in knowledge-intensive industries such as audit firms. Much of mankind's knowledge consists of tacit knowledge, this is a knowledge that is personal and difficult to express. By having a better understanding of tacit knowledge, companies can exploit their knowledge resources more effectively, and therefore it's important that the tacit knowledge is studied. The purpose of this study is to find out what tacit knowledge is and how audit firms take care of it within the own firm. To answer these questions we have interviewed four accountants from four of the largest accounting firms in the world. In our attempt to capture the tacit knowledge we used ''epitome of tacit knowledge'' as a method in our interview guide. In the survey, we found out that the tacit knowledge exists within the audit profession and that it appears in meetings with clients. The most interesting thing we discovered is that the auditors takes care of the tacit knowledge by taking help of old cases when assessing new cases. This occurs in discussions with other co-worker in narrative form. We also found other conditions where there is an opportunity for the tacit knowledge to be enforced between auditors, which audit firme use.

Submitted by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2013-10-09T13:04:34Z No. of bitstreams: 2 bernardo_noronha_v1.pdf: 548527 bytes, checksum: 97432c6f81c0d347435f2924a2ed9313 (MD5) Bernardo_noronha_Entrevistas_v2.pdf: 259829 bytes, checksum: 4f15dd73324bab755c23f5964083c795 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2013-10-09T13:05:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 bernardo_noronha_v1.pdf: 548527 bytes, checksum: 97432c6f81c0d347435f2924a2ed9313 (MD5) Bernardo_noronha_Entrevistas_v2.pdf: 259829 bytes, checksum: 4f15dd73324bab755c23f5964083c795 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2013-10-09T13:05:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 bernardo_noronha_v1.pdf: 548527 bytes, checksum: 97432c6f81c0d347435f2924a2ed9313 (MD5) Bernardo_noronha_Entrevistas_v2.pdf: 259829 bytes, checksum: 4f15dd73324bab755c23f5964083c795 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-10-09T13:07:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 bernardo_noronha_v1.pdf: 548527 bytes, checksum: 97432c6f81c0d347435f2924a2ed9313 (MD5) Bernardo_noronha_Entrevistas_v2.pdf: 259829 bytes, checksum: 4f15dd73324bab755c23f5964083c795 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / O conhecimento tem sido estudado há bastante tempo dentro da administração. Entretanto, a partir da década de 1990, com as mudanças nos fundamentos das economias industriais dos recursos naturais para os ativos intelectuais, as empresas passaram a preocupar-se com o conhecimento existente em suas organizações e seu gerenciamento. Um dos aspectos mais relevantes para o gerenciamento do conhecimento é a sua transferência. O conhecimento tácito, por não poder ser estruturado e codificado, é difícil de ser transferido pela organização. O gerenciamento de ativos intangíveis como o conhecimento tácito é percebido como importante capacitação para a competição e como fonte de vantagem competitiva sustentável. O objetivo desse trabalho é identificar, através de um estudo de caso, se os fatores relevantes à transferência do conhecimento tácito estão presentes em uma grande empresa petrolífera brasileira. A presente pesquisa analisa parte relevante da bibliografia acerca da transferência do conhecimento tácito em organizações e coleta evidências para propor um modelo heurístico que possa explicar como ocorre essa transferência de conhecimento tácito, baseado em fatores idiossincráticos e nos fatores organizacionais cultura organizacional, estrutura organizacional e estratégia de gestão do conhecimento. Como resultado, o fator idiossincrático e os fatores estrutura organizacional e estratégia de gestão do conhecimento foram corroborados pelas evidências empíricas, entretanto o fator cultura organizacional não foi identificado. A partir dos resultados alcançados, um novo modelo é proposto. Verifica-se que alguns fatores identificados ajudam a transferência do conhecimento tácito enquanto outros criam barreiras a essa transferência. São sugeridos mecanismos para auxiliar as organizações na transferência do conhecimento tácito. / Knowledge has long been studied in the management field. However, since the shift of the principles of industrial economy from natural resources to intellectual assets in the 1990’s, firms have been concerned about the management of its internal knowledge. The transfer of knowledge is one of the most important issues in knowledge management. Tacit knowledge, that cannot be codified, is more difficult to be transferred through the organization. The management of intangible assets like tacit knowledge is an important source if sustained competitive advantage. The objective of this study is to identify the presence in a major Brazilian oil company of key factors to the tacit knowledge transfer. This research revises relevant part of tacit knowledge transfer literature and gathers evidences to suggest a heuristic model to explaining how tacit knowledge is transferred within the organization, relied on idiosyncratic aspects and organizational aspects like organizational culture, organizational structure and knowledge management strategy. As a result, this work showed that idiosyncratic aspects, organizational structure and knowledge management strategy aspects were corroborated by empirical findings. However, organizational culture aspects were not identified. A new model of tacit knowledge transfer is drawn from the empirical results. Some of aspects identified in the organization studied help the transfer of tacit knowledge while others hamper its flow. Some tools to improve tacit knowledge transfer within organizations are proposed.

