Ce mémoire porte sur les représentations de la masculinité traumatisée dans le cinéma expressionniste allemand. Le traumatisme de la Première Guerre mondiale occasionne, en Allemagne, l’ébranlement des identités genrées individuelles et de l’identité masculine nationale. Par le biais de l’analyse de cinq films expressionnistes (Das Cabinet des Dr Caligari, Robert Wiene, 1920 ; Nosferatu, Wilhelm Murnau, 1922; Die Nibelungen, Fritz Lang, 1924 ; Orlacs Hände, Robert Wiene, 1924 ; Metropolis, Fritz Lang, 1927), le présent mémoire étudie à la fois l’expression du genre, du traumatisme et de l’Histoire nationale. Nous y envisagerons l’image filmique comme un lieu de conflits et de compromis. C’est particulièrement par le biais des enjeux de contrôle, des corps et de leur économie et des dynamiques d’agentivité dans les rapports hommes-femmes que se manifeste l’ébranlement de la masculinité allemande d’après-guerre. Si certaines œuvres confrontent les anxiétés masculines de l’époque en traitant frontalement des traumatismes liés à la guerre et au bouleversement de la place de l’homme dans la société d’après-guerre, d’autres s’appliquent plutôt à rétablir une masculinité d’avant-guerre par l’expression de fantasmes nationaux et individuels de pouvoir et de virilité. En privilégiant une approche psychanalytique du cinéma, ce mémoire s’intéresse notamment aux mécanismes de défense qui transparaissent dans les œuvres. Il s’agit, tout compte fait, de comprendre comment le cinéma négocie avec le genre suite au traumatisme, et comment la temporalité peut influencer cette négociation. / This thesis focuses on representations of traumatized masculinity in German Expressionism. In Germany, trauma caused by the First World War unsettled individual gender identities and upset national conceptions of male identity. The thesis examines issues of gender, trauma and national history in five Expressionist films (Das Cabinet des Dr Caligari, Robert Wiene, 1920; Nosferatu, Wilhelm Murnau, 1922; Die Nibelungen, Fritz Lang, 1924; Orlacs Hände, Robert Wiene, 1924; Metropolis, Fritz Lang, 1927). These films comprise notable embodiments of conflict and compromise. It is argued that the disruption of German masculinity after the war registers in them by way of issues related to control, corporeality and gender relations. Contemporary anxieties about masculinity are tackled differently in the films, with some directly addressing themes of war trauma, emasculation and the postwar disruption to men’s traditional social roles and others seek to re-establish pre-war notions of manhood through expressing national and individual fantasies of power and virility. Drawing on a psychoanalytic approach to cinema, this thesis examines how defence mechanisms operate in the films. Key aims are to understand how Expressionist cinema addresses the impact of trauma on masculine identity and also how its approach to articulating trauma shifts through time.

