Critics of youth sports in the United States have lamented a system that creates issues of access and could be detrimental to the physical and mental health of its young participants. In response to these concerns, USA Hockey, using Long Term Athlete Development Theory (LTAD) as a key theoretical framework, created the American Development Model (ADM) to improve the delivery of youth hockey in the US. While USA Hockey has invested greatly in bringing ADM to scale across its constituents, it is not known to what extent the model is being implemented in its member organizations. Implementation fidelity of a prescribed treatment or curriculum is tied to better outcomes. This study leverages key concepts of program evaluation theory and survey development to produce a valid and reliable survey instrument that can be used to assess the implementation fidelity of ADM at the 12U age group across the nation. A survey instrument was developed through three waves of development. The first wave included local pilot testing and cognitive interviews. The second wave including a regional sample and utilized factor analysis coupled with item analysis to improve the instrument and to create composite scores of key constructs. The third and final wave included a national sample of 214 parents of 12U hockey players. The results of the survey produce psychometric properties indicating good reliability and validity of the instrument including face and content validity, internal reliability, and factor analysis. Analysis of composite scores for each construct of the model identified strong implementation of much of the on-ice components but was lacking in other areas such as physical development and mental skill development. The final ADM scale demonstrated statistically significant positive associations with two subscales of the Athlete Engagement Questionnaire, further validating the study and demonstrating an important association with the delivery model to key outcomes. The study concludes with a discussion of ADM’s implementation fidelity and policy recommendations regarding how the ADM curriculum may be improved given key findings.

No description available.

Title: The relationship between rest and the maximum spirometric indicators in the triathlon Made by: Bc. Zdeněk Kučera Supervisor: Mgr. Lenka Kovářová, Ph.D., MBA Objectives: The aim of thesis is to analyze the relationship between rest and the maximum spirometric indicators for triathletes, who are members of the SCM. It will be also determined whether the analyzed indicators show statistically significantly better performance of triathletes in the representation compared to other triathletes in the SCM. Methods: Data were collected on basis of standard test, which was attended by triathletes in term of SCM. Data were statistically analyzed based on correlation analysis and unpaired non-parametric test. Statistical significance was assessed at the level of 0.05 or 0.01. Results: In the group of men can be confirmed that between rest and maximum indicators is statistically significant correlation relationship (except for respiratory rate and the economy). Another output is achieved for women, a statistically significant relationship exists mainly between rest spirometric indicators and tidal volume and respiratory rate. Higher values of VO2max is achieved in groups with better performance, this is valid for both group of men and women. Keywords: diagnostics, maximum oxygen consumption, vital...

Researchers have found that 40 to 50 percent of youth's time can be classified as free or residual, which yields great opportunities for their participation in leisure and recreation activities. When all structured voluntary activities available to youth are considered, the greatest amount of time is spent participating in youth sports. Organized sports participation has been associated with positive developmental outcomes (e.g., healthier lifestyle; increases in self-efficacy; enhanced academic achievement); however, not all experiences are positive. Research has found that the context of the activity contributes significantly to participation being associated with positive or negative outcomes. Understanding important contextual elements related to sports participation, particularly as viewed by key stakeholders (e.g., coaches and players), is important in developing quality experiences that promote beneficial growth. The purpose of this study was to explore the potential of youth basketball as a positive developmental context. More specifically, it examined: (1) the outcomes associated with participation as identified by coaches of youth sport select teams; (2) the methods used by coaches to promote positive development; (3) the perceptions of the players related to coaching intentions and behaviors; and (4) the fidelity with which coaches carry out their identified coaching methods in practices and games. Findings indicated that coaches and players were able to accurately identify desired goals and methodologies along three domains: (1) player improvement; (2) development of life skills; and (3) enjoying the playing experience. One outcome theme showing inconsistency across the respondent groups was the identification of enjoying the playing experience, which was not identified by the player group. This inconsistency, however, did not show up when the respondents were identifying methodological approaches. Further analysis of sub-themes indicated considerable variation between coach and player responses. In addition, data obtained through observation corroborated the major thematic findings; however, when discrepancies existed the data revealed closer association to player responses. Player's also offered insight regarding personal goals and positive developmental outcomes they attributed to participation. Observational data also confirmed a portion of coach and player identified methodologies, but new approaches were also discovered.

