<p>The main purpose of this thesis is to examine how different welfare and production regimes may have structured individuals’ work orientations into cross-national patterns by the late 1990s and early 2000s. Three different aspects of work orientations are considered in the three studies. Study 1: Welfare Regimes, Production Regimes and Employment Commitment: A Multi-level analysis of Twelve OECD countries. Since the introduction of the first social insurance schemes, questions have been raised regarding the trade-off between the adequacy and equity of benefits, and their effects on individuals’ work orientations. This study examines the role of both welfare and production regime institutions for explaining cross-national patterns in individuals’ employment commitment across twelve OECD-countries in the late 1990s. Results from multi-level analyses show firstly how employment commitment is stronger within more generous welfare regimes as well as within more extensively coordinated production regimes. Secondly, institutions are found to be more important for structuring the attitudes of persons with less stable labour market attachment. Thirdly, for men, there are clear positive cross-level interaction effects between institutional structures and individuals’ socio-economic status, whereas institutions matter more equally regardless of socio-economic status for women. In relation to the concerns with the allegedly negative unintended consequences of welfare regime institutions for creating distortions, these seem to be unwarranted with regards to employment commitment. To the contrary, there appears to be a ‘paradox of employment commitment’: clearly earnings-related benefits of more generous welfare regimes appear to generate stronger commitment to take part in paid work.</p><p>Study 2: Unemployment Insurance and Work Values in Twenty-Three Welfare States. This study addresses the question of whether extended ‘social rights’, specifically in the form of unemployment insurance, is undermining people’s willingness to perform their ‘social duties’ in the form of productive work. Multi-level analyses is used to evaluate how three aspects of institutional design may explain cross-national patterns of work values across twenty-three industrialized countries in 2000. There is a consistent tendency for a positive relationship between more traditional work values with higher generosity of benefit levels as well as more demanding eligibility conditions. To the contrary, a negative relationship is found in relation to duration periods. The strength and significance of these relationships however differ across the three value dimensions studied. Firstly, the clearest pattern is found in relation to how work is valued as a ‘duty towards society’, where all institutional effects are significant. Secondly, in relation to valuations of how ‘unemployed persons should accept job offers or lose their benefits’, the positive effects of the eligibility factor are non-significant, and the negative duration effects are only significant among working men. Thirdly, in relation to how work is not valued as a ‘free choice’, institutional effects are only significant when working women within the sixteen ‘older’ welfare states are compared. The effects of economic development are inconsistent across value dimensions and in the opposite direction expected from modernization theory; more traditional work values are found to be stronger in countries with higher levels of economic development. Study 3: Continued Work or Retirement? Preferred Exit-age in Western European countries. The combination of greying populations, decreasing fertility rates and a marked trend in falling retirement age is profoundly challenging the sharing of resources and supporting responsibilities between generations in the developed world. Previous studies on earlier exit-trends have focused mainly on supply-side incentives and generally conclude that people will exit given available retirement options. Substantial cross-national variations in exit-ages however remain unexplained. This suggests that also normative factors such as attitudes to work and retirement might be of importance. Through multi-level analyses, this study evaluates how welfare regime generosity, as well as production regime coordination explains cross-national patterns of retirement preferences across twelve Western European countries. Analysis firstly shows how both men and women on average prefer to retire at 58 years, meaning on average approximately 7 or 5.5 years before statutory retirement age in the case of men and women respectively. Contrary to what is expected from previous research on supply-side factors, preferences for relatively later retirement is found within more generous welfare regimes and also within more extensively coordinated production regimes. For women, however, institutional effects do not remain once substantial cross-national differences in women’s statutory retirement ages are taken into account.</p>

The main purpose of this thesis is to examine how different welfare and production regimes may have structured individuals’ work orientations into cross-national patterns by the late 1990s and early 2000s. Three different aspects of work orientations are considered in the three studies. Study 1: Welfare Regimes, Production Regimes and Employment Commitment: A Multi-level analysis of Twelve OECD countries. Since the introduction of the first social insurance schemes, questions have been raised regarding the trade-off between the adequacy and equity of benefits, and their effects on individuals’ work orientations. This study examines the role of both welfare and production regime institutions for explaining cross-national patterns in individuals’ employment commitment across twelve OECD-countries in the late 1990s. Results from multi-level analyses show firstly how employment commitment is stronger within more generous welfare regimes as well as within more extensively coordinated production regimes. Secondly, institutions are found to be more important for structuring the attitudes of persons with less stable labour market attachment. Thirdly, for men, there are clear