<p>Slutgiltigt godkännandedatum: 2022-10-03</p>

Am Ende des Ersten Weltkriegs lebte in Deutschösterreich und im Deutschen Reich mit dem Zerfall der Habsburgermonarchie und den Revolutionen im November 1918 die Erinnerung an die 48er-Revolution wieder auf. Die Revolutionserinnerung wurde insbesondere von den deutsch-österreichischen Sozialdemokraten zur Legitimierung der Forderung nach dem Anschluss an das Deutsche Reich herangezogen. Da die Vollziehung des Anschlusses jedoch am Einspruch der westlichen Siegermächte scheiterte, konnte im Deutschen Reich eine mit der Anschlussforderung eng verknüpfte Geschichtspolitik mit der 48er-Revolution von Sozialdemokraten und Demokraten wenig zur Legitimierung der Weimarer Republik beitragen (während die Anschlussforderung in Deutschösterreich gerade darauf zielte, die Eigenstaatlichkeit aufzuheben). Vielmehr wurde die Kritik am reichsdeutschen Rat der Volksbeauftragten, in Reaktion auf die deutschösterreichische Anschlusserklärung vom 12. November 1918 den Anschluss nicht vollzogen zu haben, zu einem politischen Allgemeinplatz. Träger der Geschichtspolitik mit der 48er-Revolution blieben in beiden Republiken ganz überwiegend die Arbeiterparteien, wobei im Reich Sozialdemokraten und Kommunisten dabei völlig entgegengesetzte Ziele verfolgten. Auch einen geschichtspolitischen Konsens zwischen reichsdeutschen Sozialdemokraten und Demokraten gab es nicht, wie sich schon in der Abstimmung über die Flaggenfrage am 3. Juli 1919 zeigte. / At the end of World War I, as the Habsburg Monarchy fell apart, the memory of the revolution of 1848 was revived in German-Austria and the German Empire by the new revolutions of November 1918. The revolution of 1848 was drawn on particularly by the German-Austrian social democrats to legitimize their demand to unite German-Austria with the German Empire (the so-called “Anschluss”). When the victorious Western powers prevented the realization of the Anschluss, the attempts by social democrats and democrats in the German Empire to use the memory of the revolution of 1848 to legitimize the new Weimar Republic had only little success because they were closely related to the demand for the Anschluss of Austria (whereas in Austria of course the demand for the “Anschluss” aimed at ending the existence of German-Austria as an independent state). Rather, it became common place in the Weimar Republic to criticize the “Rat der Volksbeauftragten” (the revolutionary government of 1918-1919) for not having realized the Anschluss in response to its declaration by the German-Austrian provisional national assembly on November 12, 1918. The workers’ parties were first and foremost those who continued to keep the memory of the revolution of 1848 in both republics alive. However, in doing so, social democrats and communists in the German Empire persued opposing political objectives. Moreover, there was neither a consensus between social democrats and democrats in the Weimar Republic in regards to the memory of the revolution of 1848. This lack of agreement was already apparent in the decision of the national assembly concerning the flag of the new republic on July 3, 1919.

The endeavor of this thesis is to throw light on the portrayal of women by the Austrian-Jewish writer Joseph Roth. Roth’s women are regarded as highly negative and thus the author has increasingly been judged a male chauvinist and misogynist. This opinion seems particularly questionable since hardly any studies on his fictitious women have ever been conducted. The present study aims at filling that void and thereby presenting Roth’s views in a more differentiated manner. A new approach to Roth is thus called for. The analysis draws from the socio-historic background in which Roth’s work is situated. In his journalism as in his fiction, Roth strived to demonstrate and deal with the challenges of the times he lived in. His work frequently revolves around the “damaged” post-war generation in the 1920s and 30s, the feeling of being literally and metaphorically homeless. His later works are mostly set in the past, although this should not be viewed as escapism but as an attempt to come to terms with present reality. The worlds he portrays are dominated by men who are neither whole nor strong. But although women are few and it is said they are depicted only in crude stereotypes, the study shows that Roth does address their problems and plights. By observing women within established types, modern and traditional, it is revealed that Roth indeed shows depth when characterizing women, and that his interest in them is to use them as examples to illustrate fundamental aspects of the human condition. Rather than portraying them subservient to man, Roth demonstrates their common humanity. His understanding for the condition of women in his times often becomes apparent only when the narrative perspective is isolated from the protagonists. Simultaneously his work presents a valuable literary contribution for Gender Studies. / Classics & Modern European Languages / (D. Litt. et Phil.) (German)