O presente estudo, apoiado no Modelo Bioecológico de Desenvolvimento Humano (BRONFENBRENNER, 2005), investigou em três diferentes subculturas do Nordeste do Brasil (semiárido, serra e litoral) (1) como desempenho motor e escolar de crianças é afetado pelos contextos em que vivem; (2) como essas características pessoais afetam a maneira como o contexto é vivenciado pelas crianças; e (3) o que muda nos recursos pessoais das crianças e no macrossistema com a criação de um novo microssistema promotor de desenvolvimento (Projeto de Intervenção Pedagógico-Motora). Este estudo de delineamento quantitativo e qualitativo. O Test of Gross Motor Development – Second Edition (ULRICH. 2000) e o Teste de Desempenho Escolar (STEIN, 1994) foram utilizados para avaliar o desempenho motor e escolar dos participantes. A parte qualitativa do estudo fez uso de observação assistemática não participante e participante (FLICK, 2009) e entrevistas utilizando o Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo (LEFEVRE; LEFEVRE, 2005) como metodologia. Os resultados revelam que mais de 90% dos participantes demostravam desempenho motor inferior ao percentil 5 (categorizado como muito pobre) e que 70,6 % desempenho escolar inferior. Tais atrasos estão possivelmente associados a (1) omissão do macrossistema (Legislação e Sistema de Crenças) que repercute em falta de oportunidades no microssistema escola; (2) ausência de uma proposta pedagógica para promover o desenvolvimento motor nas escolas e nos projetos sociais; e, (3) baixa capacitação docente são responsáveis pelos atrasos motores. Os atrasos motores afetam o estilo de vida das crianças e a forma como estas transitam em outros contextos, reduzindo sua possibilidade de intercâmbio social. Quanto ao impacto interventivo a General Linear Model com medidas repetidas no fator tempo revelou uma interação significativa entre o Grupo X Tempo nos três contextos: semiárido, serrano e litorâneo. As crianças participantes do programa de intervenção motora evidenciaram mudanças significativas no desempenho motor enquanto que para as crianças do grupo controle mudanças significativas não foram observadas. Em relação ao desempenho escolar, o teste de Wilcoxon revelou que mudanças positivas e significativas ao longo do tempo eram mais evidentes para crianças assistidas por ações das Secretarias de Educação e das Escolas do que as ações desenvolvidas nos Projetos Sociais Esportivos. Os resultados qualitativos observacionais e referente aos Discursos do Sujeito Coletivo suportam o entendimento que somente a implantação de microssistemas com apoio do poder público podem influenciar positivamente as características pessoais das crianças bem como o sistema de crença vigente na cultura em que estas crianças se desenvolvem. / The present study, supported by the Bioecological Model of Human Development (BRONFENBRENNER, 2005), investigated in three different subcultures (Semiarid, Serrano and Seacoast) (1) how children motor and school performance were influenced by the environment; (2) how individualperformance level influence the way that the environment is experienced by the children; and (3) the changes in children individual characteristics and in the macrosystem as consequence of the a new microsystem capable of promote development (Program of Intervention Motor- Pedagogical). The study design was quantitative and qualitative and employed qualiquantitative. The Test of Gross Motor Development – Second Edition (ULRICH. 2000) and the Test of School Performance (STEIN, 1994) was used. The qualitative analyses included the unsystematic non-participant-observation (FLICK, 2009) and interviews using as method the Individual Collective Discourse (LEFEVRE; LEFEVRE, 2005). The results reveled that more than 90% of the participants demonstrated motor development inferior percentile 5 (categorized as very poor) and that 70,6 % showed inferior school performance. Those delays were probably associated with (1) the macrosytem omission (legislation and belief system) as consequence a lack of opportunities in the school microsystem was observed; (2) lack of pedagogical planningto promote motor development in the school system and in the social projects; and, (3) poor teacher training. Regardless to the intervention impact the General Linear Model with repeated measures in the time factor reveled a significant interaction, Group X Time,in the three environments (Semiarid, Serrano and Seacoast). Children from the intervention program showed positive and significant changes in motor performance whereas for the children in the control group those changes were not observed. Concern with school performance, the Wilcoxon test showed that the positive and significant changes along the intervention time were more evident in the group of children assisted for the local educational board and social projects.The results qualitativeobservations and the analysis of the Individual Collective Discourse provided support to the understand that only the implementation of microsystem with governmental support will be to influence positively the children individual characteristics as well as the system of beliefs prevalent in the culture that those children are developing.

