Le concept de résilience a été adopté dans le langage et les pratiques de l’urbanisation planétaire, dont le modèle dominant est la planification. La théorie de la résilience est cependant critiquée, notamment pour sa difficulté à mener à des résultats prévisibles, ou pour sa récupération par les approches les plus néolibérales de cette planification. Cette thèse montre qu’elle peut aussi être un point de départ pour questionner le modèle dominant et ouvrir à d’autres manières d’appréhender, théoriser et concevoir l’urbain. Elle développe comment la théorie de la résilience urbaine peut se fonder sur un cadre conceptuel spécifique, dont les critères permettent d'orienter des choix lors d’une mise en projet. La recherche débute avec le corpus qui s’est structuré en écologie, qui a ouvert à une théorie de la résilience dans l’urbain, et en développe les singularités. Etant donné que le modèle dominant entretient un brouillage des repères, elle emprunte une méthode d’analyse métaphorique, transportant donc la théorisation en dehors des cadres de celui-ci. Elle propose pour cela un concept, celui de « piraterie urbaine», comme art de la mise en projet de la résilience. La métaphore de la piraterie est construite autour de son sens étymologique, de ses archétypes, et de son histoire. À travers elle sont notamment théorisés : les conditions de la résilience et leurs aspects qualitatifs ; le rapport à la forme architecturale, au temps et au lieu d’un urbain conçu selon ses critères ; sa symbolique et son décalage vis-à-vis du modèle dominant ; sa dimension politique, dialogique, expérimentale et incrémentale ; les repères et seuils orientant des choix architecturaux et urbains. / The concept of resilience has been adopted by the language and practices of growing global urbanisation, the dominant model of which is planning. However, resilience theory is also questioned, notably for the difficulty it manifests in ensuring predictable results, or for the usage that is made of it by the most neoliberal approaches to planning. This thesis shows that concept of resilience can also be a starting point for questioning planning by introducing other ways of understanding, theorising and designing urban environments. It addresses how urban resilience theory can shed light on specific conceptual frameworks, whose criteria may orient design choices. The research originates in a corpus that has been developed in the field of ecology, opening the way to an urban resilience theory, and explores the singularities of this transition. To overcome the dominant model’s tendency to blur landmarks, and free this process of theorisation from the ambiguity of its frameworks, this thesis adopts the method of analysis through metaphor. It thus proposes the concept of "urban piracy", as an art of designing resilience in urban environments. The metaphor of piracy is constructed along its etymological sense, its archetypes and its history. It gives way to a theorisation that includes the qualitative aspects of the conditions of resilience; the relationship to form, time and place, of a city designed according to its criteria; the symbolism of its theory and its discrepancies vis-à-vis the dominant model; its political, dialogical, experimental and incremental dimension; and finally, the landmarks and the thresholds that orient choices in architectural and urban design.

Översvämningar är ett stort globalt problem som förväntas bli allt mer frekventa. Syftet med denna studie är att utreda hur klimatanpassningsarbetet kring översvämningsrisker hanteras på lokal nivå, i detta fall i Halmstad kommun. Syftet menar också att jämföra beskrivningen av hur arbetet bedrivs i praktiken med teori och tidigare forskning. Frågeställningarna som ska besvara syftet är om hur Halmstad kommun beskriver dess arbete och vad det finns för förklaring till detta samt hur detta kan tolkas och förklaras utifrån forskningsteoretiska begrepp ‘evidens’ och ‘urban resiliens’.   Studien har utförts som en kvalitativ fallstudie genom en intervju med kommunal tjänsteperson och innehållsanalys av styrdokument relevanta för kommunens klimatanpassningsarbete. Det teoretiska ramverket består av begreppen ‘resiliens’ och ‘evidens’ som förklaras med en sammankopplad figur. Studiens resultat visar att klimatanpassningsarbetet är komplext då flera aspekter måste avvägas men Halmstad kommun är välutvecklade inom frågan främst då de är en resursrik kommun. / Flooding is a global issue that’s becoming more frequent. This study means to investigate how climate adaptation may be managed on a local level, by performing a case study of Halmstad municipality. We mean to investigate and compare how the work is described in practice and theory. This will be done by answering questions on how the municipality describes their work, how it can be explained and how it can be interpreted in the context of the theoretical concepts' ‘evidence’ and ‘urban resilience’.  The study is based on qualitative methods, an interview and content analyses of strategic documents. The theory consists of the terms ‘resilience’ and ‘evidence’ that are interpreted with an explanatory figure.  The studies' result highlights the complexity of climate adaptation since many aspects of climate risk must be acknowledged. Halmstad can, however, be considered developed in this area which is explained by the resources at their disposal.