This thesis looks at a number of Jakob Wassermann’s novels and the ways in which society is depicted in them. Seen as a whole, Wassermann’s oeuvre can therefore be understood as an attempt to portray (mostly) German society at different historical stages. The periods in question are Biedermeier Germany, the Wilhelmine era, the years of the Great War and finally the Weimar Republic, the depiction of all of which reveal Wassermann as a fierce critic of his time. In addition to this interest in society, this thesis will examine Wassermann’s concern with various outsider figures which complement his portrayals of society. The outsider figures Wassermann seems to be mostly interested in are the Jew, the woman, the child and the homosexual man. However, Wassermann is not just interested in these outsiders on their own but also draws extensive parallels between the various forms of exclusion they experience in a society dominated by the Gentile man or, as in the case of the child, by the adult. These parallels have proven to be revelatory and have led to new insights into Wassermann’s works. The dynamic of the outsider vs. society is, however, in many ways no longer applicable to those novels written during and after the Great War. Instead Wassermann now combines his interest in the figure of the outsider with an interest in the depiction of character. At the same time character becomes a mirror not only for the society Wassermann portrays in his writing but also for the society he lived in. This makes for an altogether more complex but also more intriguing structure of his later writing. This thesis will examine how all these different elements when combined offer new ways of looking at Wassermann’s writing.

Dans son ouvrage Shell Shock Cinema, publié en 2009, Anton Kaes se distancie fortement du travail fondateur et classique de Siegfried Kracauer, From Caligari to Hitler, publiée en 1947, et portant sur le cinéma pendant la période de Weimar. Réfutant la thèse de Kracauer selon laquelle un inconscient collectif allemand annonce la montée du nazisme dans le cinéma de l’entre-deux-guerres, Kaes affirme au contraire que le shell shock, héritage de la Première Guerre mondiale, est l’un des moteurs du cinéma weimarien. Les travaux de Kaes s’inscrivent dans une historiographie en renouvellement qui, confrontant également la thèse de Kracauer, met désormais l’accent sur la Première Guerre mondiale, et non sur la Seconde Guerre mondiale, pour mieux comprendre et analyser le cinéma weimarien. Ce mémoire, tout en étudiant de façon détaillée l’historiographie du sujet, tend à approfondir et à réévaluer la thèse d’Anton Kaes en l’exposant à davantage de films représentant des traumatismes personnels, des traumatismes sociaux et des chocs post-traumatiques (CPT). Ces maux sont exacerbés par des tensions sociopolitiques – insurrection de janvier 1919, Traité de Versailles, occupation de la Ruhr, l’inflation de 1923-24, etc. – alimentant à la fois des représentations symboliques et concrètes d’expériences traumatisantes qui caractérisent l’ensemble du cinéma weimarien. / Anton Kaes’ 2009 Shell Shock Cinema made a clear shift from Siegfried Kracauer’s 1947 classic book, From Caligari to Hitler. Refuting Kracauer’s major thesis – which found hints of the rise of Nazism through an analysis of Weimar cinema – Kaes placed shell shock as a primary source of influence on the 1920’s German movies. Recent research takes a new look at Kracauer’s thesis and its significance, emphasizing the First World War, and not the Second World War, as the new cornerstone of studies on Weimar Cinema. This paper, while conducting a thorough review of literature on the subject, seeks to reconsider Kaes’ thesis, expending it to a larger filmography selected for its numerous representations of personal trauma, social trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). These mental troubles are exacerbated by socio-political tensions, – such as the Versailles Peace Treaty, the Ruhr occupation, the January 1919 insurrection and the inflation of 1923-24, – feeding both symbolic and concrete depictions of traumatic experiences throughout the Weimarian cinema.