O presente estudo, apoiado no Modelo Bioecológico de Desenvolvimento Humano (BRONFENBRENNER, 2005), investigou em três diferentes subculturas do Nordeste do Brasil (semiárido, serra e litoral) (1) como desempenho motor e escolar de crianças é afetado pelos contextos em que vivem; (2) como essas características pessoais afetam a maneira como o contexto é vivenciado pelas crianças; e (3) o que muda nos recursos pessoais das crianças e no macrossistema com a criação de um novo microssistema promotor de desenvolvimento (Projeto de Intervenção Pedagógico-Motora). Este estudo de delineamento quantitativo e qualitativo. O Test of Gross Motor Development – Second Edition (ULRICH. 2000) e o Teste de Desempenho Escolar (STEIN, 1994) foram utilizados para avaliar o desempenho motor e escolar dos participantes. A parte qualitativa do estudo fez uso de observação assistemática não participante e participante (FLICK, 2009) e entrevistas utilizando o Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo (LEFEVRE; LEFEVRE, 2005) como metodologia. Os resultados revelam que mais de 90% dos participantes demostravam desempenho motor inferior ao percentil 5 (categorizado como muito pobre) e que 70,6 % desempenho escolar inferior. Tais atrasos estão possivelmente associados a (1) omissão do macrossistema (Legislação e Sistema de Crenças) que repercute em falta de oportunidades no microssistema escola; (2) ausência de uma proposta pedagógica para promover o desenvolvimento motor nas escolas e nos projetos sociais; e, (3) baixa capacitação docente são responsáveis pelos atrasos motores. Os atrasos motores afetam o estilo de vida das crianças e a forma como estas transitam em outros contextos, reduzindo sua possibilidade de intercâmbio social. Quanto ao impacto interventivo a General Linear Model com medidas repetidas no fator tempo revelou uma interação significativa entre o Grupo X Tempo nos três contextos: semiárido, serrano e litorâneo. As crianças participantes do programa de intervenção motora evidenciaram mudanças significativas no desempenho motor enquanto que para as crianças do grupo controle mudanças significativas não foram observadas. Em relação ao desempenho escolar, o teste de Wilcoxon revelou que mudanças positivas e significativas ao longo do tempo eram mais evidentes para crianças assistidas por ações das Secretarias de Educação e das Escolas do que as ações desenvolvidas nos Projetos Sociais Esportivos. Os resultados qualitativos observacionais e referente aos Discursos do Sujeito Coletivo suportam o entendimento que somente a implantação de microssistemas com apoio do poder público podem influenciar positivamente as características pessoais das crianças bem como o sistema de crença vigente na cultura em que estas crianças se desenvolvem. / The present study, supported by the Bioecological Model of Human Development (BRONFENBRENNER, 2005), investigated in three different subcultures (Semiarid, Serrano and Seacoast) (1) how children motor and school performance were influenced by the environment; (2) how individualperformance level influence the way that the environment is experienced by the children; and (3) the changes in children individual characteristics and in the macrosystem as consequence of the a new microsystem capable of promote development (Program of Intervention Motor- Pedagogical). The study design was quantitative and qualitative and employed qualiquantitative. The Test of Gross Motor Development – Second Edition (ULRICH. 2000) and the Test of School Performance (STEIN, 1994) was used. The qualitative analyses included the unsystematic non-participant-observation (FLICK, 2009) and interviews using as method the Individual Collective Discourse (LEFEVRE; LEFEVRE, 2005). The results reveled that more than 90% of the participants demonstrated motor development inferior percentile 5 (categorized as very poor) and that 70,6 % showed inferior school performance. Those delays were probably associated with (1) the macrosytem omission (legislation and belief system) as consequence a lack of opportunities in the school microsystem was observed; (2) lack of pedagogical planningto promote motor development in the school system and in the social projects; and, (3) poor teacher training. Regardless to the intervention impact the General Linear Model with repeated measures in the time factor reveled a significant interaction, Group X Time,in the three environments (Semiarid, Serrano and Seacoast). Children from the intervention program showed positive and significant changes in motor performance whereas for the children in the control group those changes were not observed. Concern with school performance, the Wilcoxon test showed that the positive and significant changes along the intervention time were more evident in the group of children assisted for the local educational board and social projects.The results qualitativeobservations and the analysis of the Individual Collective Discourse provided support to the understand that only the implementation of microsystem with governmental support will be to influence positively the children individual characteristics as well as the system of beliefs prevalent in the culture that those children are developing.

