Il est question d’analyser une tendance marquée des séries de science-fiction contemporaines, qui proposent un récit complexe et feuilletonnant, impliquant une intense participation de la part des spectateur.ice.s ; ces dernie.re.s se voient promettre, via l’énigme, la quête et/ou le voyage dans le temps, un dénouement qui serait la conséquence logique des évènements mis en scène. Au travers des énigmes de Lost (2004-2010, ABC), de la quête des humains dans Battlestar Galactica (2004-2009, Sci-Fi) ou de l’utilisation du voyage dans le temps dans Doctor Who (2005- ?, BBC1), il est possible de déceler des mécanismes narratifs visant à entretenir l’illusion d’une progression réfléchie vers un dénouement tantôt mis en avant, tantôt repoussé, dans un contexte de production où les scénaristes ne sont pas maîtres de leur récit. Babylon 5 (1993-1999, TNT), série dont le récit a été effectivement prévu à l’avance, sert de maître-étalon, tandis que Fringe (Fox, 2008-2013) permet d’envisager les limites de cette tendance. La capacité de ces programmes à construire une « intrigue macroscopique » à l’échelle de la série toute entière, éclaire plus largement les processus narratifs à l’œuvre dans la majorité des séries narrativement complexes contemporaines (au sens de Mittell). Au fil des liens avec l’intrigue des cycles littéraires, et d’une méthodologie centrée sur la visualisation de l’intrigue macroscopique, on peut, en s’appuyant sur une narratologie des séries télévisées encore expérimentale, entrevoir une poétique de l’écriture prospective télévisuelle. Dans une perspective contextualiste, il est vital de garder en vue les conditions d’écriture, de production et de réception de ces objets atypiques ; en retour, ces récits prospectifs apportent un nouvel éclairage au projet d’une narratologie transmédiatique porté par les études contemporaines du récit. / The aim of this work is to analyse a specific trend in contemporary science-fiction TV series : narratively complex programs (Mittell) that require an increased investment from the viewer and seem to make the promise of a logical and fulfilling ending where truth is revealed, quests are achieved and time-travel paradoxes are resolved. Looking at the mysteries from Lost (2004-2010, ABC), the quest of the Thirteenth Tribe in Battlestar Galactica (2004-2009, Sci-Fi) or the never-ending use of time-travel in Doctor Who (2005- ?, BBC1), it is possible to isolate narrative mechanisms that alternately foreshadow and defer the ending, in a world where writers can’t have full control over the plot. Babylon 5 (1993-1999, TNT), a show written in advance by its creator, will be our Rosetta Stone, while Fringe (Fox, 2008-2013) will take us to the edge of that growing trend. These programs’ ability to construct a “macroscopic plot” on the scale of the entire series, shines a light on narrative process operating in the majority of narratively complex TV series. Taking a closer look at research on literary cycles, and creating narrative diagrams to visualize this macroscopic plot, it is possible to outline a poetic of prospective writing, drawing on television series narratology. Following a contextualist view, it is important to consider the writing, production, reception of these programs; in return, studying macroscopic plots in TV series can give new clues for transmedial narratology (Herman).

Ce mémoire propose d’analyser une série phénomène à travers le concept de série monde développé dans les études télévisuelles et cinématographiques. Notre objet d’analyse est Xena la guerrière (Syndication 1995-2001), une série des années 1990 connue à l’ère contemporaine pour son phénomène de fandom autour de la série et des personnages Xena et Gabrielle. Les séries de la fin des années 1990 s’inscrivent dans une ère de transition, où numérique et mutations narratives vont participer à la création d’objets denses et complexes. Nous tenterons d’établir un parallèle entre la structure d’une série télévisée et sa réception qui reposent toutes les deux sur une logique de densification, à observer sous différentes formes : l’extension, la continuité et la dérivation, ainsi que sur deux niveaux : le texte et le fandom. L’analyse diégétique de la série nous permettra d’établir une conception de la série comme une expérience dense et complexe qui invite et suggère une pluralité interprétative. Les spectateurs/fans investissent l’objet de différentes façons jusqu’à produire des lectures riches et variées. Définir un phénomène sériel reviendrait donc à s’intéresser à cette corrélation : producteurs, texte, fans et contextes, qui permet l’expansion de l’objet dans de multiples directions. L’analyse de Xena la guerrière autour d’une logique de densification nous permettrait de mieux comprendre certains phénomènes de fandom autour de séries contemporaines. / This dissertation proposes an analysis of a series phenomenon through the concept of world series developed in television and film. Our object of analysis is Xena: Warrior Princess (Syndication 1995-2001), a television series from the 1990s known in the contemporary era for the phenomenon of fandom created around the series and characters Xena and Gabrielle. The series of the late 1990s are part of an era of transition, where digital and narratives mutations come together in the creation of dense and complex objects. We will try to draw a parallel between the structure of a television series and its reception, both of which are based on a logic of densification, to be observed in different forms: extension, continuity, and derivation, as well as on two levels: the text of Xena and the fandom of Xena. The diegetic analysis of the series will allow us to establish the conception and origins of the series as something dense and complex that invites and suggests a plurality of interpretations. Spectators/fans invest time and effort in the show in a variety of ways to produce rich and varied interpretations and fandom content. Defining a serial phenomenon would therefore take us back to examining the correlation of: producer, text, fans, and context, which allows this expansion of the series in multiple directions. The analysis of Xena: Warrior Princess around a logic of densification will allow us to better understand certain phenomena of fandom around contemporary series.

