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Eighty percent of all adolescents in Sweden aged 13-19 years are physically active in sports associations growing up during their childhood, however, far from everyone continues as they get older. The aim of this study is to increase the knowledge about sports associations views and perceptions regarding why adolescents quit physical activities and how they work to prevent this to occur. Furthermore, this study will examine the perceptions and opinions these sport associations have regarding recruitment of adolescents for coaching and other positions within their association. The data in this study was collected from nine semi-structured interviews with representatives from sports associations in the county of Umeå. The results from the data analysis indicates that the sport associations seems to be aware of this drop out among adolescents and that the reason for this phenomena is complex and individual. Despite this, little action seemed to be taken among these sport associations in order to try to keep young individuals physically active within the club or with recruitment of these individuals as coaches, even if the sport associations considered it as a good solution to the problem. The main conclusion of this study is that if sport associations are in need of preventing youth drop out they have to increase their activities for preventing it. Furthermore they need to start seeing adolescents as resources to the sport association.

Sport specialization is defined as a year-round, highly structured commitment to training for and competing in a single sport. Children who begin the process of specialization at an early age are potentially susceptible to several undesirable outcomes, including an increased risk of orthopedic injury, psychological burnout, and limited social development. Despite these inherent risks, the practice of early sport specialization has become prevalent in the United States. This study uses a grounded theory methodology to examine the role of parents in early sport specialization practices. Drawing on in-depth interviews with twelve parents of adolescent soccer players, the study finds that parents are drawn to early sport specialization because of multiple perceived benefits for their children. The two most prominent of these benefits are positive socialization and the use of the sport as a lever for higher education. Parents act on limited information when making decisions regarding early sport specialization, relying on advice and information from coaches, soccer clubs, and other parents to make their decisions. In this manner, the parents themselves are socialized into the culture of early specialized sport, adopting the established values and beliefs of the practice, and furthering the advancement of the practice of early specialization in youth sport. / text

Syftet med studien är att belysa hur unga fotbollsspelande tjejer upplever sin idrott.  - Vad vill unga fotbollstjejer att träningarna och verksamheten ska innehålla och hur ska den organiseras för att de ska upprätthålla sitt intresse och stanna kvar? - Vad är viktigt i ledarens agerande för att tjejerna ska trivas? Studien bygger på en kvalitativ metod och genomfördes med 17 tjejer i ett 14-års lag i fyra fokusgruppintervjuer. Resultatet visar att alla tjejer tycker att det roligaste med idrotten är att spela matcher och åka på cuper. De tycker att det är viktigt att vinna, men har de spelat bra och fått visa upp vad de lärt sig så kan de ta en förlust. Kompisarna är en viktig faktor och att ha roligt tillsammans är det som gör att de vill fortsätta att spela fotboll. De tycker att träningarna ska innehålla blandade övningar och att de även där får spela matcher i många olika varianter. Ledaren är en viktig person och hon/han ska peppa och pusha dem samt hjälpa dem så att de gör rätt. De tycker att  alla ska få vara med och spela, bli sedda och behandlas lika. Engströms prestations-, tränings- och upplevelselogiker blir här väldigt tydliga.

Ungdomarna är idrottsföreningarnas framtid och idrottsföreningarna skapar positiv utveckling för ungdomarna. Det ungdomarna gör på fritiden och i vilket socialt sammanhang som de vistas i har betydelse för deras utveckling. Trots dessa positiva effekter som idrottsföreningarna har så väljer många ungdomar att sluta med föreningsidrotten. Detta beror på olika aspekter såsom ekonomi, kompisar, föräldrapåverkan och nya fritidsintressen. Därför är det viktigt hur idrottsföreningar jobbar med att behålla ungdomar och det är också syftet till denna studie. Genom intervjuer med sex stycken föreningsaktiva personer har tre strategier tagits fram och blivit resultatet av denna studie. Det tre strategier som föreningar i Trollhättans Stad använder sig mest av och anser är mest lyckosamma är: Breddidrott-Elitinriktning, Engagemang och Mål och mening / Young people are the future of sports clubs and sports associations create positive development for young people. What the young people do in their free time and in what social context in which they are staying in is important for their development. Despite these positive effects that sport clubs have so many young people choose to end exert sports. This is due to different aspects such as finance, friends, parental influence and new hobbies. Therefore, it is important how sports clubs are working to keep young people and it is also the aim of this study. Through interviews with six club members have three strategies been developed and have resulted from this study. The three strategies that the unions in Trollhättan City uses the most and feel are most successful are: The widht in sport-Elite direction, Commitment and Goal and sense