O presente estudo, apoiado no Modelo Bioecológico de Desenvolvimento Humano (BRONFENBRENNER, 2005), investigou em três diferentes subculturas do Nordeste do Brasil (semiárido, serra e litoral) (1) como desempenho motor e escolar de crianças é afetado pelos contextos em que vivem; (2) como essas características pessoais afetam a maneira como o contexto é vivenciado pelas crianças; e (3) o que muda nos recursos pessoais das crianças e no macrossistema com a criação de um novo microssistema promotor de desenvolvimento (Projeto de Intervenção Pedagógico-Motora). Este estudo de delineamento quantitativo e qualitativo. O Test of Gross Motor Development – Second Edition (ULRICH. 2000) e o Teste de Desempenho Escolar (STEIN, 1994) foram utilizados para avaliar o desempenho motor e escolar dos participantes. A parte qualitativa do estudo fez uso de observação assistemática não participante e participante (FLICK, 2009) e entrevistas utilizando o Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo (LEFEVRE; LEFEVRE, 2005) como metodologia. Os resultados revelam que mais de 90% dos participantes demostravam desempenho motor inferior ao percentil 5 (categorizado como muito pobre) e que 70,6 % desempenho escolar inferior. Tais atrasos estão possivelmente associados a (1) omissão do macrossistema (Legislação e Sistema de Crenças) que repercute em falta de oportunidades no microssistema escola; (2) ausência de uma proposta pedagógica para promover o desenvolvimento motor nas escolas e nos projetos sociais; e, (3) baixa capacitação docente são responsáveis pelos atrasos motores. Os atrasos motores afetam o estilo de vida das crianças e a forma como estas transitam em outros contextos, reduzindo sua possibilidade de intercâmbio social. Quanto ao impacto interventivo a General Linear Model com medidas repetidas no fator tempo revelou uma interação significativa entre o Grupo X Tempo nos três contextos: semiárido, serrano e litorâneo. As crianças participantes do programa de intervenção motora evidenciaram mudanças significativas no desempenho motor enquanto que para as crianças do grupo controle mudanças significativas não foram observadas. Em relação ao desempenho escolar, o teste de Wilcoxon revelou que mudanças positivas e significativas ao longo do tempo eram mais evidentes para crianças assistidas por ações das Secretarias de Educação e das Escolas do que as ações desenvolvidas nos Projetos Sociais Esportivos. Os resultados qualitativos observacionais e referente aos Discursos do Sujeito Coletivo suportam o entendimento que somente a implantação de microssistemas com apoio do poder público podem influenciar positivamente as características pessoais das crianças bem como o sistema de crença vigente na cultura em que estas crianças se desenvolvem. / The present study, supported by the Bioecological Model of Human Development (BRONFENBRENNER, 2005), investigated in three different subcultures (Semiarid, Serrano and Seacoast) (1) how children motor and school performance were influenced by the environment; (2) how individualperformance level influence the way that the environment is experienced by the children; and (3) the changes in children individual characteristics and in the macrosystem as consequence of the a new microsystem capable of promote development (Program of Intervention Motor- Pedagogical). The study design was quantitative and qualitative and employed qualiquantitative. The Test of Gross Motor Development – Second Edition (ULRICH. 