Contemporary towns and cities in developing countries are faced with myriads of challenges. And, scholars have been suggesting various approaches, methods and tools to improve local resilience against these challenges. Some of the approaches and movements that proliferated recently in urban studies are Urban Metabolism, Sustainable Spatial Planning, the specified resilience approach, and the circular economy. Although these movements played an important role in improving local resilience and sustainability in the western world, their impacts on towns and cities of the developing world remains minimal. This is mainly because these movements were conceived and born in western countries and most of them are targeted at solving their own local problems. So, there is a very strong need to contextualize and modify them so that they fit into the existing local conditions in towns and cities of developing countries. In addition, lack of institutions and usable data makes it very difficult to undertake similar studies in countries like Ethiopia. That is why contextualizing these movements and searching resource efficient paths to local resilience and sustainability have become important tasks in recent years. In addition, developing a methodology that helps to operationlize and spatialize these concepts (resilience and sustainability - concepts usually criticized for being too general and normative) is also very crucial.This research, therefore, developed a robust diagnostic and analytical tool to study the nexus between major challenges (in small towns) and their impact on local resilience and sustainability in Ethiopia. The urban metabolism approach is mainly used (as a tool) to understand the nature of these challenges and to diagnose resilience in small towns. It specifically focuses on the flow food and housing construction materials (the two most stressed flows) in the case towns. These case towns are selected to represent the two ends of the sustainable town planning continuum in Ethiopia (Amdework is an organically growing old town and BuraNEST is a new planned town based on principles of sustainability). This research is mainly conducted at three stages: at regional level, at local level and at sub-system level. The first task done to achieve this objective is, therefore, characterization of the role of the case town in the regional urban system. This is done mainly using the urban metabolism approach. The deployment of this tool helped the researcher to pinpoint weak links, unsustainable flows, and vulnerable paths that simultaneously impact local resilience and sustainability in the case towns. This preliminary exploratory research clearly indicated the role of the town in the regional urban system and revealed the two most stressed (but important) sub-systems in the localities: the food and the housing sub-systems.Following this preliminary finding, the research has been narrowed down to the aforementioned two most stressed sub-systems. The food sub-system is first studied using the urban metabolism and the 'specified resilience' approaches. The research adopts a tri-tiered method (resilience at the source, resilience in the chain and resilience in consumption) to investigate local food resilience and metabolism and their relationship with the spatial configuration of the case town. The deployment of this method helps to operationalize and reduce the normative content of the concept (of resilience). This study reveals that urban agriculture is a highly marginalized agenda at all the three stages. Furthermore, the research investigates various bottom-up informal initiatives in the case town and other innovative planning endeavors (such as the planning of BuraNEST) that are aimed at improving sustainability and resilience in the food sub-system. The other focus area of the research is the housing sub-system. The urban metabolism approach, again, is primarily used to characterize, map and quantify the flow of materials used in the construction of residential houses in the town. The research developed a new bottom-up data generation technique to undertake this analysis. This method dominantly relied on estimations and conversions (of traditional measurements to the metric system) to get quantified data that was finally used as an input to develop metabolic models. Models (Sankeys) developed in this research reveal that the vast majority of inputs used in the construction are sourced locally. However, certain recent worrisome trends challenging sustainability have been observed in the housing sub-system due to the increased tendency of transporting important construction inputs from distant sources (mainly due to local construction regulations). The research, on the other hand, found that housing in BuraNEST, a town claimed to have been planned based on principles of sustainability, is more reliant on local sources and recognizes local needs and challenges. However, there are some critical pending questions (related with governance and affordability) that need to be addressed to improve sustainability in the housing sub-system in the long-run. Lastly, the research also investigates planning system challenges in small towns of Ethiopia. This is done mainly because many of the challenges found in the previous two analyses point to the presence of certain systemic problems in the policies, laws and manuals