Klientkontakt utgör en central del i handläggares arbete. Denna studie undersöker och belyser handläggares upplevelser, känslor och inställning vid utebliven klientkontakt och hur detta påverkar handläggares arbetstillfredsställelse, arbetsmotivation och arbetseffektivitet. När en klient inte kommer till ett bokat besök eller missköter sin avtalade kontaktfrekvens med sin handläggare, kan “en lucka” uppstå i arbetet där handläggarens tillfredsställelse, motivation och effektivitet i arbetet tenderar att förändras. Denna studie är kvantitativ och lägger vikt vid handläggares perspektiv på utebliven klientkontakt. För att få svar på frågeställningarna samlades data in genom en webbenkät. Enkäten skickades ut till sammanlagt 284 handläggare som är verksamma i Jönköpings län, varav 115 handläggare besvarade enkäten. Resultatet visar att handläggares känsla av stöd vid utebliven klientkontakt och möjligheten att lägga ner så mycket tid på klienten som handläggare anser nödvändigt, är av betydelse för handläggarnas arbetstillfredsställelse och arbetsmotivation. För de handläggare som upplever utebliven klientkontakt som ett hinder, tar det också längre tid för att påbörja en ny arbetsuppgift efter insikt om att en klient uteblir från avtalad kontakt. Handläggares möjlighet att utföra sitt arbete, vilket inbegriper upplevelsen att göra ett meningsfullt arbete som klienten har nytta/glädje av, förhindras då klientkontakt uteblir från handläggares vardagliga arbete. / Client contact is a central part of social worker’s work environment. This study examines and highlights social worker’s experiences, feelings and attitude in case of no client contact, and how this affects social worker’s job satisfaction, work motivation and work efficiency. When a client does not come to a booked visit or mismanage his/hers agreed contact frequency with his/hers social worker, "a gap" occur in the work where the social worker’s satisfaction, motivation and efficiency at work tend to change. This study is quantitative and highlights the importance of social worker’s perspective on client contact that fails to appear. To get answers to the questions data were collected through a web survey. The questionnaire was sent out to 284 social workers that are active in Jönköping County, of which 115 social workers responded to the survey. Data were collected from the municipalities of Jönköping County through an online survey. The result shows that the social worker’s sense of support in case of no client contact and the opportunity to spend so much time on the client as the social worker deems necessary, is important for the social workers job satisfaction and motivation. For those social workers that experience client contact that fails to appear as a barrier, it also takes longer to start a new task after the realization that a client fails to appear at the agreed contact. When the client contact fail to appear from social worker’s daily work, it prevents social worker’s opportunity to do their work, which includes to do a meaningful work that the client benefit of and enjoy.

This research empirically investigates Locke's (1997) model of work motivation by means of quantitative research. The OCQ consisting of three tiered questionnaires was constructed based on Locke's model. OCQ-Tierl deals with core components of Locke's model. OCQ-Tier2 determines which factors caused the incidence of dissatisfaction in OCQ-Tierl. OCQ-Tier3 enables the identification of corrective actions. The OCQ was administered to financial services employees. The results were analysed and Locke's model was tested by means of structural equation modelling using the AMOS graphics programme. The results indicated that the model, suggesting causal links between components within OCQ-Tierl, could not be confirmed. A better fit was found at OCQ-Tier2 and OCQ-Tier3. In testing the causal links across the three tiers per component, the models did not fit the data for "personal actualisation" and "goal achievement". Moderate confirmation of the models was found in the case of "goal setting" and "goal behaviour" across the three tiers after some adaptations were made to the models on the basis of "modification indices", suggested by AMOS. A reasonably good fit was found for the models across the three tiers for "quality of work life". The level of correlation between factors was high because of this, and in some cases some of the factors were merged. Modification indices in the statistical output suggested that improvement was possible if covariance between error terms in the model was allowed. This suggested possible systematic sources of covariance between items not accounted for by the factors in the models. As confirmed by the Cronbach Alpha coefficients within tiers and across tiers, the general level of internal consistency was very high. Possibly response set and response style were the cause of this. This made the testing of models difficult in the present study. So too was it difficult to draw a conclusion about the internal consistency reliability of the measurement of each component across the three tiers, because the high Cronbach coefficients may to some extent be due to the indiscriminate high correlations between items / D.Litt. et Phil. (Industrial Psychology)

