The paper considers Nils Christie’s theory of the ideal victim with its output in different cases of child abduction. Two parts illuminate the similarities and differencies between family and stereotypical abductions and between different cases based on Christie’s theory. The purpose of the paper is to investigate if the theory appears to explain why one kind seems to receive more attention than the other, even though it is basically the same crime. The thesis also examines which of Christie’s criteria that seems to be of most importance to give the victim attention.   The study categorizes the different criteria under three different titles: ideal victim, ideal perpetrator and ideal circumstances, illustrated by a model which defines the concept with the denomination, a true ideal victim. The investigation is carried out through an internet search of the number of hits at the Google search engine, as well as through close up studies of a few cases. The possibilities for abducted children and their families to claim a valid status as a victim is highlighted as of very great, if not of the most, significance for generating attention. The differences between the two types according to Christie’s theory is shown, as is the difference in hits between the two which indicates that ideal victims of abduction get more attention.

Syftet med denna studie var att studera otrygghet bland tjejer som går i gymnasiet i Skellefteåkommun. Informationsinsamlingen har skett genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Tidigareforskning i ämnet visar bland annat att den största rädslan bland tjejer är att utsättas försexuella övergrepp. De flesta intervjudeltagarna i denna studie beskrev specifika områden i Skellefteå de väljer att undvika för att de känner sig otrygga på platsen. Mörkret spelade enroll på nästan alla tjejers otrygghet, där avsaknaden av kontroll på omgivningen beskrivs varadet jobbigaste. Även media beskrivs ha en roll i den upplevda otryggheten. Avslutningsvis,och det som kan vara grunden till en stor del av otryggheten, så beskrivs det upplevdaproblemet med samhället som mansdominerat. De främsta förebyggande åtgärderna someftersöks är bättre belysning utomhus, samt tidiga åtgärder för att på sikt förändra mannenssyn på kvinnor. / The purpose of this degree project has been to study levels of insecurity related to fears ofbecoming a victim of crime. Female students of Skellefteå municipality at upper secondarylevel have been the focus of this study. The material has been gathered throughsemistructured interviews. Previous research has shown that one of the greatest fears is thefear of becoming a victim of sexual assault. In this study the interviewees describe certainareas of Skellefteå which they try to avoid due to the fear of becoming a victim of crime.Darkness was a factor which recurringly was described as troublesome and the lack of controlin dark environments as the main cause of distress. The interviewees describe media as a partof their fear of becoming a victim of a crime and understand the society as male dominatedand that certain male behaviour is at the root of the issue. To come to terms with the problem,preventive actions such as better lighting outside and early preventive measures to changehow men behave around women was sought after.

Thesis( M. A. ( Criminology and Criminal Justice)) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / The VOM and FGC programmes have become valuable instruments for the rehabilitation of offenders. These programmes bring crime victims and offenders together to reach agreements for restitution and community healing. Moreover, the NICRO, a Non-Profit Organisation (NPO) in Polokwane, Limpopo Province, offers these programmes to offenders and their victims. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of VOM and FGC programmes on recidivism in Polokwane Municipality, Limpopo Province. The study sought to identify factors contributing to recidivism in Limpopo Province, to explore associated challenges in response to recidivism by the local NICRO and to determine strategies employed by NICRO in response to recidivism in the province. The qualitative research approach was used in the study. This study further assumed a phenomenological design, which aims to describe, understand and interpret the meaning that participants give to their everyday life. The non-probability sampling technique was used to select participants of the study. One-on-one semi-structured interviews were used to collect data from adult male and female offenders and their family members who participated in VOM and FGC programmes. Data was also collected using one-on-one semi structured interviews from Social Workers at NICRO. Based on the transcribed data, themes were extracted and analysed using Thematic Contents Analysis (TCA). This allowed for an all-inclusive view to be gained of participants' opinions about insights into the topic. The design of the questionnaire was based on the objectives of the study. This study established that there are factors that contribute to reoffending and challenges in response to recidivism. The findings of the study showed that factors such as unemployment and substance abuse can lead to reoffending. The study recommended that these programmes should address the criminogenic needs of offenders as a measure to respond to recidivism. It has been discovered that VOM and FGC programmes help many offenders to acknowledge and understand the impact of the crime committed to parties.