Ungdomsinnebandyn i Jämtlands län har de senaste 10 åren tappat spelare. Precis som övriga idrottsverksamheter i Sverige upplever innebandyn ett tapp av ungdomar vid 15 till 16 års ålder. Forskningen pekar mot att en ungdomstränare är av betydelse för att ungdomar ska fortsätta med sin idrott. Syfte Belysa betydelsefulla faktorer till att ungdomar fortsatt att spela innebandy till seniornivå, samt betydelsen av ungdomstränaren. Metod Kvalitativ manifest innehållsanalys utifrån semi-strukturerade intervjuer (n=5) med unga manliga seniorspelare (=21,8 år; sd=1,6 år) från Jämtlands län. Respondenterna hade oavbrutet spelat tävlingsinnebandy från ungdomsnivå till seniornivå. Resultat Kompisar och upplevd framgång var de viktigaste faktorerna till att respondenterna spelar innebandy idag. I början uppskattades en lättsam miljö med mycket lek. Med ökad ålder ökade betydelsen av upplev utveckling och tävlingsmomentet blev viktigare. En ungdomstränare är av betydelse och bör vara positiv och skapa ett lättsamt klimat i unga år. Under senare delen av ungdomen bör ungdomstränaren vara mer auktoritär och ha mer fokus på utveckling. Konklusion Kompisar och upplevd framgång är de viktigaste faktorerna samtidigt som ungdomstränaren är av betydelse. Tidigare studier har påvisat liknande resultat. / Youth floorball in the county of Jämtland has shown a decreased number of players in the last 10 years. Floorball, like other sports in Sweden, also drops a lot of players at the age of 15 to 16 years. Earlier studies in the field have shown that youth team coaches are important for young athletes to stay in sports. Aim To highlight factors that have been important for youth floorball players to stay in the sport up to senior level, and the importance of the youth team coach. Method Qualitative content analysis from semi-structured interviews (n=5) with young male senior floorball players (=21,8 years; sd=1,6 years) from the county of Jämland. The respondents have played floorball from youth level to senior level without any break. Results Friends and perceived success has been the most important factors for the respondents. A friendly climate has been important in the early stage while progress and competition have been important in the latter stage of the youth level. A youth team coach is important and should be positive and create a positive and friendly climate. In later years the youth team coach should be focusing on progress and can therefore be more demanding. Conclusion Friends and perceived success has been the most important factors while a youth team coach is important. Earlier studies has shown similar results.

An important premise for the study is the pedagogic importance of sports, that children and youth via sports and its leaders consciously and unconsciously incorporate and teach themselves skills, habits and knowledge as well as norms and values. Another premise is that sports leaders, like other teachers and leaders, work in a time where new conditions prevail for children’s upbringing and for the role as a leader. What should be conveyed to children today is not obvious but seems to be dependent on the individual fosterer’s idea on what the role should mean. This is truer for sports leaders, for example, than teachers since the sports movement does not have a prescribed curriculum. The perspective of the study is cultural-sociological and gender-theoretical. In the analyses, Pierre Bourdieu’s key concepts, habitus, capital and field, performed the functions of research tools. A descriptive purpose of the study was to increase the knowledge of who the children and youth leaders of the sports movement are and their views of and valuation of sports, the task and the children. Through studying what the sports leaders are bearers of in terms of personified and symbolic capital, the purpose of the study was also to analyse what was encouraged in the sports environment where many children and young people spend a great deal of their leisure. The analyses were based on an empirical material consisting of questionnaire replies from 525 sport leaders and in-depth interviews with 18 leaders. In addition, more than 1,600 future teachers and youth recreation leaders replied to a questionnaire form. Who the sport movement’s child and youth leaders are cannot be generally answered. It is partly dependent on which sport it is, partly which gender the leader has. The sport leaders’ attitudes to differing aspects of the children’s sports activity varied and various leader groups confronted each other. The leaders primarily appreciated the relations with the children. However, they did not appreciate the parental intervention, children and youths who did not behave themselves and the high demands which leadership signifies. Through sports the leaders primarily wanted to give the children physical and social upbringing. They wanted to educate children to be creative and independent individuals but emphasized at the same time a conscientious ideal. The study showed that differing types of symbolic capital dominate in children and youth’s sports activity and that different leader groups emphasize various values. What is understood as valuable seemed more to be related to the logic of different sports than to gender and the fact that the activities were for children. It is not possible to tell in general how children are fostered and influenced through sports. The results indicate, however, that seriousness dominated over playfulness and that success and achievement are highly valued.