used in the planning of small town of Ethiopia. Such disorientations obviously negatively impact local resilience and sustainability in the long-run. Various definitions, wordings, phrases, and criteria identified in the federal planning law and manual were found to be on a direct collision course with principles of sustainability in many instances. By doing these, this research, therefore, systematically analyzed how the nexus between population pressure, resource flows and planning system challenges impact local resilience and sustainability (in the food and housing sub-systems) in small towns of Ethiopia. More importantly, it successfully spatialized and operationalized critical concepts such as urban resilience and sustainability using a new bottom-up approach. Clarity of the methodology vividly spells out the starting point when dealing with such important topics. This research can, therefore, serve as an important material to other researchers who are interested to study issues related to urban resilience and metabolism in small towns of developing countries. It clearly shows how the urban metabolism (as a tool) can be deployed to diagnose resilience in specific systems and sub-systems of towns and cities. It also provides a step-by-step procedure on how to generate data in data poor contexts and build metabolic models that can be used to study resilience in urban areas. / Les villes contemporaines des pays en développement sont confrontées à une multitude de défis. Les chercheurs ont suggéré diverses approches, méthodes et outils pour améliorer la résilience locale face à ces défis et parmi les approches qui ont proliféré récemment dans les études urbaines, nous pouvons citer le Métabolisme Urbain, l’urbanisme durable, l'approche de la Résilience Spécifiée et l'économie Circulaire. Bien que ces mouvements et ces outils aient joué un rôle important dans l'amélioration de la résilience et de la durabilité locales dans le monde occidental, leur application et leur impact sur les villes des pays en développement sont négligeables. Cela est principalement dû au fait que ces mouvements ont été conçus et sont nés dans les pays occidentaux et que, par conséquent, la plupart d'entre eux visent à résoudre des problèmes qui leur sont propres. Il existe donc un besoin important de contextualiser et d'adapter ces outils, mouvements et méthodologies pour étudier, comprendre et résoudre les problèmes des villes du monde en développement. En outre, le manque d'institutions et de données utilisables rend difficile la réalisation d'études similaires dans des pays comme l'Éthiopie. La recherche de chemins efficaces pour la résilience et la durabilité locale est donc une tâche difficile dans les pays en développement. De plus, il est très important de développer une méthodologie qui aide à opérationnaliser et à spatialiser ces concepts (résilience et durabilité, des concepts généralement critiqués pour être trop généraux et normatifs).Cette recherche a donc permis de mettre au point un solide outil de diagnostic et d'analyse pour étudier le lien entre les principaux défis et leur impact sur la résilience et la durabilité locale dans les petites villes d'Éthiopie. L'approche du métabolisme urbain est principalement utilisée pour comprendre la nature des défis urbains et diagnostiquer la résilience dans les villes concernées. Cette approche se concentre spécifiquement sur les flux des deux sous-systèmes les plus sollicités :les flux de nourriture et de matériaux de construction de logements. Les deux villes étudiées sont sélectionnées pour représenter les deux extrêmes du continuum de la planification urbaine durable en Éthiopie :une nouvelle ville planifiée (BuraNEST) et une vieille ville à croissance organique (Amdework). Cette recherche est organisée selon trois échelles :au niveau régional, au niveau local et au niveau des sous-systèmes. La première tâche effectuée pour atteindre cet objectif a donc été de caractériser le rôle de la ville prise comme cas d’étude dans le système urbain régional, en s’appuyant sur l'approche du métabolisme urbain. Le déploiement de cet outil a permis d'identifier les trajectoires non durables, les flux vulnérables et les activités qui ont simultanément un impact sur la résilience locale et sur la durabilité des villes étudiées. Cette recherche exploratoire préliminaire a clairement souligné le rôle de la ville dans le système urbain régional et a révélé deux sous-systèmes particulièrement sous tension: les sous-systèmes de l'alimentation et du logement.Suite à cette première constatation, la recherche se concentre sur ces deux sous-systèmes. Le sous-système alimentaire est d'abord étudié en utilisant le métabolisme urbain et les approches de « résilience spécifiée ». La recherche adopte une méthode suivant trois niveaux (résilience à la source, résilience dans la chaîne et résilience dans la consommation) pour étudier la résilience alimentaire locale et sa relation avec la configuration spatiale urbaine. Le déploiement de cette méthode permet d’opérationnaliser et de réduire le contenu normatif du concept de résilience. La recherche révéle que l'agriculture urbaine est un programme très marginalisé aux trois stades du métabolisme alimentaire. En outre, la recherche examine diverses initiatives informelles ascendantes dans la ville en question et d'autres initiatives de planification