The purpose of this study is to clarify whether there are rape myths in Swedish news media’s reports of rapes. The news media chosen to be analyzed are Aftonbladet and Dagens Nyheter (DN), which are two of Sweden’s biggest newspapers. The articles are selected from Mediearkivet, the keywords used to find relevant newspaper articles are rape and sexual crimes. We have used a qualitative text analysis based on critical discourse analysis. The results are presented using the concept of Christie’s Ideal Victim and rape myths combined. The concept of ideal victim means that certain victims meet criteria that justify them as victims. Rape myths are stereotypes about victims, rapists and rapes. It is considered important to investigate whether it appears in Swedish newspapers due to the power of the news media's influence on public perceptions and the lack of research on Swedish newspapers. The newspaper articles have been analyzed using an analysis scheme based on previous research and the current theories. The results of the study shows that the prevalence of rape myths in the news media differs depending on the characteristics of the victim. / Studiens syfte var att undersöka om svenska nyhetsmedier är med och bidrar till ett reproducerande av våldtäktsmyter genom sitt sätt att skriva och på grund av deras makt i samhället. För att besvara syftet har en kvalitativ textanalys genomförts med utgångspunkt i kritisk diskursanalys. Vårt empiriska material är tidningsartiklar som handlar om våldtäkter, offer och gärningsmän. Resultaten presenteras med hjälp av Christies begrepp idealoffer, vilket är en teori som innebär att det finns vissa kriterier som kännetecknar ett idealt offer, och begreppet våldtäktsmyter som innebär stereotyper om våldtäktsoffer, våldtäktsmän och våldtäkter, dessa begrepp kombineras i en kritisk diskursanalys. På grund av nyhetsmedias makt att kunna påverka allmänhetens uppfattningar samt bristen av svensk forskning på området, ansågs det högst relevant och viktigt att undersöka förekomsten av våldtäktsmyter i svensk nyhetsmedia. Sökorden som använts för att få fram relevanta tidningsartiklar att granska är våldtäkter och sexualbrott, som sökts på i Mediearkivet. De har sedan analyserats med hjälp av ett analysschema baserat på tidigare forskning samt de aktuella teorierna. Studiens resultat visar att förekomsten av våldtäktsmyter i nyhetsmedia skiljer sig åt beroende på vilken typ av offer det handlar om.

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This dissertation explores how the concepts of ambivalence, horror, monsters and mise-en-scène can be used to interpret the ambivalent predator-monster/victim relationship of the characters Sonja Daneel, Adele and Maggie Joubert from the film Wolwedans in die Skemer (2012). In doing so, this dissertation investigates how Noël Carroll’s The Philosophy of Horror or Paradoxes of the Heart (1990) and Jeffery Cohen's Monster Theory (1996) can be used as a theoretical foundation to analyse and interpret the characters Sonja, Adele and Maggie. This research argues that within the horror genre, viewers are presented with two classic characters, namely that of the monster (often male) and the victim (often female), each with their own set of characteristics and traits that set them apart. However, I postulate that in Wolwedans in die Skemer these characteristics and traits are often blurred into one character, giving rise to a monster-victim ambivalence. This study also investigates the connection that the characters Sonja, Adele and Maggie have in relation to werewolves and to the characters of the Little Girl and the Wolf from the Red Riding Hood tales. Jones (2012:140) proposes that the wolf is the projection of her own inner predator - this suggests that the Little Girl and the Wolf can be seen as one character, a combination of victim and predator. Red Riding Hood can possibly be interpreted as recognising her inner self as the Wolf or a werewolf. A werewolf is a person who has been transformed, by force of will and desire, from a human (victim) into a predatory and monstrous wolf-like state. When women are werewolves, the traditional coding of horror - monster as male, victim as female, no longer applies. The "female werewolves" of Wolwedans in die Skemer each become, in some way, Little Red Riding Hood, Wolf, and Woodcutter fused into one. By analysing the characters Sonja, Adele and Maggie through the lens of the monster and victim with regards to the concepts of ambivalence, horror, and miseen- scène, it becomes clear that the roles of the monster and the victim in Wolwedans in die Skemer dissolve into one body, creating an ambivalent fluctuation between the two. / MA (History of art), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