Cette étude comprend l'analyse et le commentaire de quelques cent-trente-cinq caricatures qui ont pour but de tenter de répondre à la question sur l'éventualité d'une reconstitution historique au travers des caricatures antihitlériennes de la presse satirique de la République de Weimar. Elles illustrent la montée du national-socialisme, du moins par le biais de la critique, puis de l'opposition et de la révolte, que ce dernier a pu susciter au cours des années 1923-1933. Ce travail a nécessité la recherche de faits politiques précis auxquels chaque caricature faisait référence et la comparaison de la représentation proposée par la caricature avec les informations et les jugements donnés rétrospectivement par les historiens. Ce jeu de va-et-vient entre le document-source et l'arrière-plan référentiel a aidé à proposer une estimation de l'écho suscité ou non par l'événement politique en question. Ce choix de caricatures a permis par exemple de voir quelles avaient été les apparitions de Hitler sur la scène politique qui avaient le plus déchaîné les passions. Toutefois il reste difficile de concevoir une histoire de la montée du national-socialisme et de l'opposition à Hitler avant 1933 à partir des seules caricatures. / This study is made up of the analysis and commentary of some one hundred and thirty-five caricatures in an attempt to resolve the question of a possible historical reconstruction through anti-Hitler caricatures in the satirical press of the Weimar Republic. They illustrate the rise of National Socialism, at least as seen by the critics and then the opposition and revolt that the former actually gave rise to between 1923 and 1933. The work bas required research into the precise political events referred to by each caricature and the comparison between the representation proposed by the caricature and the information and the opinion provided in retrospect by historians. This coming and going between the original document and the referential background has led to an assessment of the extent of the coverage given to the political event in question. The choice of caricatures has allowed for instance to see which appearances in public by Hitler had unleashed the most passion. Nevertheless it still remains difficult to establish a history of the rise of National Socialism and of the opposition to Hitler before 1933 from these caricatures alone.

The master's thesis focuses on analysis of selected Czechoslovakian party - controlled press a through it seeks to analyse attitude of Czechoslovakian political parties (belonging to to various ends of political spectrum) towards foreign and domestic policy of German government representatives and events that were taking place on the political scene of the Weimar Republic on the brink of its existence from January 1932 to Nazi seizure of power in the end of January 1933. Main emphasis of this thesis is on the analysis and interpretation of media reflection of political events taking place in Germany and political actions made by presidential cabinets headed by Heinrich Brüning, Franz von Papen and Kurt von Schleicher in the time of crisis, when instability of Weimar political system become fully apparent - this crisis eventually led to the collapse of parliamentary democracy and the rise Nazism in the interwar Germany. The thesis also deals with the reflection of parliamentary and presidential elections. Three central newspapers of Czechoslovakian political parties were selected for the analysis - Právo lidu of leftist Československá sociálně demokratická strana dělnická, Venkov of rightist Republikánská strana zemědělského a malorolnického lidu and Lidové listy of centrist Československá strana...

Sob a perspectiva de um reexame do momento de formação do teatro épico contemporâneo, esta dissertação consiste num estudo sobre o trabalho colaborativo de Bertolt Brecht e Kurt Weill nos anos de 1926 a 1933, com ênfase para o assim chamado teatro de atualidades elaborado pelos artistas. Tomando como linha condutora os três momentos centrais da República de Weimar (a crise de 1919-1923, a estabilização econômica e o craque de 1929) tentamos apreender como lírica, teatro e música confluíram criticamente na criação de um teatro político à altura das questões suscitadas pelo processo histórico de realinhamento capitalista sob o governo de coalizão de esquerda SPD/USPD, bem como de suas complexas implicações na cultura. Para tanto, em diálogo com a crítica literária brasileira e alemã, realizamos uma leitura da obra do jovem Brecht pautada pela questão do reaproveitamento que o dramaturgo fizera da música em seu livro de estreia como lírico, Hauspostille (1927), onde certo veio da cultura urbana anticapitalista dos cabarés da belle époque foi mobilizado, através da influência da lírica e do teatro de Frank Wedekind. Noutro nível, sob a linha condutora do projeto brechtiano de uma ópera culinária, procuramos traçar um apanhado das questões que marcaram a formação da linguagem musical de Kurt Weill, problematizando o desenvolvimento de seu trabalho coletivo com o Novembergruppe, sua abordagem da ópera moderna e da música utilitária e finalmentee seu pensamento sobre as potencialidades estético-políticas do rádio. O trabalho se conclui, enfim, pela análise de três obras da parceria Brecht/Weill: Berliner Requiem (1929), Mahagonny Songspiel (1927) e A ópera dos três vinténs (1928). / Through the perspective of a re-examination of contemporary Epic Theater, this dissertation consists of a study about the collaborative work of Bertolt Brecht and Kurt Weill from 1926 to 1933, centered upon the so called Zeittheater invented by both artists. By following the thread between the three main periods of Weimar Republic (the 1919-1923 political crisis, the stabilization period and the economical crash of 1929) our intention was to understand how Brechts previous lyric poetry, music and theatre enabled the autor to critically incorporate into his political theater matters brought up by the context of capitalistic re-alignment made by the left coalision government of SPD/USPD, as well as the impact of this complex political setting on culture. In order to do so and to maintain a dialoge with both brazillian and german literary criticism, we have sketched a reading of young Brechts work, focused on the appreciation of the influence of Frank Wedekinds lyric poetry and theater where a certain tendence of belle époque anti-capitalistic cabaret culture is registered on Brechts music, mainly through an interpretation of his first poetry book Hauspostille (1927). On another level, we have sketched the central issues that oriented the making of a new musical language by Kurt Weill, especifically the meaning of his collective work with Novembergruppe, his approach on Gebrauchsmusik and modern opera, his essays about aesthetical and political potencialities of radio and how they combined with Brechts project of culinary operas. Lastly this study is concluded by the analysis and interpretation of three different works by Brecht/Weill: Berliner Requiem (1929), Mahagonny Songspiel (1927) and The Threepenny Opera (1928).