Magister Commercii (Information Management) - MCom(IM) / Knowledge Management has been at the heart of mounting focus over the last several years. Research and literature on the area under discussion has grown and organizations have come to realize that success is often determined by one’s ability to create, disseminate, and embody knowledge in products and services. This realization has led to increased interest in examining the ways in which knowledge can be effectively identified, elicited, codified, distributed and retained.When an employee leaves an organization, the knowledge they possess often goes with them. This loss can potentially have a negative impact on the productivity and quality of the organization. Knowledge Management seeks to find ways to minimize loss of knowledge when an employee leaves an organization. One of the impediments that knowledge management seeks to overcome is the accepted tendency in people to hoard knowledge. People often withhold knowledge when they feel it provides them with a competitive advantage over others. The argument of this study was intended to provide the organization with an approach that it can utilize to facilitate tacit knowledge elicitation by means of the storytelling method.In keeping with Grounded theory principles, and utilising an interpretive approach, stories from Subject Matter Experts were collected and re-coded into fitting knowledge management constructs. The coding of the stories into the various knowledge management constructs was then further refined by means of expert review. Pearson’s cross correlation analysis was also used as a supporting tool to determine and validate that the collected stories were classified correctly under the knowledge management constructs. The research findings eventually demonstrated that storytelling is an effective means of eliciting tacit knowledge from experts. In addition to this, the research has inadvertently resulted in the construction of a knowledge management framework for storytelling.

Knowledge Management (KM) and Business Intelligence (BI) are topics, which are receiving much currency in the literature of academia and the general media over the past several years. This thesis explores KM from the perspective of the acquisition of business intelligence inside and outside the organisation. We do this by undertaking an extensive survey of the literature in the field. This thesis provides an overview of the major concepts, approaches, and issues as well as some experiences and trends of KM, covering both organisational and technological aspects. Firstly, chapter 2 discusses various definitions of knowledge and KM as well as related terms like tacit knowledge and intellectual capital, from a philosophical, a technological and a business point of view. Secondly, chapter 3, describes the major components of KM, from a process perspective, a func- tional perspective and a technological perspective. Important processes include the setting of appropriate goals; the creation, discovery, acquisition and capture of knowledge. The chapter also describes the storage of that knowledge in knowledge repositories, the classification, re- trieval, filtering and refinement of knowledge; the transfer and use of that knowledge. Finally, the chapter ends with how organisations may undertake the assessment, conservation and main- tenance of knowledge, and states that groupware, document management systems, intelligent agents, knowledge maps and expertise profiling are examples of technologies used in KM. iii The thesis then looks at the role of asynchronous groupware in enabling and harnessing the benefits of KM. Here, the research discusses how Information Technology (IT), and specifically, synchronous and asynchronous groupware, may be integrated with KM in a drive towards cre- ating BI. Chapter 4 also studies the term `business intelligence', with specific relevance to the identification of business opportunities, and the application of the concepts of intellectual capital (IC). Chapter 5 outlines the research methodology, which includes two surveys on KM awareness and KM practices in order to gauge the level of implementation and application of KM for adding value to organisations. The research methodology also employs a case study to validate the implementation of an aspect of KM collaboration and knowledge sharing. The findings from the surveys give testament to the level of awareness and implementation of KM in best practice organisations. Chapter 7 then presents the approaches to measuring IC, and BI used by firms employing knowledge management practices to maintain their competitive advantage. In chapter 8, the researcher analyses how KM presentations and implementation in organisations may be operationalised. In chapter 9, the research presents the research model, the KM-BI model, which is the seminal objective of this thesis. The KM-BI model uses the confirmatory factor analysis procedure, Proc Calis of SAS Institute, to present a measurement model. In seeking to clarify the argument being made, a model is confirmed and discussed in terms of the transformation process from KM to BI and the subsequent competitive advantage. iv / Business Management / DBL