Introdução: após um longo período voltado para a correção das insuficiências do LCA, a lesão de maior incidência no futebol, a comunidade ortopédica concluiu que o comportamento da biomecânica articular dos indivíduos difere muito e, portanto, começou a pesquisar fatores antropomórficos que pudessem contribuir com os eventos traumáticos do joelho, especialmente, aqueles originados por fatores intrínsecos. Entre estes, destaca-se a restrição articular rotacional do quadril, que pode ser oriunda de compensações musculoesqueléticas adquiridas com treinamento continuado do futebol desde a infância. Assim, a investigação de tais alterações deveria figurar como elemento fundamental na promoção de saúde de jovens atletas. Objetivo: o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a restrição articular rotacional do quadril e a influência do alongamento no comportamento desta articulação, em jogadores de futebol de categorias de base do Sport Club Internacional de Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. Materiais e Métodos: foram avaliados os graus de RI e RE do quadril de 262 jogadores do sexo masculino, com idades entre 9 e 19 anos. O grupo foi randomizado em dois subgrupos: controle e alongamento específico, e reavaliados após doze semanas. A Análise de Variância (ANOVA) one-way e two-way para medidas repetidas foi aplicada para analisar as diferenças intra e intergrupos, complementada por testes t-student, considerando p0,05 para significância estatística. Resultados: os resultados mostraram redução na ADM rotacional do quadril destes atletas, com o passar dos anos de prática frequente do futebol. Foi possível também verificar que houve melhora da ADM de rotação externa do quadril no grupo alongamento, no membro não dominante. Conclusão: constatou-se que a prática do futebol pode ser um fator desencadeante da restrição articular rotacional do quadril, e que a prática de alongamentos específicos pode amenizar a situação retrátil, nociva, do quadril nos jogadores de futebol. / Context: After years of focusing on the management of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries, the most common soccer-related injuries, the orthopedic community has concluded that soccer players have a wide range of variation in joint biomechanics and has thus started to focus research efforts on the morphological factors that might contribute to A CL trauma. One such factor is decreased hip rotation range of motion (ROM), which may be due to compensatory musculoskeletal changes occurring in response to longstanding soccer practice since childhood. Therefore, investigating these changes became a key element to the promotion of young athletes' health. Objective: This study sought to assess decreased hip rotation and the influence of stretching exercises on the behavior of the hip joint in players of the youth soccer sectors of a Brazilian soccer team. Design: Randomized clinical trial. Setting: University hospital. Patients: 262 male soccer players. Interventions: Subjects were randomly allocated into two groups – control or a stretching program. Main outcome measures: Subjects were reassessed after 12 weeks. Results: Our findings suggest that hip rotation ROM decreases over the years in soccer players. In our sample, adherence to a stretching program improved external hip rotation ROM in the non -dominant limb. Conclusion: We conclude that playing soccer can restrict rotation ROM of the hip, and that adherence to stretching can mitigate the harmful effects on the hip joint.