Aujourd’hui, le nom de Béla Balázs (1884-1949) est avant tout associé aux débuts de la théorisation du cinéma. Le présent travail résulte d’une volonté de lire ses écrits dans une perspective plus large que celle du champ cinématographique. L’analyse des réflexions de Balázs sur le cinéma dans un certain contexte d’histoire des idées permet de montrer par quel prisme il aborde cet art dans son ensemble. Dans un besoin de renouveau culturel qui l’a mené au communisme, il pense toujours le cinéma en fonction de ce qu’il signifie pour l’homme. Forgé par le constat de la crise de la culture de Georg Simmel et les réflexions bergsoniennes au sujet de la perception, Balázs défend l’idée que le cinéma surmonte les conséquences négatives de la modernité sur l’épanouissement des individus. Face à un monde de plus en plus mécanisé et vide de sens, le film représente une chance de se réapproprier la technique afin de mettre une nouvelle culture en mouvement. L’homme se détache de la sphère du lisible pour devenir visible à nouveau. Le cinéma présente un monde anthropomorphe et trois techniques principales lui confèrent son potentiel artistique et culturel : le gros plan, le cadrage et le montage. L’effet de celles-ci ne se limite pas à la salle de projection, puisqu’elles amorcent un changement de perception et réapprennent à l’homme à voir. Si nous nous basons dans cette étude sur les ouvrages de Balázs sur le cinéma L’Homme visible (1924), L’esprit du cinéma (1930) et Le cinéma. Nature et évolution d’un art nouveau (1948), nous tenons également compte de ses écrits littéraires, dans lesquels les problématiques liées à la culture et la perception sont centrales. / Nowadays, the name of Béla Balázs is above all else associated with the onsets of the theorization of the Cinema. The present work is the fruit of a will to translate his writings in a perspective that is wider than the one of Cinema. The analysis of Balázs's thoughts on movie-making in a particular context, in terms of history of ideas, enables one to identify the prism through which he tackled this art altogether. In a search for a cultural renewal that lead him to Communism, he always thought out of Cinema as of what it meant for mankind. Shaped by Georg Simmel's observation of a cultural crisis, and Henri Bergson's thoughts about perception, Balázs supported the idea that cinema set the individuals free from the negative consequences of modernization which could hinder their personal fulfillment. In a world that is more and more mechanic and meaningless, films stand as a chance to reclaim a technique and set a new culture in motion. The Man detaches himself from telling and resumes through showing. Cinema displays a world that is anthropomorphic and three major techniques help it achieve its cultural and artistic potential: the close-up, framing, and editing. And their effect is not limited to the projection room, since they mark the debut of a change in perception, and make the Man learn to see again. This study is primarily based on Balázs's works on cinema such as The Visible Man (1924), The Spirit of Film (1930) and Theory of Art (1948), but also takes into account his literary works, in which issues tied to culture and perception are central.