Den här kvalitativa studiens syfte var att öka kunskapen om och isåfall hur samspelet mellan medarbetare och ledare kunde utveckla medarbetares tysta kunskap. Studien utgick ifrån frågeställningen hur anställda upplevde att ledare påverkade samt stöttade lärandeprocesser av tyst kunskap. För att uppnå studiens syfte valdes att göra djupgående semistrukturerade intervjuer med fyra anställda i olika yrkesroller från fyra skilda verksamheter. Intervjuerna genomfördes face to face med stöd av en mind map som gav utrymme för följdfrågor för att få fram så reliabla svar som möjligt. Materialet analyserades för att kunna tolka respondenternas beskrivningar som påvisade upplevelser av att ledarna påverkade samt stöttade lärandeprocesserna av tyst kunskap inom fem teman; arbetslagets uppbyggnad, dialog och reflektion, konkreta aktiviteter, yrkesroll och begreppsbildning samt autonomi och utrymme att ta initiativ. Tillsammans bildade de en helhet som gav en bild av hur upplevelsen av stöd och påverkan för lärandeprocessen av tyst kunskap tog plats på deltagarnas arbetsplatser. / This qualitative study’s purpose was to increase the knowledge of and if so how the interaction between employees and managers could develop employees' tacit knowledge. The study was based on the question of how the employees experienced that leaders influenced and supported the learning processes of tacit knowledge. In order to achieve the objectives of the study profund semi-structured interviews were carried out with four employees with different job roles from four different companies. The interviews were conducted face to face with the support of a mind map with room for follow-up questions to obtain as reliable answers as possible. The analysis showed that the participants experienced that the leaders influenced and supported the learning processes of tacit knowledge within the five themes; work team building, dialogue and reflection, concrete activites, work role and concept formation and autonomy and also room to take initiative. Together they formed a whole which created a picture of the experience of support and influence on the learning process of tacit knowledge at their workplaces.

<p>The necessity of managing the tacit knowledge sharing is becoming more significant because of the upcoming demographic changes facing companies all over the industrialized part of the world. The so called baby boomers born in the middle part of the 20th century will soon reach the retirement age and this is anticipated to create an extensive loss of knowledge. In light of that, companies face a dilemma when over bridging the knowledge gap between their more experienced senior employees who have accumulated plenty of knowledge and the novel ones. It opens the discussion concerning how to “capture” that knowledge since it is the competitive advantage in the contemporary world. This is particularly sensible for knowledge-based firms which are the main focus of this study.</p><p>Scholars have developed different approaches of the knowledge sharing phenomenon, but still there is a lack of understanding regarding how this abstract process should be supported in a daily basis. This work investigates the factors that aid or hinder the knowledge process within consulting firms as a prerequisite to reach a greater awareness of the particular setting that will foster the sharing. Supported by a theoretical background, this was accomplished by following a systems approach, favoring qualitative methods. The empirical data was collected using semistructured qualitative interviews within the headquarter offices of Pricewaterhouse Coopers in Stockholm, Sweden.</p><p>The exploratory results suggest that by converging specific aspects, consulting firms can overcome the most common barriers when sharing knowledge transfer. Furthermore, it is pointed out the positive conditions a firm has to develop as well as Theoretical and Managerial implications.</p>

The thesis is focused on developing a set of work standards or framework to the company, Isaberg Rapid which has changed its parent company and because of it lost many of its experienced employees. Subsequently a lot of implicit knowledge is lost along with the employees, which later became evident when challenges recurred in production. The aim of the research project is to create a proof methodology to avoid this loss by storing this tacit knowledge for any references, even if the employees involved with the product are lost.