innovantes (telles que la planification de BuraNEST) qui visent à améliorer la durabilité et la résilience du sous-système alimentaire.Le second domaine d'étude de la recherche concerne le sous-système du logement. L'approche du métabolisme urbain est utilisée pour caractériser, cartographier et quantifier le flux de matériaux utilisés dans la construction des bâtiments résidentielles. La recherche développe une nouvelle technique de génération de données ascendantes pour entreprendre cette analyse. Cette méthode repose principalement sur de nombreuses estimations et conversions (des mesures traditionnelles vers le système métrique) pour obtenir des données quantifiées qui peuvent être utilisées comme intrants pour développer des modèles métaboliques. Les modèles (Sankeys) développés dans le cadre de cette recherche ont révélé que la grande majorité des matériaux intrants utilisés dans la construction proviennent de sources locales. Cependant, certaines tendances récentes inquiétantes remettant en cause la durabilité ont été observées dans le sous-système de logement en raison de la tendance croissante à importer d'importants éléments de construction provenant de sources éloignées (principalement en raison des réglementations locales en matière de construction). D'autre part, la recherche a révélé que les logements de BuraNEST, une ville qui déclare avoir été planifiée sur la base des principes de durabilité, dépendent davantage des ressources locales et considèrent les besoins et défis locaux. Cependant, le programme de logement de BuraNEST suscite d'importantes préoccupations en raison de la présence de quelques enjeux la gouvernance et l’économie de la construction des maisons, qui peuvent menacer la durabilité du programme à long terme. Enfin, la recherche s'est également penchée sur les problèmes liés au système de planification dans les petites villes d'Éthiopie. Cela est principalement dû au fait que de nombreuses questions relevées dans les deux analyses précédentes indiquent la présence de certains problèmes systémiques dans les politiques, les lois et les manuels utilisés dans la planification des petites villes d'Éthiopie. De telles désorientations ont évidemment un impact négatif sur la résilience et la durabilité locales à long terme. Dans de nombreux cas, diverses définitions, formulations, phrases et critères identifiés dans la loi et les règles de planification fédérale se sont révélés être en conflit direct avec les principes de durabilité.Par conséquent, cette recherche analyse de manière systématique le lien entre la pression démographique, les flux de ressources et les défis du système de planification qui ont un impact sur la résilience et la durabilité des petites villes d'Éthiopie. Plus important encore, cette recherche a réussi à spatialiser et à opérationnaliser des concepts critiques tels que la résilience et la durabilité urbaines en utilisant une nouvelle approche bottom-up. La rigueur de la méthodologie définit clairement le point de départ lorsqu'il s'agit de traiter des sujets aussi importants. Cette recherche peut donc constituer un matériel important pour les chercheurs qui souhaitent étudier les questions liées à la résilience et au métabolisme urbains dans les petites villes des pays en développement. Elle montre clairement comment le métabolisme urbain, en tant qu'outil, peut être déployé pour diagnostiquer la résilience dans les systèmes et sous-systèmes spécifiques des villes. Il fournit également une procédure étape par étape sur la façon de générer des données dans des contextes de manque d’information ,permettant ainsi deconstruire des modèles métaboliques qui peuvent être utilisés pour étudier la résilience dans les zones urbaines. / Doctorat en Art de bâtir et urbanisme (Polytechnique) / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Climate change and rapid urbanization have caused several vulnerabilities for the global food system, and alternative farming methods are required to solve this ongoing crisis. Zero acreage farming can be a sustainable farming a to geoponics, as it is developing worldwide, and in Stockholm, this provides an opportunity to produce food year-round. In addition to that, it makes the food system more resilient and increases food security. The thesis aimed to explore the possibilities of zero-acreage farming on household rooftops in Stockholm and achieve the demand for tomatoes with an aeroponics growing system. With the help of GIS software, 4269 flat and slant roofs with a total available area of 3815121 m2 are found to implement a greenhouse. The GIS study shows that the south sector had the better potential for more extensive operations considering buildings, more population, and broader roads where transportation will be made more accessible. The central sector had the least potential for zero acreage farming because those regions have heritage values and narrow streets, making the transportation and supply chain difficult. The result of the aeroponics growing system reveals that the Stockholm tomato demand can be achieved in a 12780 m2 area with 95% water saving and 90% less global warming potential (GWP)compared to geoponics or conventional farming. Further on, this thesis suggests aeroponics as a sustainable alternative way of growing crops to minimize the impact on the environment caused by geoponics over the centuries.