positive cross-level interaction effects between institutional structures and individuals’ socio-economic status, whereas institutions matter more equally regardless of socio-economic status for women. In relation to the concerns with the allegedly negative unintended consequences of welfare regime institutions for creating distortions, these seem to be unwarranted with regards to employment commitment. To the contrary, there appears to be a ‘paradox of employment commitment’: clearly earnings-related benefits of more generous welfare regimes appear to generate stronger commitment to take part in paid work. Study 2: Unemployment Insurance and Work Values in Twenty-Three Welfare States. This study addresses the question of whether extended ‘social rights’, specifically in the form of unemployment insurance, is undermining people’s willingness to perform their ‘social duties’ in the form of productive work. Multi-level analyses is used to evaluate how three aspects of institutional design may explain cross-national patterns of work values across twenty-three industrialized countries in 2000. There is a consistent tendency for a positive relationship between more traditional work values with higher generosity of benefit levels as well as more demanding eligibility conditions. To the contrary, a negative relationship is found in relation to duration periods. The strength and significance of these relationships however differ across the three value dimensions studied. Firstly, the clearest pattern is found in relation to how work is valued as a ‘duty towards society’, where all institutional effects are significant. Secondly, in relation to valuations of how ‘unemployed persons should accept job offers or lose their benefits’, the positive effects of the eligibility factor are non-significant, and the negative duration effects are only significant among working men. Thirdly, in relation to how work is not valued as a ‘free choice’, institutional effects are only significant when working women within the sixteen ‘older’ welfare states are compared. The effects of economic development are inconsistent across value dimensions and in the opposite direction expected from modernization theory; more traditional work values are found to be stronger in countries with higher levels of economic development. Study 3: Continued Work or Retirement? Preferred Exit-age in Western European countries. The combination of greying populations, decreasing fertility rates and a marked trend in falling retirement age is profoundly challenging the sharing of resources and supporting responsibilities between generations in the developed world. Previous studies on earlier exit-trends have focused mainly on supply-side incentives and generally conclude that people will exit given available retirement options. Substantial cross-national variations in exit-ages however remain unexplained. This suggests that also normative factors such as attitudes to work and retirement might be of importance. Through multi-level analyses, this study evaluates how welfare regime generosity, as well as production regime coordination explains cross-national patterns of retirement preferences across twelve Western European countries. Analysis firstly shows how both men and women on average prefer to retire at 58 years, meaning on average approximately 7 or 5.5 years before statutory retirement age in the case of men and women respectively. Contrary to what is expected from previous research on supply-side factors, preferences for relatively later retirement is found within more generous welfare regimes and also within more extensively coordinated production regimes. For women, however, institutional effects do not remain once substantial cross-national differences in women’s statutory retirement ages are taken into account.

Syftet med den här kvalitativa intervjustudien var att undersöka hur personal i ett omsorgsföretag ser på sig själva och sitt arbete i relation till kompetens, samhörighet och autonomi. Dessa tre begrepp är centrala i Self-determination theory. Resultatet visade att samhörigheten främjades av ett nära samarbete med kollegor och genom många gemensamma aktiviteter, både på arbetstid och utanför. Det främsta hindret för att uppleva samhörighet var om arbetsgruppen strävade åt olika håll eller om det uppstod konflikter i samspelet. Kompetens innebar för respondenterna att känna sig trygga i sitt bemötande av brukarna och att de visste vad de skulle göra i olika situationer. Även om de uttryckte en viss saknad av kunskap inför utagerande- och självskadebeteende så upplevdes ändå de lagar och regler som styrde verksamheten vara det som skapade störst osäkerhet och kunde vara hindrade för känslan av att uppleva sig kompetent. Resultatet visade också att respondenterna, trots att verksamheten till stor del styrdes av lagar och regler, upplevde en känsla av autonomi så länge de fick vara delaktiga i att planera och organisera arbetsuppgifternas utformning. / The main objective of this qualitative interview study was to examine how personnel elemployed at a company providing social care services, view themselves and their work in relation to competence, relatedness and autonomy. These three concepts are an essential part of Self-Determination Theory. The result showed that relatedness was promoted by close cooperation between colleagues and by frequent common activities during the workday, but also by activities with colleagues outside work. Main obstacles to relatedness appeared when the staff were striving in different directions and when conflicts emerged. The respondents felt competent in interaction with the clients and when it was clearly stated how they were supposed to act in specific situations. The respondents expressed the need for more of knowledge of self-harming behavior and similar behaviors of acting out. However, the main obstacle to feeling competent was insecurity of what laws and regulations that govern their workplace. Despite the fact that laws and regulations govern a large part of their work, the respondents expressed that they felt reasonable autonomous as long as they participated in the planning and organization of different tasks.