The thesis "Reflecting the media of the 1970s and the 1980s - in-house periodicals published by Czechoslovak television and Czechoslovak radio" disserts on the content of the quarterlies Televizní tvorba (Television production) and Rozhlasová práce (Radio production). The magazines which were published within two main - in that time already institutionalized - mass media were major tools serving to the KSČ, the communist party in former Czechoslovakia. Through them it was accomplishing its ideological, or more precisely propagandistic performance targeted to both, the citizens of the socialist state and abroad. Within this platform the thesis inspects the topics handled by then TV and radio employees, the following output of the discussions and their conclusions. The qualitative analysis of the two periodicals includes an introduction summarizing the historical facts that illustrate the situation of the end of the 1960's and the beginning of the 1970's. In addition, a list of periodicals published by Czechoslovak television and Czechoslovak radio for its internal use has been attached.

The thesis deals with contemporary Czech serial production in terms of script development. It focuses primarily on the development of screenplays for the series on Česká televize and on drama series with one-hour episodes. It compares the development in the Czech environment with British and American practice. It maps the current Czech serial environment, creates an overview of contemporary Czech serials in broadcasting and clarifies the basics of narrative serial structure. It contains a comparison of selected pilot parts in terms of their narrative structure. It focuses on both screenwriting practice and development practices from the point of view of the television of public service, in the case of the American production it focuses on the Hollywood system. It uses methods of qualitative analysis of scripts, in-depth semi-structured interviews with creative producers and comparison of script development in individual productions.

Syftet med denna undersökning var att genom en innehållsanalys undersöka hur de kvinnliga karaktärerna Maggan, Nina och Christina representeras i förhållande till deras roll och maktposition i samhället i TV-serien Vår tid är nu. Vidare har vi undersökt hur dessa framställningar skiljer sig åt i första respektive sista säsongen i och med feminismens framväxt.Med ett målstyrt urval av scener som underlag och med ett genusteoretiskt perspektiv, applicerades vårt analysschema på det utvalda scenerna. Analysschemat har vi skapat med hjälp av Keith Selby och Ron Cowderys narrativa analysmodell. Vidare har vi använt oss av semiotiken som analysverktyg för att kunna ge svar på våra forskningsfrågor.Resultaten visade att de kvinnliga karaktärerna skildras som drivna i båda säsongerna. I första säsongen framställs karaktärerna dock som mer begränsade till samhällets ramar och de drömmer om att bli självständiga. I sista säsongen framställs de kvinnliga karaktärerna som starkare, de har större integritet och de vågar gå sin egen väg. Resultaten visade också att skildringarna av de kvinnliga karaktärernas roll och maktposition skiljer sig mellan första och sista säsongen. I första säsongen är deras roll mer präglad av samhällets normer och deras maktposition är underordnad de manliga karaktärernas. I sista säsongen är deras roll mer jämställd med de manliga karaktärernas och deras maktposition är högre, i vissa fall högre än männens. Dessa förändringar i hur kvinnornas roll och maktposition skildras går att sammankoppla med feminismen som växte fram i tidsperioden mellan de två säsongerna. / The purpose of this study was to examine, through a content analysis, how the female characters Maggan, Nina and Christina are represented in relation to their role and position of power in the society in the TV series Vår tid är nu. Furthermore, we wanted to investigate how these representations differ in the first and last season, respectively, with the emergence of feminism.With a targeted selection of scenes as a basis and with a gender-theoretical perspective, our analysis scheme was applied to the selected scenes. We have created the analysis chart with the help of Keith Selby and Ron Cowdery's narrative analysis model. Furthermore, we have used semiotics as analysis tool to provide answers to our research questions.The results showed that the female characters are portrayed as driven in both seasons. In the first season, however, the characters are portrayed as more limited to the society’s rules and they dream of becoming independent. In the last season, the female characters are portrayed as stronger, they have greater integrity and they dare to go their own way. The results also showed that the portrayals of the female characters' role and position of power differ between the first and last season. In the first season, their role is more marked by society's norms and their position of power is subordinate to the male characters. In the last season, their role is more equal to the male characters and their position of power is higher, in some cases higher than the men’s. These changes in how women's role and position of power are portrayed can be linked to the feminism that emerged in the time period between the two seasons.