The COVID-19 crisis represents a major disruption to societies across the planet, magnifying existing threats to social-ecological resilience. Illustrating these threats are links between inadequate water and sanitation services, climate stressors, and the challenge of coping with a global pandemic. In an urban context, water services are an intermediary between the built and natural environments, making sustainable water management a crucial aspect of cities’ resilience and efforts towards sustainable development. Yet, there is a growing need to understand how urban resilience functions across scales in order to develop sustainable transformations that align a city’s resilience goals with the wellbeing of its communities. Global crises like the COVID-19 pandemic and the ongoing water crisis threaten wellbeing beyond disease risk, highlighting the need for a broader understanding of risks that make communities vulnerable to such crises. Examining these connections within Cape Town, this case study investigates issues of water service delivery in low-income communities both before and during the pandemic. The city encounters increasing impacts of the climate crisis such as drought and flooding, while disadvantaged communities also experience basic service inequities. Existing problems involve leaking pipes, blocked drains, water contamination, and limited access to water taps and toilets. To understand how water issues could impact people’s wellbeing directly and indirectly, this thesis analyses perspectives of community members who describe their experiences with water-related risks. They speak of obstacles to daily tasks like cleaning and practicing basic hygiene, which are essential for disease prevention during a pandemic. However, the results indicate that water issues can also threaten wellbeing in less visible ways than immediate disease risk and can lead to psychological stress, social conflicts, and food insecurity. Identifying water-related risks through people’s own experiences is important for developing shared meanings of resilience for communities and the city as a whole. Risk management focusing on community-centred approaches to these challenges could help clarify how cities can collectively influence their own transformation. This thesis hopes to identify a broader scope of threats to community water justice and wellbeing, contributing to our understanding of urban resilience in a time of rising crises.

Welche Rolle spielt Wohnungspolitik im Kontext urbaner Resilienz? Im Ringen um urbane Zukünfte stellt sich die Frage nach einem krisenfesten und zugleich an sozialen Bedarfen orientierten Wohnungsbestand. Sie lässt sich nicht lösen, ohne die komplexen Zusammenhänge demografischer, sozioökonomischer und ökologischer Krisen zu beachten. Dennoch wurden Resilienz und Wohnungspolitik auf wissenschaftlicher Ebene bislang kaum zusammenhängend diskutiert. Die Lücke gilt es konzeptionell wie empirisch zu schließen. Die Stadt Leipzig hat mit extremen Entwicklungen von Demografie und Wohnungsmarktlagen seit 1989 umzugehen. Anhand der wohnungspolitischen Konzepte der Stadt Leipzig und kontextualisierender Expert:inneninterviews untersucht Friederike Frieler in einer Fallstudie fünf Prinzipien resilienten Wohnens: Sicherheit, Geeignetheit, Bezahlbarkeit, Ressourceneffizienz und soziale Integration. Über den Begriff des Resilienzdenkens zeigt sie, wie sich Manifestationen dieser Prinzipien in politischen und planerischen Entscheidungsprozessen erkennen lassen. So ermöglicht das Konzept über den Einzelfall hinaus, Resilienzprinzipien in lokaler Wohnungspolitik zu erforschen und sie letztlich in der Praxis bewusst zu verfolgen.:Abbildungsverzeichnis VII Tabellenverzeichnis VIII Abkürzungsverzeichnis IX 1 Einleitung 1 1.1 Forschungsinteresse und Ziele 1 1.2 Forschungsfragen 9 1.3 Aufbau der Arbeit 11 2 Theorie 15 2.1 Der Resilienzbegriff 17 2.1.1 Perspektiven der Resilienzforschung 21 2.1.2 Das Forschungsfeld der Urbanen Resilienz 25 2.1.3 Wohnen als Forschungsgegenstand Urbaner Resilienz 30 2.1.4 Modell adaptiver Zyklen zur Resilienzanalyse von Wohnraumversorgung 39 2.1.5 Resilienzdenken 45 2.1.6 Normativität und Essentialismus – Kritik am Resilienzkonzept 53 2.2 Wohnraumversorgung und Wohnungspolitik 58 2.2.1 Wohnen als soziales Gut 60 2.2.2 Wohnen als wirtschaftliches Gut 64 2.2.3 Akteure 73 2.2.4 Wohnungspolitik 76 2.2.5 Instrumente der kommunalen Wohnungspolitik 78 2.3 Demografie und Sozialstruktur 83 