Den här studien handlar om arbetsmotivation på två äldreboenden i Gävleborgs län. Vi gjorde en jämförelse mellan ett privat äldreboende och ett kommunalt äldreboende för att undersöka hur arbetsmotivation diskuteras på enheterna. Syftet med studien var att se om det fanns skillnader mellan det privata och det kommunala boendet samt mellan chef och medarbetare i definitionen arbetsmotivation. För att få svar på våra frågor använde vi oss av en kvalitativ semistrukturerad intervjuform. Det vi i huvudsak kom fram till var att arbetskamraterna, de boende och att prestera bra var de mest framträdande faktorerna till arbetsmotivation. De enda skillnader som vi funnit är att det privata boendet ansåg hjälpmedel vara en motiverande faktor vilket inte framkom hos det kommunala boendet. På det kommunala boendet ansåg medarbetarna att lön var motiverande vilket inte framkom som en motivationsfaktor på det privata boendet. / This essay is about motivation in two nursing homes (elderly care) within the county Gävleborg. We have made a comparison between a private and a municipal nursing home to investigate how work motivations are discussed in the units. The purpose of this study was to see whether there were differences between the private and the municipal housing and between managers and employees in the definition of work motivation. To get answers to our questions, we used a qualitative semi structured interview form. What we essentially came to was that fellow workers, residents and to do well was the most prominent factors of job motivation. The differences that we found is that the staff on the private elderly care felt that tools to facilitates work was a motivating factor, which is not found in the municipal elderly care. At the municipal elderly care staff felt that salary was motivating which did not emerged as a motivating factor on the private elderly care.

Psykiskt välbefinnande på arbetsplats kan kännetecknas av att det finns ett bra samspelmellan arbetsgivare och anställda och en arbetsgivare som förebygger hälsa ochsäkerhet genom att vidtar nödvändiga åtgärder. Brist på socialt stöd, kamratskap,psykisk belastning och stress är några faktorer som kan leda till psykisk ohälsa på enarbetsplats. Syftet med studien var att undersöka anställdas psykiska välbefinnande påarbetsplatser med fokus på gruppdynamik, arbetsmotivation, stress och vilkaförebyggande åtgärder som görs av arbetsgivaren. Undersökningen baseras på enenkätstudie med 97 deltagare i olika åldrar. Utifrån enkäterna gjordes tester i SPSS medyrkeskategorin i fokus och dess förhållande till psykiskt välbefinnande, stress,arbetsmotivation och gruppdynamik samt förebyggande åtgärden kring psykisk ohälsainom varje yrkeskategori. Resultatet visar att anställda som uppskattas och har brakommunikation har ett bättre välbefinnande på arbetsplatsen. Resultatet visar att det ihuvudsak är arbetskamraterna som motiverar varandra på arbetsplatsen. Av resultatet såframkommer det att inom de flesta yrkeskategorierna så gör inte arbetsgivaren någotfysiskt för att förbättra arbetsmiljön och välbefinnandet på arbetsplatsen. För vidareforskning inom detta område, hade det varit intressant att undersöka åldersskillnaderinom psykisk ohälsa och arbetsmiljö. Studien hade också kunnat undersöka utifrånarbetsgivarens perspektiv vad gäller informationshantering och förbyggandehandlingsplanplan vid psykisk ohälsa. / Mental well-being at the work place, could be characterised by a well-functioninginteraction between employer and employees, as well as when the employerpromotes health and safety for the employees, by applying adequate measures.Lack of social support and camaraderie together with mental pressure and stress,are some factors contributing to lack of mental well-being at the work place.The purpose of the study was to investigate the employee’s mental well-being atthe work place, focusing on group dynamics, work motivation and stress, togetherwith what preventive measures may have been taken by the employer.The investigation is based on a web-based survey, resulting in 97 completeresponses from individuals of various ages. From the survey results, tests wheremade in SPSS with different professions in focus and its relation to mental weebeing,stress, work motivation and group dynamics, in addition to preventivemeasures to address lack of mental well-being within each profession category.The result shows that employees who are appreciated and where thecommunication is well developed, also benefit from mental well-being to a higherdegree. Primarily it is the co-workers and colleagues that motivate each othermost at the work place. It also shows that related to most professions, theemployer does not apply any physical improvements to the work environment, norto improve the mental well-being at the work place.To further the study within this area, the education level could be evaluated toseek a connection to mental well-being.