På senare tid har Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) blivit en allt viktigare företagsfråga. Det har dock framhävts att otillräcklig forskning har ägnats åt att dess inverkan på anställda. Syftet med denna studie varit att undersöka effekten av CSR, riktad mot externa intressenter, på anställdas arbetsmotivation. För detta ändamål har en fallstudie av en svensk bank genomförts. Först utfördes en kartläggning av bankens CSR. Sedan utvecklades ett konceptuellt ramverk inspirerat av dels kartläggningen av bankens CSR, och dels av Hackman och Oldhams Job Diagnostic Survey. Därefter distribuerades en psykometrisk undersökning till 117 anställda i ett av bankens sex affärsområden. Detta i syfte att försöka fånga in den potentiella motivationseffekten av bankens CSR. Den huvudsakliga upptäckten av studien indikerar ett positivt samband mellan upplevd CSR och arbetsmotivation. Dessutom, utav de valda måtten för arbetsmotivation, visade sig upplevd meningsfullhet generera den tydligaste kopplingen till CSR, följt av upplevt ansvarstagande och feedback. Följaktligen är den viktigaste slutsatsen, inom ramen för denna studie, att arbetsmotivation påverkas positivt av CSR. / In recent times, Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become an increasingly important corporate issue. It has, however, been argued that insufficient research has been dedicated to its impact on employees. The purpose of this study has been to examine the effect of CSR directed at external stakeholders on employee motivation. In order to do so, a case study on a Swedish bank was conducted. First, a mapping of the bank's CSR was carried out. Thereafter, a conceptual framework inspired by the mapping of the bank's CSR as well as by Hackman and Oldham's Job Diagnostic Survey was developed. Second, a psychometric survey was distributed to 117 of the bank's employees in one of its six regional business units. This was done in order to capture the potential motivational effect of the CSR of the bank. The principal finding of the study indicates a positive relationship between perceived CSR and work motivation. Furthermore, out of the selected measures of work motivation, experienced meaningfulness provided the most distinct connection to CSR, followed by experienced responsibility and feedback. Accordingly the most important conclusion, within the scope of this study, is that CSR positively affects work motivation.

La tesi affronta la questione delle motivazioni che possono spingere la persona a donare gratuitamente il proprio tempo a favore di un’organizzazione di volontariato. Tanto la tematica del nonprofit quanto quella della motivazioni al lavoro (che costituiscono i due punti focali dell’elaborato) sono trattati in un’ottica multidisciplinare presentando una breve rassegna dei principali contributi di studiosi afferenti ad ambiti scientifici eterogenei. Nell’ultima parte del lavoro viene presentata una ricerca condotta su 292 volontari della provincia di Monza e Brianza provenienti da tre associazioni di volontariato diverse per ambito di intervento e target di riferimento: ABIO, AUSER, Protezione Civile. Tramite un questionario, costruito partendo dallo studio di Carpenter e Myers (2007), si è analizzata la rilevanza di diverse categorie motivazionali che, secondo le precedenti ricerche condotte, possono avere una qualche influenza sulla scelta di essere un volontario (e di continuare ad esserlo): l’altruismo puro e impuro, la reputazione, la carriera, la socialità, la propensione al rischio e al risparmio, la religiosità, la familiarità, l’essere stato invitato esplicitamente da amici e conoscenti. L’ultima parte presenta i risultati dell’analisi dei dati da cui si evince la presenza di fattori self-oriented ed other-oriented che sostengono ed alimentano l’impegno prestato dai lavoratori non retribuiti . / This thesis deals with the volunteers's motivations and their effort in NGO. Through a survey we have analysed some motivational variables which could have a certain influence on the decision of being a volunteer. Referring to previous researches on this topic, We have inquired into: altruism and impure altruism, reputation , career, social concerns, risk, religiosity , familiarity , having been expressly invited by friends.

The thesis is dealing with the system of assessment of employees in a firm developing and producing trailer towing devices. The aim of this thesis is to suggest optimization arrangements and eventually recommodations for the improvement of this area of the company's human resource management. The theoretical part of the thesis characterizes the question of work motivation, system of assessment of employees, allocation of manpower, remuneration and further training and development of employees. The practical part of the thesis characterizes these areas of the personnel work in the company. Empirical research then discovers attitude of the employees towards the company's system of assessment. Results of the questionnaire examination are used for suggestion of optimization arrangements for the improvement of the system of assessment and strengthen work motivation and satisfaction of the company's employees.