2.3.1 Soziodemografischer Wandel 84 2.3.2 Sozialstruktur der Haushalte 92 2.3.3 Soziodemografischer Wandel als Störeinfluss im Resilienzmodell 95 2.4 Zusammenfassung der theoretischen Grundlagen 103 3 Konzeption und Operationalisierung 109 3.1 Resilience of what 111 3.1.1 Capability-Ansatz und Wohnen 113 3.1.2 Konsens-Dokumente der Wohnungs- und Stadtentwicklungspolitik 117 3.1.3 Ergebnis: Fünf Maximen für ‚gutes Wohnen‘ 121 3.2 Resilience to what 124 3.2.1 Auswirkungen soziodemografischer Veränderungen 125 3.2.2 Ergebnis: Wohnraumkrisen durch soziodemografischen Wandel 132 3.3 Resilience analysis 133 3.3.1 Variablen und Indikatoren 134 3.3.2 Resilienz-Dimensionen 143 3.3.3 Ergebnis: Operationalisierung resilienter Wohnraumversorgung 144 3.4 Resilience management 151 3.4.1 Schlüsselprinzipien 152 3.4.2 Resilienzdenken 154 3.4.3 Ergebnis: Acht Resilienzprinzipien 157 3.5 Zusammenfassung der Konzeptionierung 158 4 Methodik 163 4.1 Untersuchungsdesign: Qualitative Einzelfallstudie 163 4.1.1 Auswahl des Falls 164 4.1.2 Akteurszentrierter Ansatz 167 4.2 Auswahl, Erhebung und Aufbereitung der Daten 168 4.2.1 Dokumentenanalyse als interpretative Methode 170 4.2.2 Problemzentriertes Experteninterview 172 4.2.3 Reflexion der Interviewerin zum Interview-Prozess 176 4.3 Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse 177 4.3.1 Kategorienbildung und Codierung 178 4.3.2 Analyse und Auswertung 178 5 Empirie 181 5.1 Überblick Leipzig 1990–2020 182 5.1.1 Entwicklung von Demografie, Wohnraumversorgung und Wohnungsmarkt 183 5.1.2 Akteure 193 5.1.3 Wohnungspolitische Konzepte, Diskurse und Zielsetzungen 196 5.1.4 Ergebnis: Versetzte Zyklen, träge Anpassung 199 5.2 Resilienzrelevante Themen der Leipziger Wohnungspolitik 202 5.2.1 Kleinräumiges Wohnungsmarktmonitoring und Prognosen 204 5.2.2 Wohnungspolitische Instrumente 210 5.2.3 Kommunale Wohnungs- und Baugesellschaft LWB 218 5.2.4 Kooperationsbereitschaft 221 5.2.5 Partizipation 224 5.2.6 Ergebnis: Potenziale mit Hemmungen 227 5.3 Elemente von Resilienzdenken 231 5.3.1 Redundanz 232 5.3.2 Flexibilität 237 5.3.3 Vielfalt 243 5.3.4 Modularität 248 5.3.5 Feedbacklänge 250 5.3.6 Sozialer Zusammenhalt 257 5.3.7 Lernen und Innovation 260 5.3.8 Gerechtigkeit 263 5.3.9 Ergebnis: Lücken zwischen Anspruch und Realität 268 5.4 Zusammenfassung der empirischen Ergebnisse 272 6 Schlussbetrachtung 277 6.1 Gutes Wohnen als Teil urbaner Resilienz 278 6.2 Resilienzanalyse der Leipziger Wohnungspolitik 282 6.2.1 Bewertung der Anwendbarkeit 285 6.2.2 Übertragbarkeit auf andere Städte 287 6.3 Fazit und Ausblick 290 6.3.1 Transformationspotenziale für eine resiliente Wohnraumversorgung 290 6.3.2 Relevanz für Akteure der kommunalen Wohnungspolitik 292 Literaturverzeichnis 295 Quellenverzeichnis 329 Verzeichnis der juristischen Quellen 337 Anhang 341 A Textstellenbelege für die Maximen ‚guten Wohnens‘ 341 B Datenquellen zur Wohnungsmarktsituation in Leipzig 345 C Interviewleitfaden (Beispiel) 347 D Codesysteme zur Interviewauswertung 349

[pt] A presente dissertação tem como objeto o estudo sobre a contribuição do plano de contingência para minimizar os impactos e vulnerabilidades nos desastres causados por chuvas intensas. O objetivo deste estudo é contribuir para a compreensão dos mecanismos e instrumentos utilizados para o enfrentamento de desastres nas fases de preparação e resposta de emergência relativo a eventos de chuvas intensas. Para tanto foram analisados os planos de contingência do município de Petrópolis/RJ para chuvas intensas, referentes aos períodos de 2021/2022 e 2022/2023 (PLANCON). As principais conclusões indicam que, no período observado, foi necessária a incorporação e o amadurecimento da gestão de riscos de desastres (GRD), considerando a necessidade de orientação no que se refere a ações para resposta a emergências e para tomada de decisão frente a ocorrência de um evento extremo. Em síntese, os resultados demostram que os planos de contingência são ferramentas primordiais frente aos desastres em busca da resiliência. Ao final, apresentam-se conclusões e sugestões que têm em vista acelerar e ampliar a realização de ações mais assertivas na resposta a eventos de chuvas intensas. / [en] This dissertation aims to study the contribution of the contingency plan to minimize the impacts and vulnerabilities in disasters caused by heavy rains. The objective of this study is to contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms and instruments used to address disasters