The motivation of staff in higher education institutions, especially In Zimbabwe, has not received due attention over the years. This study investigated the factors affecting staff motivation at a Teachers' College in Zimbabwe. Staff perceptions of factors they found motivating and demotivating were established through the use of a qualitative methodology in which the semi-structured interview was used as the dominant method. Participant observation and the informal unstructured interview were employed in a complementary manner. The findings indicated that the factors respondents found motivating were those that tended to alleviate the needs for recognition, appreciation and self-actualisation. Demotivating factors included management policy and style, decision-making procedures and administration. The findings are discussed in the context of some dominant theories of motivation and recommendations are made regarding strategies to be used and what further research can be undertaken to address the problem.

Univerzita Karlova v Praze Filozofická fakulta Katedra andragogiky a personálního řízení Andragogika Abstrakt k dizertační práci v anglickém jazyce Pracovní spokojenost učitelů středních a vyšších policejních škol Ministerstva vnitra České republiky Jiří Baudyš The thesis focuses on job satisfaction among teachers of Secondary Police Schools and Police Colleges of the Ministry of the Interior of the Czech Republic. Attention is devoted to theoretical concepts of job satisfaction and motivation, along with job satisfaction in psychological and performance-related context and surveys on teachers' job satisfaction. The empirical investigation is based on the theories of work motivation and research into teachers' job satisfaction. Quantitative assessment of job satisfaction among the teachers of Secondary Police Schools and Police Colleges of the Ministry of the Interior of the Czech Republic is conducted with the use of the Teachers' Satisfaction Assessment Inventory in order to evaluate the teachers' overall job satisfaction and its relation to selected variables, especially of extrapersonal character.

This research empirically investigates Locke's (1997) model of work motivation by means of quantitative research. The OCQ consisting of three tiered questionnaires was constructed based on Locke's model. OCQ-Tierl deals with core components of Locke's model. OCQ-Tier2 determines which factors caused the incidence of dissatisfaction in OCQ-Tierl. OCQ-Tier3 enables the identification of corrective actions. The OCQ was administered to financial services employees. The results were analysed and Locke's model was tested by means of structural equation modelling using the AMOS graphics programme. The results indicated that the model, suggesting causal links between components within OCQ-Tierl, could not be confirmed. A better fit was found at OCQ-Tier2 and OCQ-Tier3. In testing the causal links across the three tiers per component, the models did not fit the data for "personal actualisation" and "goal achievement". Moderate confirmation of the models was found in the case of "goal setting" and "goal behaviour" across the three tiers after some adaptations were made to the models on the basis of "modification indices", suggested by AMOS. A reasonably good fit was found for the models across the three tiers for "quality of work life". The level of correlation between factors was high because of this, and in some cases some of the factors were merged. Modification indices in the statistical output suggested that improvement was possible if covariance between error terms in the model was allowed. This suggested possible systematic sources of covariance between items not accounted for by the factors in the models. As confirmed by the Cronbach Alpha coefficients within tiers and across tiers, the general level of internal consistency was very high. Possibly response set and response style were the cause of this. This made the testing of models difficult in the present study. So too was it difficult to draw a conclusion about the internal consistency reliability of the measurement of each component across the three tiers, because the high Cronbach coefficients may to some extent be due to the indiscriminate high correlations between items / D.Litt. et Phil. (Industrial Psychology)