This dissertation explores how the concepts of ambivalence, horror, monsters and mise-en-scène can be used to interpret the ambivalent predator-monster/victim relationship of the characters Sonja Daneel, Adele and Maggie Joubert from the film Wolwedans in die Skemer (2012). In doing so, this dissertation investigates how Noël Carroll’s The Philosophy of Horror or Paradoxes of the Heart (1990) and Jeffery Cohen's Monster Theory (1996) can be used as a theoretical foundation to analyse and interpret the characters Sonja, Adele and Maggie. This research argues that within the horror genre, viewers are presented with two classic characters, namely that of the monster (often male) and the victim (often female), each with their own set of characteristics and traits that set them apart. However, I postulate that in Wolwedans in die Skemer these characteristics and traits are often blurred into one character, giving rise to a monster-victim ambivalence. This study also investigates the connection that the characters Sonja, Adele and Maggie have in relation to werewolves and to the characters of the Little Girl and the Wolf from the Red Riding Hood tales. Jones (2012:140) proposes that the wolf is the projection of her own inner predator - this suggests that the Little Girl and the Wolf can be seen as one character, a combination of victim and predator. Red Riding Hood can possibly be interpreted as recognising her inner self as the Wolf or a werewolf. A werewolf is a person who has been transformed, by force of will and desire, from a human (victim) into a predatory and monstrous wolf-like state. When women are werewolves, the traditional coding of horror - monster as male, victim as female, no longer applies. The "female werewolves" of Wolwedans in die Skemer each become, in some way, Little Red Riding Hood, Wolf, and Woodcutter fused into one. By analysing the characters Sonja, Adele and Maggie through the lens of the monster and victim with regards to the concepts of ambivalence, horror, and miseen- scène, it becomes clear that the roles of the monster and the victim in Wolwedans in die Skemer dissolve into one body, creating an ambivalent fluctuation between the two. / MA (History of art), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

The present study investigated mock juror perceptions of hate crimes in the courtroom, specifically whether a victim’s religion (Atheist, Christian, Jewish, or Muslim) influenced the likelihood that a mock juror would render a hate crime verdict. I employed a mock juror methodology where participants read an assault trial summary, rendered a verdict, and answered a series of rating questions about the victim and defendant. Two theoretical explanations were proposed to explain the main effect of victim religion on participant verdict decisions; that participants would be most likely to render a guilty verdict when the victim is considered an in-group member (i.e., same religion) or when participants perceived the victim’s religion to be commonly targeted in religion-motivated hate crimes. The results showed a main effect of victim religion on participant verdict decisions, such that the Jewish victim received the highest percentage of hate crime verdicts. Participant perceptions of the victim’s trustworthiness and the defendant’s bias mediated the relationship between participant religion (Christian or Jewish) and verdict decisions. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for law enforcement, social psychology, and policy.

Abstract   The aim of this study was to reach a deeper understanding of how social workers and police officers collaborate and what perceptions they have of young victims of crime and their needs. The study is based on a qualitative approach consisting of three group interviews and four individual interviews with police officers and social workers from the social service’s victim support center, Stödcentrum. The study's empirical data has been analyzed by using Danermark’s collaboration theory and social constructivism and has been discussed in relation to previous research. The results showed that social workers and police officers generally have a positive attitude towards collaboration with each other. The respondents felt that engaged managers, co-location and personal relationships had a positive impact on collaboration. Insufficient routines, employee turnover, privacy laws and limited insight contribute to negative experiences. It also emerged that, while both groups had shared perceptions of victims of crime, the police chosed in their response to distinguish between the roles of victims and perpetrator in their contact.

The purpose of this research paper is to examine how Syrian refugees are visually represented in two of the largest newspapers in Sweden: Dagens Nyheter (Today’s news) and Svenska Dagbladet (The Swedish daily paper). Their choice of images on the Syrian refugee crisis will be analysed, to see what sort of message they send by using those specific images. The reason for this study is because previous studies have implied that the media has an important role in crafting national perceptions of refugees. Therefore, it is intriguing to analyse the images the newspapers published during the fall of 2015 to see how Syrian refugees were represented during that most active and chaotic period in Sweden and if the visual representation of Syrian refugees can influence cultures of hostility in Sweden. The study has been linked with previous studies research of visual representations of refugees (us and them, identifiable victim effect) and the severe consequences it can lead to (dehumanization, moral panic) if used improperly, and three main theories that will be the foundation to custom and analyse the images (agenda setting, framing and representation theory). These were all applied and used when operating the method (quantitative content analysis) to collect information and data and also later when analysing and discussing the results. The result of the study showed that the newspapers images did not only focus on negative aspects of events and stories surrounding Syrian refugees. Dagens Nyheter and Svenska Dagbladet did not publish many negative images, but after the results, it is discovered that they are following that specific path on some aspects and that can be the start of a pattern that will be used more often in the future. While it is established that hostile and unwelcoming attitudes in the West have risen, the question remains how far its been developed in Sweden and how long it will be until the Swedish media promotes it as well. Key words: Syrian Refugee Crisis, Visual representation, Framing, Agenda setting and Stereotypes