during the emergency preparation and response phases, particularly related to heavy rainfall events. Therefore, the contingency plans of Petrópolis/RJ municipality for heavy rains, referring to the periods of 2021/2022 and 2022/2023 (PLANCON), were analyzed. The main conclusionsindicate that during the observed period, it was necessary to incorporate and mature disaster risk management (DRM), considering the need for guidance regarding emergency response actions and decision-making in the face of an extreme event. In summary, the results demonstrate that contingency plans are essential tools in managing disasters and seeking resilience. Finally, conclusions and suggestions are presented with the aim of accelerating and expanding the implementation of more assertive actions in response to heavy rainfall events.

This study examines the phenomenon of student resiliency as it relates to Nunez Community College students who returned to attend school in the community of St. Bernard Parish following Hurricane Katrina. Nunez Community College is located in Chalmette, Louisiana, fifteen miles east of the City of New Orleans. The community is adjacent to the Lower Ninth Ward. This study seeks to answer the questions of why the students returned to a disaster-stricken area to continue their studies and how the students coped in the aftermath. There is a significant gap in the literature on post-disaster resiliency and in particular, the role of education in post-disaster recovery. Twelve students who returned to Nunez Community College post-Katrina were interviewed using a Student Resilience Model as a conceptual framework. The perceptions of the students' post-disaster experiences resulted in five themes which included Individual Resilience, Post-Disaster Academic Integration, Post-Disaster Social Int

A presente dissertação tem por objetivo discutir a importância de uma postura resiliente para a busca do urbanismo sustentável. O termo \"sustentável\" e suas variantes passaram por um desgaste nas últimas décadas, formando uma barreira prejudicial à sua aplicação efetiva. A \"resiliência\", surge, então, como uma forma de revisitar a questão, através de um conceito oriundo da física, que possibilita conceber uma transposição teórica para a arquitetura e o urbanismo, disciplinas nas quais o tema pode colaborar na formulação de novas ferramentas e conceitos aplicáveis ao planejamento e projeto. Almeja-se, através da sua conceituação teórica, contribuir para a elaboração de uma postura resiliente e promover o termo \"resiliência urbana\" em direção ao enfrentamento da crise urbana, ocasionada pelo crescimento vertiginoso da urbanização mundial e da consequente aglomeração populacional nas cidades. Nos países em desenvolvimento, essa abordagem pode ser de grande utilidade, dado que a crise urbana é fortalecida pelo avanço da informalidade e pela formação de novos tecidos urbanos às margens do planejamento. O conceito de resiliência, neste caso, possibilita uma discussão voltada às questões de espontaneidade, improvisos, constantes mudanças e transformações, inerentes à condição urbana, se discutido dentro de uma abordagem de Sistemas Adaptativos Complexos. Para tanto, elaborou-se uma análise reflexiva, a fim de aferir a transferência da teoria para prática, a partir de três projetos urbanos já implantados: as intervenções em torno da Línea K, em Medellín, Colômbia, o sistema teleférico do Complexo do Alemão e o Parque Sitiê, ambos na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. A partir daí, pôde-se constatar que a visão sistêmica adaptativa e complexa da resiliência traz a possibilidade de promover a inter-relação entre sociedade, economia e ambiente na construção do meio urbano e, assim, encorajar uma nova postura frente a difusão de um Urbanismo Sustentável. / The present dissertation aims to discuss the importance of a resilient posture in the search for a sustainable urbanism. The term \"sustainable\" and its variants have gone through a wear and tear through the last few decades, forming a barrier which prejudices its effective application. The \"resilience\" term then appears as a way of revisiting this matter, through a concept derived from physics, that allows a theoretical transposition to architecture and urbanism disciplines in which the subject can cooperate in the formulation of new tools and concepts that can be applied into planning and project design process. Over the theoretical conception, it