Denna studie syftar till att studera arbetsmotivationen hos de anställda i organisationsförändringar inspirerade av Lean på Stadsbyggnadskontoret i Göteborg. Genom de senaste två decennierna har få förändringar, utvecklingar eller förbättringar skett. Arbetsuppgifterna var krävande på ett onödigt sätt genom att vara tidskrävande på grund av brist på standardisering. Samtidigt hade de anställda ingen direktör och berövades därmed stöd. Ett försök gjordes att ändra arbetsrutiner och arbetsstämningen med hjälp av en konsult som arbetar som chef utan direkt personalansvar. Konsulten använde Lean tänkande och verktyg för att göra de nödvändiga förändringarna. Syftet med vår studie var att undersöka effekten Lean har på arbetsmotivationen.Skillnaderna i åsikterna om Lean ligger i huruvida arbetsmetoden är arbetseffektiv och medarbetarvänlig, eller om det bara är ett nytt sätt att skapa massproduktion. Medan vissa forskare ser det som ett sätt att uppnå prestanda i världsklass med positiva effekter för de anställda, har andra använt termer som "management av stress" för att förmedla de negativa effekterna av Lean på motivation och välbefinnande. Denna studie syftar till att undersöka det arbete motivationen hos de anställda genom organisationsförändringar inspirerade av Lean på stadsplaneringskontoret i Göteborg.Studien är byggd på en kvalitativ forskningsansats som bygger på enskilda intervjuer. Vår studie är begränsad till tre avdelningar på Stadsbyggnadskontoret i Göteborg. Vi intervjuade totalt åtta anställda där två av dem är avdelningschefer. Vi har även studerat tidigare vetenskapligt publicerad forskning som innefattar teorier arbetsmotivation och organisationsförändringar med Lean. Baserat på vår datainsamling och referensram har vi kunnat svara på vår fråga:– Hur påverkas arbetsmotivationen av en Lean - inspirerad organisationsförändring i en offentlig förvaltning?Resultaten funna i vår studie var att motivationsteorier som finns presenterar liknande faktorer som är betydande när man analyserar en anställds motivation och intresse att arbeta. Några av de viktigaste faktorerna och förutsättningarna är arbetsintresse och arbetstillfredsställelse, organisatoriskt engagemang, meningsfullhet och en helhetssyn, inflytande och delaktighet i beslutsfattandet och förändringar. En slutsats blev att det inte fanns någon ”management by stress” i den offentliga förvaltningen. Lean verktygen förde med sig struktur och mindre stress med en positiv effekt på den totala arbetsmiljön och motivationen.

En arbetsplats som inte ses tillräckligt motiverande för en individ kan leda till att en anställd frivilligt väljer att lämna ett företag, vilket ofta resulterar i höga oförutsägbara personalomsättningskostnader och olägenheter för en verksamhet. Därmed ses bibehållandet av personal, så kallat Employee retention, vara av stor betydelse. Då motivation i arbetet kan vara förknippad med upplevelsen av tillfredsställelse som skapar positiva arbetsattityder kan detta begrepp ses vara integrerad med arbetet av att behålla personal. För att kunna upprätthålla motivation är det dock viktigt att chefer förstår hur generationsskillnader kan påverka individers behov på arbetsplatsen. Då unga medarbetare, så kallade generation Y, är individer som ses mer benägna att lämna ett företag än tidigare generationer har denna studie valt att rikta ett enskilt fokus mot friskvårdsbranschen som påvisat inneha ett högt antal unga medarbetare. Syftet med denna studie var att skapa en förståelse för hur chefer kan arbeta med att motivera sina medarbetare tillhörande generation Y för att kunna behålla dem i ett företag inom friskvårdsbranschen. Studien tar utgångspunkt i generationsteorin av Mannheim (1927) samt i motivationsteorierna av Maslow (1943) och Vroom (1964), vilka fungerar som ett vetenskapligt stöd i sökandet efter svaret på studiens problemformulering och frågeställning. För att finna svar på den uppsatta frågeställningen har en kvalitativ forskningsmetod använts med ett kompletterande deskriptivt inslag i form av en rangordningsmetod. Insamlingen av den empiriska datan genomfördes med hjälp av en fallstudie mot två olika friskvårdsföretag. Sammanlagt genomfördes 13 kvalitativa intervjuer med chefer och medarbetare samt en kvalitativ textanalys baserat på fallföretagens arbetsmaterial och policydokument, vilka tillsammans utgjorde en trianguleringsmetod. Resultatet i denna studie presenterar en distinktion mellan vad chefer tror motiverar generation Y och vad i praktiken som de faktiskt motiveras av. De motivationsfaktorer som visade sig utmärkande och viktiga för att medarbetare tillhörande generation Y skulle stanna i friskvårdsbranschen var Personlig utveckling, Samhörighet och gemenskap samt Trygga anställningsvillkor. Det ska dock observeras att detta resultat var en generalisering av den insamlade empirin och utgör således inte en presentation av vad dessa medarbetare individuellt motiveras av. Därmed ses det även vara av hög väsentlighet att chefer arbetar med att identifiera den enskilde individens behov av motivation på arbetsplatsen. / A workplace that is not considered sufficiently motivating for an individual can lead to an employee voluntary choosing to leave a company, resulting in high unpredictable employee turnover costs and inconvenience for the operation. Therefore, Employee retention is considered to be of great importance. Motivation in work may also be associated with the experience of satisfaction that creates positive working attitudes, this term can be seen to be integrated with the work of retaining employees. However, in order to maintain motivation in work, it is important that managers understands how generation differences can affect the needs of individuals in the workplace. Because young employees, so-called generation Y, are individuals who are more likely to leave a company than previous generations this study has a specific focus on the healthcare industry, which has shown a high number of young employees. The aim of this study was to create an understanding of how managers can work to motivate their employees, belonging to generation Y, in order to keep them in a company within the healthcare industry. The study takes a starting point in the generation theory of Mannheim (1927) and motivational theories of Maslow (1943) and Vroom (1964), which have worked out as a scientific support in the search for the answer to the study’s problem formulation and questionnaire. In order to find the answer of the founded question a qualitative researching method has been used, with a complementary descriptive element in form of a ranking method. The collection of the empirical data was conducted using a case study against two different healthcare companies and a triangulation method. In total, 13 qualitative interviews were conducted with managers and employees, as well as a qualitative text analysis based on the case materials and policy documents, which together formed a triangulation method. The result of this study present a difference between what managers believe motivates generation Y and what they are actually motivated by in practice. The motivational factors that was shown distinctive and important for employees belonging to generation Y to stay within the healthcare industry were Personal development, Cohesion and community and Safe employment conditions. However, it should be noted that this result was a generalization of the collected empirical data and does not constitute a presentation of what these employees individually are motivated by. Therefore, it is also considered essential that managers are working to identify the individual’s need of motivation at the workplace.