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T13:51:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CarlosEC_TESE.pdf: 2674949 bytes, checksum: e99eebe77638a569585d70ad4d2ca0a6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-10-04 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The present study has proposed a structural model to identify the reasons why individuals become voluntary, keep and exit this type of work. The empirical space was the Pastoral da Crian?a - social action agency of the National Conference of Bishops of Brazil (CNBB) - community-based institution that has its work based on solidarity and the sharing of knowledge. The theoretical framework has the context in which are volunteering studies in Brazilian and world level. Then discuss the various concepts of volunteering and presented the theoretical models of volunteer motivation. Studies of Mostyn (1983) and studies conducted by the BEPEGE-Base for Studies and Research in Management Policies and Strategies - in their line of research GERQUAL - Human Resource Management and Organizational Quality - of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte as Carvalho e Souza(2006), Souza, Medeiros e Fernandes (2006), Souza et al (2009, 2010), Cavalcante et al (2011a, 2011b, 2011c, 2011d) were the main theoretical references for the construction of the model that was tested. Data collection was done through a survey with 71 indicators, in 2 visits to cities from the Diocese of Pesqueira, Pernambuco. The first data collection occurred in the period between May 30 and June 3, 2011, in Buique/PE and the second collection happened in Pesqueira/PE, in St. Joseph Seminary, in the period between July 6-8, 2011. 720 questionnaires were collected. The sample was divided into two parts. Exploratory Factor Analysis was applied in first part and Confirmatory Factor Analysis - structural equation modeling - in the second half. The examination of the results achieved by the expectations, reasons for entry, reasons for staying and exit reasons showed that all hypotheses were accepted. So the motivation of voluntary Pastoral da Crian?a can be explained by a set of interactions between these five constructs: Altruistic, Affectionate, Amiable, Adjusted and Astute / O presente estudo prop?s modelo estrutural que identificasse os motivos que levam indiv?duos a se tornar volunt?rio, manter-se e deixar de executar tal tipo de trabalho. O espa?o emp?rico foi a Pastoral da Crian?a - Organismo de a??o social da Confer?ncia Nacional dos Bispos do Brasil (CNBB) - institui??o de base comunit?ria que tem seu trabalho baseado na solidariedade e na partilha do saber. O referencial te?rico apresentou o contexto no qual est? o voluntariado, em n?vel mundial e nacional. Em seguida discutiu os diversos conceitos de voluntariado e apresentou os modelos te?ricos de motiva??o volunt?ria.Os estudos de Mostyn (1983) e os estudos conduzidos pela BEPEGE - Base de Estudos e Pesquisas em Estrat?gias e Pol?ticas de Gest?o na sua linha de pesquisa GERQUAL - Gest?o de Recursos Humanos e Qualidade Organizacional da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte como Carvalho e Souza(2006), Souza, Medeiros e Fernandes (2006), Souza et al (2009, 2010), Cavalcante et al (2011a, 2011b, 2011c, 2011d) foram as principais refer?ncias te?ricas para a constru??o do modelo que foi testado.A coleta de dados foi feita por meio de question?rio fechado com 71 indicadores, em 2 visitas a cidades da Diocese de Pesqueira/PE. A primeira coleta de dados ocorreu no per?odo entre 30 de maio e 3 de junho de 2011, na cidade Buique /PE e a segunda coleta aconteceu na cidade de Pesqueira/PE, no Semin?rio S?o Jos?, no per?odo entre 6 e 8 de julho de 2011. Foram aplicados 720 question?rios. A amostra foi dividida em duas partes. Na primeira foi feita a An?lise Fatorial Explorat?ria e na segunda a An?lise Fatorial Confirmat?ria, por meio da Modelagem das Equa??es Estruturais. O exame dos resultados alcan?ados pelos modelos das expectativas, dos motivos de entrada, dos motivos de perman?ncia e dos motivos de sa?da permite afirmar que todas as hip?teses foram aceitas. Assim a motiva??o do volunt?rio da Pastoral da Crian?a pode ser explicada por um conjunto de intera??es entre esses cinco constructos: Altru?smo, Afetivo, Amig?vel, Ajustado e Ajuizado