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I denna uppsats analyseras de manliga huvudkaraktärerna i dramaserierna Skam (2016) och Normala människor (2020) med syfte att undersöka om det finns tendenser för en ny mansbild i media. För att undersöka detta användes teoretiska perspektiv som representation, stereotyper, genus, heteronormativitet och hegemonisk maskulinitet. Ett analysschema skapades utifrån hegemonisk maskulinitet och forskning kring en ny mansbild i media. För att analysera materialet användes kvalitativ innehållsanalys i form av semiotik som metod. Resultatet visade att den manliga huvudkaraktären från Skam upprätthöll fler karaktärsdrag från den hegemoniska maskuliniteten jämfört med den manliga huvudkaraktären från Normala människor. Karaktären från Normala människor uppvisade fler tendenser från en ny mansbild. / In this essay, we analyze the male main characters in the drama series Skam (2016) and Normal People (2020) with the aim of examining whether there are tendencies for a new male image in the media. To investigate this, theoretical perspectives such as representation, stereotypes, gender, heteronormativity and hegemonic masculinity were used. An analysis scheme was created based on hegemonic masculinity and research on a new male image in the media. To analyze the material, qualitative content analysis in the form of semiotics was used as a method. The results showed that the male main character from Skam maintained more character traits from the hegemonic masculinity compared to the male main character from Normal people. The character from Normal people showed more tendencies from a new male image.

This diploma thesis deals with the media representation of social classes and inequalities in the popular Czech series Most!. It focuses primarily on the conception of classes in Czech society and on aspects of the construction of everyday reality through the series. It also identifies the stereotypes, which have a potential influence on the formation of the viewer's opinions and attitudes. The thesis was created on the basis of a qualitative content analysis of the series with the aid of multimodal analysis, which focuses on linguistic and visual communication of the characters. To enrich this analysis, an element of the type was also added to the analysis. This type provides a comparison the characters with the social types in Czech society. The analysis of the paper was also inspired by the project Divided by Freedom, from the year of 2019, which divided society into several classes. The paper follows this research and class sorting and applies it to the series Most!. This diploma thesis defines social classes, the way in which they are represented and how this representation forms reality through stereotypes. Thanks to the element of type in the analysis, a set of typical characteristics was recognized which connected the series and living world.

This essay is a qualitative study that analyzes how close-ups and point of view in relation to the narrative affect the viewer emotionally in the TV show The Last of Us episode 8. It examines the visualization of the character Ellie’s emotions and analyzes its emotional effect on the viewer. The theories applied explain the human ability to feel empathy and social cognition, film’s ability to evoke emotion and the concept of focalization. The theories also define the terms: narrative, point of view and close-ups. Five scenes were chosen and each scene was analyzed closely looking at facial expressions, point of view, camera movement, angles and more. Since this is a qualitative study it is based on subjective interpretations and assumptions which should be taken into account. However emotions are exceedingly subjective and a quantitative study would therefore be unmotivated.  The results suggest that assumptions can be made in how close-ups and point of view affect the viewer emotionally. When taken narrative into account, close-ups and point of view visualized the character Ellie’s emotions. These two techniques clarified and reinforced the character’s emotional state which, through the human ability to feel social cognition and empathy, transferred and/or influenced the viewer’s emotions.

The media is not only a source of entertainment, it is also a way to better understand ourselves and a means to shape our identities. The purpose of different types of communication are never neutral, there is always a discourse and an underlying meaning at work. By continually portraying women as stereotypical characters, the patriarchal discourse is reproduced and perpetuates an unequal view of women in society. It is possible to reconstruct the hegemonic male domination and representation is key if there is a change to be had in this area. Thus, it is of utter importance to create productions that showcase a vast variety of social and gender roles. The purpose of this essay is to analyse female representation in visual media with a primary focus on women’s history, exemplified by how gender is created by female characters in the miniseries Fröken Frimans krig. The analysis has a basis in multimodal critical discourse analysis as well as critical narrative analysis, and also takes into consideration Mulvey’s theories on the male gaze. The theoretical framework is based on poststructural feminist theory with an aim to deconstruct notions of what constitutes a woman and a man.