is intended the contribution on the elaboration of a resilient attitude and therefore promotes the term \"urban resilience\" towards the current urban crisis, caused by the dramatical growth of the world urbanization and the consequent population cluster within cities. In developing countries, the approach can be very useful, given that the urban crisis is strengthened by the rise of informality and the formation of new urban networks at the edge of planning actions. The concept of resilience, in this case, enables a discussion focused on spontaneity issues, improvisations, changes and transformations, inherent to the urban condition, discussed within a Complex Adaptive Systems approach. However to elaborate a reflexive analysis it is necessary to verify the transformation of theory into practice from three urban projects already implemented: Line K\'s urban interventions in Medellín, Colombia, cable car system at Alemão Complex and Sitiê Park, both in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In conclusion, an adaptive and complex systemic view of resilience has the potential to promote an interrelationship between society, economy and environment during the construction of an urban environment and therefore encourage a new attitude towards the diffusion of Sustainable Urbanism.

O conceito de resiliência urbana colabora nas discussões de como as cidades podem se preparar ou se adaptar para lidar com desastres naturais num contexto de eventos extremos. Resiliência urbana entende-se enquanto processo que envolve capacidades de aprendizado e adaptação com vistas à redução do risco de desastres naturais, ao retorno às funções desejadas e à melhoria da qualidade de vida das pessoas. Os escorregamentos configuram um dos desastres que mais causaram mortes no município de Santos, no litoral do Estado de São Paulo; no entanto, o número de vítimas fatais reduziu-se significativamente após a implementação do Plano Preventivo de Defesa Civil (PPDC) operado anualmente desde 1989. Entendendo que a Defesa Civil municipal é a instituição que lida diretamente com a questão dos desastres, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar os instrumentos relativos à gestão de risco de escorregamentos utilizados pela Defesa Civil de Santos e analisar a aplicação dos mesmos na promoção da resiliência urbana. A partir de uma pesquisa qualitativa que envolveu revisão bibliográfica, pesquisa documental e pesquisa de campo, identificaram-se os seguintes instrumentos: Monitoramento Meteorológico; Carta de Suscetibilidade a Movimentos Gravitacionais de Massa e Inundações, Plano Municipal de Redução de Riscos e Carta Geotécnica Morros de Santos e São Vicente. Concluiu-se que a promoção da resiliência urbana pela Defesa Civil de Santos ocorre parcialmente, pois os instrumentos ainda estão em processo de implementação e desafios precisam ser superados como a articulação das secretarias municipais em prol da redução de risco. / The concept of urban resilience has entered discussions of how cities can prepare, adapt and deal with natural disasters in a context of extreme events. Urban resilience is understood as a process that involves learning and adaptation capabilities in order to reduce the risk of disasters, restore desired functions and improve quality of life. Landslides constitute one of the disasters that caused more deaths in the municipality of Santos (the São Paulo state coast), however, the number of fatalities dropped significantly after the implementation of the Civil Defense Preventive Plan (PPDC) operated annually since 1989. Taking into consideration that the municipal civil defense is the institution that deals directly with the issue of disasters, the aim of this research was to identify the instruments concerning the landslide risk management used by the Civil Defense and analyze their application in promoting urban resilience. From qualitative research including literature reviews, as well as document research and field research, the following instruments were identified: weather monitoring; a chart mapping susceptibility to gravitational mass movements and floods, a risk reduction plan and a geotechnical aptitude to an urbanization chart. In conclusion, the promotion of urban resilience by the Civil Defense of Santos is partially because the instruments are still in the implementation process and challenges need to be overcome as the articulation of municipal departments in favor of risk reduction.