This dissertation is focusing on the psychological expectations associated to the job of social worker working in the Czech Republic, specifically those working for social services based in Ostrava, and those who provide support for population of people, who are in danger of social exclusion. The theoretical part defines the psychological workload put upon a social worker, their motivation, or work motivation for working in personal contact with clients, and also their potential psychological gains and the structure of their social support. The method of evaluation is discussed in the empirical part of this dissertation. A combination of qualitative and quantitative methods is used to determine the psychological aspects mentioned above and how these influence the job of social worker. The aim of this dissertation is to accumulate theoretical information and practical findings based on the methods used in this work to establish the pre-determinants of the job of social worker in such a way that they can be further utilised by these in real world. Keywords: psychological expectations associated to the job of social work, psychological workload, work motivation, social support

Syfte: Syftet är att få en förståelse för hur ledare använder sociala hållbarhetsfaktorer, samt hur detta påverkar arbetsmotivationen hos medarbetarna. Metod: Studien tillämpar en kvalitativ metod utifrån den hermeneutiska vetenskapstraditionen. Det empiriska materialet har samlats in genom 13 semistrukturerade intervjuer. För att fånga båda perspektiven har dessa intervjuer utförts med både ledare och medarbetare. Under transkriberingen av detta material identifierades teman och kategorier vilka legat till grund för utformningen av empirin och analysen. Resultat & slutsats: Studien visar att samtliga ledare i undersökningen arbetar med både de grundläggande motivationsfaktorerna och de sociala hållbarhetsfaktorerna. Det framkommer hur utförandet av detta arbete utförs skiljer sig åt mellan de olika ledarna, vilket innebär att det finns flera olika metoder för varje enskild faktor. Examensarbetets bidrag: Det har visat sig att uppfattningarna angående vilka faktorer som leder direkt till ökad arbetsmotivation skiljer sig åt. Detta gäller både mellan ledare och medarbetare, men även för individerna inom samma grupp. Resultatet vi fått fram utifrån detta är även något som inte helt stämmer överens med tidigare forskning. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: För fortsatt forskning rekommenderar vi att det utförs en studie med en fördjupning i varför vissa faktorer leder till arbetsmotivation medan andra enbart är förutsättningar för arbetsmotivationen. Ytterligare några faktorer är dessutom en kombination av de båda. En förståelse bakom detta mönster skulle bidra till att utöka forskningsområdet. / Aim: The purpose of this study is to gain an understanding of how leaders work with social sustainability factors, and how this affects the employees’ work motivation. Method: This study applies a qualitative method which proceeds from the hermeneutic science tradition. The empirical material has been collected through 13 semi structured interviews. To capture both perspectives, we've interviewed both leaders and employees. During the transcription we identified themes and categories which founded the empirics and analysis. Result & conclusions: Our study indicates that all leaders work both with the fundamental motivation factors and the factors of social sustainability. It appears that how the leaders work with the factors differs, which imply that there are several different methods for achieving each factor. Contribution of the thesis: It has been shown that the interpretation differ of which factors leads to an increased work motivation. This refers both between the leaders and the employees, but also to the individuals within the same group. The result from this does not agree with previous research. Suggestions for future research: For further research, we recommend a study to investigate on why certain factors lead to work motivation while others solely are prerequisites to achieve it. Other elements are in addition to that a combination of both. An understanding behind this pattern would contribute to expand the current research field.