Titel: Personlighetsegenskaper och motivation Syfte: Att belysa hur en mellanchefs personlighetsegenskaper inverkar på hur de motiverar sina medarbetare.  Teori: The Big Five, arbetsmotivation och Herzberg tvåfaktormodell. Metod: En kvalitativ studie med ett konstruktionistiskt perspektiv samt ur en hermeneutisk synvinkel. Metoden utgjordes av fyra semistrukturerade intervjuer som spelades in och transkriberades. Intervjuerna utgick från en intervjuguide som var baserad på studiens teorier. Respondenterna valdes ut med ett målstyrt urval. Empiri: En sammanställning av de fyra semi-strukturerade intervjuerna som genomfördes. Slutsats: En mellanchefs personlighetsegenskaper visade sig ha en viss inverkan på hur de motiverar sina medarbetare. Hur stor denna inverkan är varierar mellan olika mellanchefer. I ett fall där en mellanchef hade medelnivåer av de flesta personlighetsdimensionerna och låga nivåer av extraversion samt neuroticism uppfattades hen vara lugn, reserverad och uppgiftsorienterad. Vilket inverkade på hens motivationsarbete genom att hen använde sig av inre motivationsfaktorer på ett sådant sätt där hen lämnade över ansvaret till medarbetarna själva. I ett annat fall hade en mellanchef utmärkande nivåer av tillgänglighet/vänlighet/behag och samvetsgrannhet, lite över medel av extraversion och låg nivå av neuroticism och öppenhet. Där det främst var hens låga nivå av extraversion som antydde på att hen är mer uppgiftsorienterad som visade sig inverka på hens sätt att motivera sina medarbetare, via den inre motivationsfaktor erkännande. En annan mellanchef med liknande personlighetsegenskaper, dock med en betydligt högre nivå av extraversion som innebär att hen är personinriktad istället, involverade sig betydligt mycket i sina medarbetare mer som enskilda individer och visade på ett betydligt större intresse för deras utveckling och välmående. Hen använde inre motivationsfaktorer som erkännande, prestation, personliga utvecklingsmöjligheter och hygienfaktorer som belöningar och lön. En annan mellanchef visade sig använda samma typer av motivationsfaktorer, dock med en helt annan nivå av engagemang och intresse i sina medarbetare, vilket troligen beror på hennes personlighetsegenskaper som är totala motsatsen jämfört med övriga studerade mellanchefer. / Title: Personality traits and motivation Purpose: To illustrate how a senior executive’s personality traits affect how they motivate their employees. Theory: The Big Five, work motivation and Herzberg's two factor model. Method: A qualitative study with a constructive perspective with one hermeneutical position. Four semi structured interviews were conducted, all of them were recorded and transcribed. Respondents were selected with a purposive sampling. Empirical: A compilation of the four semi-structured interviews conducted. Conclusion: A senior executive’s personality traits were found to have a certain impact on how they motivate their employees. The extent to which this effect is varied between the various senior executives. In one case where a senior executive had average levels of most personality dimensions and low levels of extraversion as well as emotionality, they were perceived to be calm, reserved and task-oriented. Which affected motivational work by using internal motivation factors in such a way that they left the responsibility to the employees themselves. In another case, a senior executive had distinctive levels of agreeableness and conscientiousness, a little over the means of extraversion and low levels of emotionality and openness to experience. Where primarily, there was a low level of extraversion that suggested that they are more task-oriented, which proved to impact in order to motivate their employees, through the internal motivation factor recognition. Another senior executive with similar personality characteristics, though with a significantly higher level of extraversion, which means that they are person-oriented instead, involved much more in their employees more than individual individuals and showed a much greater interest in their development and well-being. The senior executive used internal motivational factors such as recognition, achievement, personal development opportunities and hygiene factors such as rewards and salaries. Another senior executive was found to use the same types of motivational factors, but with a completely different level of commitment and interest in their employees, which is probably due to the personality traits, which is the opposite of the other senior executives