Introdução: após um longo período voltado para a correção das insuficiências do LCA, a lesão de maior incidência no futebol, a comunidade ortopédica concluiu que o comportamento da biomecânica articular dos indivíduos difere muito e, portanto, começou a pesquisar fatores antropomórficos que pudessem contribuir com os eventos traumáticos do joelho, especialmente, aqueles originados por fatores intrínsecos. Entre estes, destaca-se a restrição articular rotacional do quadril, que pode ser oriunda de compensações musculoesqueléticas adquiridas com treinamento continuado do futebol desde a infância. Assim, a investigação de tais alterações deveria figurar como elemento fundamental na promoção de saúde de jovens atletas. Objetivo: o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a restrição articular rotacional do quadril e a influência do alongamento no comportamento desta articulação, em jogadores de futebol de categorias de base do Sport Club Internacional de Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. Materiais e Métodos: foram avaliados os graus de RI e RE do quadril de 262 jogadores do sexo masculino, com idades entre 9 e 19 anos. O grupo foi randomizado em dois subgrupos: controle e alongamento específico, e reavaliados após doze semanas. A Análise de Variância (ANOVA) one-way e two-way para medidas repetidas foi aplicada para analisar as diferenças intra e intergrupos, complementada por testes t-student, considerando p0,05 para significância estatística. Resultados: os resultados mostraram redução na ADM rotacional do quadril destes atletas, com o passar dos anos de prática frequente do futebol. Foi possível também verificar que houve melhora da ADM de rotação externa do quadril no grupo alongamento, no membro não dominante. Conclusão: constatou-se que a prática do futebol pode ser um fator desencadeante da restrição articular rotacional do quadril, e que a prática de alongamentos específicos pode amenizar a situação retrátil, nociva, do quadril nos jogadores de futebol. / Context: After years of focusing on the management of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries, the most common soccer-related injuries, the orthopedic community has concluded that soccer players have a wide range of variation in joint biomechanics and has thus started to focus research efforts on the morphological factors that might contribute to A CL trauma. One such factor is decreased hip rotation range of motion (ROM), which may be due to compensatory musculoskeletal changes occurring in response to longstanding soccer practice since childhood. Therefore, investigating these changes became a key element to the promotion of young athletes' health. Objective: This study sought to assess decreased hip rotation and the influence of stretching exercises on the behavior of the hip joint in players of the youth soccer sectors of a Brazilian soccer team. Design: Randomized clinical trial. Setting: University hospital. Patients: 262 male soccer players. Interventions: Subjects were randomly allocated into two groups – control or a stretching program. Main outcome measures: Subjects were reassessed after 12 weeks. Results: Our findings suggest that hip rotation ROM decreases over the years in soccer players. In our sample, adherence to a stretching program improved external hip rotation ROM in the non -dominant limb. Conclusion: We conclude that playing soccer can restrict rotation ROM of the hip, and that adherence to stretching can mitigate the harmful effects on the hip joint.

Introdução: após um longo período voltado para a correção das insuficiências do LCA, a lesão de maior incidência no futebol, a comunidade ortopédica concluiu que o comportamento da biomecânica articular dos indivíduos difere muito e, portanto, começou a pesquisar fatores antropomórficos que pudessem contribuir com os eventos traumáticos do joelho, especialmente, aqueles originados por fatores intrínsecos. Entre estes, destaca-se a restrição articular rotacional do quadril, que pode ser oriunda de compensações musculoesqueléticas adquiridas com treinamento continuado do futebol desde a infância. Assim, a investigação de tais alterações deveria figurar como elemento fundamental na promoção de saúde de jovens atletas. Objetivo: o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a restrição articular rotacional do quadril e a influência do alongamento no comportamento desta articulação, em jogadores de futebol de categorias de base do Sport Club Internacional de Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. Materiais e Métodos: foram avaliados os graus de RI e RE do quadril de 262 jogadores do sexo masculino, com idades entre 9 e 19 anos. O grupo foi randomizado em dois subgrupos: controle e alongamento específico, e reavaliados após doze semanas. A Análise de Variância (ANOVA) one-way e two-way para medidas repetidas foi aplicada para analisar as diferenças intra e intergrupos, complementada por testes t-student, considerando p0,05 para significância estatística. Resultados: os resultados mostraram redução na ADM rotacional do quadril destes atletas, com o passar dos anos de prática frequente do futebol. Foi possível também verificar que houve melhora da ADM de rotação externa do quadril no grupo alongamento, no membro não dominante. Conclusão: constatou-se que a prática do futebol pode ser um fator desencadeante da restrição articular rotacional do quadril, e que a prática de alongamentos específicos pode amenizar a situação retrátil, nociva, do quadril nos jogadores de futebol. / Context: After years of focusing on the management of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries, the most common soccer-related injuries, the orthopedic community has concluded that soccer players have a wide range of variation in joint biomechanics and has thus started to focus research efforts on the morphological factors that might contribute to A CL trauma. One such factor is decreased hip rotation range of motion (ROM), which may be due to compensatory musculoskeletal changes occurring in response to longstanding soccer practice since childhood. Therefore, investigating these changes became a key element to the promotion of young athletes' health. Objective: This study sought to assess decreased hip rotation and the influence of stretching exercises on the behavior of the hip joint in players of the youth soccer sectors of a Brazilian soccer team. Design: Randomized clinical trial. Setting: University hospital. Patients: 262 male soccer players. Interventions: Subjects were randomly allocated into two groups – control or a stretching program. Main outcome measures: Subjects were reassessed after 12 weeks. Results: Our findings suggest that hip rotation ROM decreases over the years in soccer players. In our sample, adherence to a stretching program improved external hip rotation ROM in the non -dominant limb. Conclusion: We conclude that playing soccer can restrict rotation ROM of the hip, and that adherence to stretching can mitigate the harmful effects on the hip joint.