<p>The main purpose of this thesis is to examine how different welfare and production regimes may have structured individuals’ work orientations into cross-national patterns by the late 1990s and early 2000s. Three different aspects of work orientations are considered in the three studies. Study 1: Welfare Regimes, Production Regimes and Employment Commitment: A Multi-level analysis of Twelve OECD countries. Since the introduction of the first social insurance schemes, questions have been raised regarding the trade-off between the adequacy and equity of benefits, and their effects on individuals’ work orientations. This study examines the role of both welfare and production regime institutions for explaining cross-national patterns in individuals’ employment commitment across twelve OECD-countries in the late 1990s. Results from multi-level analyses show firstly how employment commitment is stronger within more generous welfare regimes as well as within more extensively coordinated production regimes. Secondly, institutions are found to be more important for structuring the attitudes of persons with less stable labour market attachment. Thirdly, for men, there are clear positive cross-level interaction effects between institutional structures and individuals’ socio-economic status, whereas institutions matter more equally regardless of socio-economic status for women. In relation to the concerns with the allegedly negative unintended consequences of welfare regime institutions for creating distortions, these seem to be unwarranted with regards to employment commitment. To the contrary, there appears to be a ‘paradox of employment commitment’: clearly earnings-related benefits of more generous welfare regimes appear to generate stronger commitment to take part in paid work.</p><p>Study 2: Unemployment Insurance and Work Values in Twenty-Three Welfare States. This study addresses the question of whether extended ‘social rights’, specifically in the form of unemployment insurance, is undermining people’s willingness to perform their ‘social duties’ in the form of productive work. Multi-level analyses is used to evaluate how three aspects of institutional design may explain cross-national patterns of work values across twenty-three industrialized countries in 2000. There is a consistent tendency for a positive relationship between more traditional work values with higher generosity of benefit levels as well as more demanding eligibility conditions. To the contrary, a negative relationship is found in relation to duration periods. The strength and significance of these relationships however differ across the three value dimensions studied. Firstly, the clearest pattern is found in relation to how work is valued as a ‘duty towards society’, where all institutional effects are significant. Secondly, in relation to valuations of how ‘unemployed persons should accept job offers or lose their benefits’, the positive effects of the eligibility factor are non-significant, and the negative duration effects are only significant among working men. Thirdly, in relation to how work is not valued as a ‘free choice’, institutional effects are only significant when working women within the sixteen ‘older’ welfare states are compared. The effects of economic development are inconsistent across value dimensions and in the opposite direction expected from modernization theory; more traditional work values are found to be stronger in countries with higher levels of economic development. Study 3: Continued Work or Retirement? Preferred Exit-age in Western European countries. The combination of greying populations, decreasing fertility rates and a marked trend in falling retirement age is profoundly challenging the sharing of resources and supporting responsibilities between generations in the developed world. Previous studies on earlier exit-trends have focused mainly on supply-side incentives and generally conclude that people will exit given available retirement options. Substantial cross-national variations in exit-ages however remain unexplained. This suggests that also normative factors such as attitudes to work and retirement might be of importance. Through multi-level analyses, this study evaluates how welfare regime generosity, as well as production regime coordination explains cross-national patterns of retirement preferences across twelve Western European countries. Analysis firstly shows how both men and women on average prefer to retire at 58 years, meaning on average approximately 7 or 5.5 years before statutory retirement age in the case of men and women respectively. Contrary to what is expected from previous research on supply-side factors, preferences for relatively later retirement is found within more generous welfare regimes and also within more extensively coordinated production regimes. For women, however, institutional effects do not remain once substantial cross-national differences in women’s statutory retirement ages are taken into account.</p>