2000) and the Test of School Performance (STEIN, 1994) was used. The qualitative analyses included the unsystematic non-participant-observation (FLICK, 2009) and interviews using as method the Individual Collective Discourse (LEFEVRE; LEFEVRE, 2005). The results reveled that more than 90% of the participants demonstrated motor development inferior percentile 5 (categorized as very poor) and that 70,6 % showed inferior school performance. Those delays were probably associated with (1) the macrosytem omission (legislation and belief system) as consequence a lack of opportunities in the school microsystem was observed; (2) lack of pedagogical planningto promote motor development in the school system and in the social projects; and, (3) poor teacher training. Regardless to the intervention impact the General Linear Model with repeated measures in the time factor reveled a significant interaction, Group X Time,in the three environments (Semiarid, Serrano and Seacoast). Children from the intervention program showed positive and significant changes in motor performance whereas for the children in the control group those changes were not observed. Concern with school performance, the Wilcoxon test showed that the positive and significant changes along the intervention time were more evident in the group of children assisted for the local educational board and social projects.The results qualitativeobservations and the analysis of the Individual Collective Discourse provided support to the understand that only the implementation of microsystem with governmental support will be to influence positively the children individual characteristics as well as the system of beliefs prevalent in the culture that those children are developing.

Girls choose to drop out of sports in a higher rate than men. According to some researchers there are several factors that affects their decisions to drop out or continue with their sport. The purpose with this study is to increase knowledge about young female athletes and how they look at their future in elite sports, also how the girls experience their elite efforts, and what they find important in it. The study examines what is required for young female elite athletes to continue their elite efforts and what factors affect how the girls look at their future. In this study, a qualitative survey in the form of semi-structured interviews has been conducted. The selection consisted of six girls from the sports soccer, ice hockey and taekwondo. The result showed that the athletes consider having fun and to develop to be the most important in sport. Factors that made the athletes continue their elite efforts was right conditions and their sport clubs. The factors that determines how athletes look at their future were their goals and dreams, as well as motivation. The conclusion of this study was that the conditions can be different between team athletes and individual athletes. The individual athletes in this study seemed more satisfied with their situation than the team athletes.

Syfte och frågeställningar Syftet med studien var att undersöka motivationsklimat inom ungdomsakademier i elitfotbollen i Stockholm med hjä̈lp av följande frågeställningar: - Vad innebär ett prestations- och resultatorienterat motivationsklimat för chefer och tränare inom akademin? - Vilket motivationsklimat prioriteras i akademiverksamheten? - Upplever tränarna att motivationsklimatet ger effekter i termer av inre motivation och långsiktig idrottslig framgång? - Vilka metoder används i praktiken för att skapa önskvärt motivationsklimat? Metod Studien är en kvalitativ sådan. Arbetet har använt sig av en triangulering i två elitföreningar i fotboll, inkluderat två intervjuer med akademichefer, fyra intervjuer med akademitränare, samt en observation. För att besvara arbetets syfte och frågeställningar har en egen intervju- och observationsguide arbetats fram med achievement goal theory, och self-determination theory som grund. Intervjuerna har varit av semistrukturerad karaktär och behandlat fyra övergripande områden gällande motivationsklimat. Utifrån ett hermeneutiskt perspektiv har insamlad data transkriberats för vidare analys utifrån en deduktiv ansats vilket ligger till grund för arbetets resultat. Resultat En gemensam åsikt bland respondenterna är att ett resultatorienterat motivationsklimat innebär att lagets resultat är överordnat individens utveckling. Det innebär också att tränarna tillhandahåller sig rätten att matcha laget så som ansvarig ledare önskar. För spelaren innebär det att dennes speltid kan komma att påverkas. Respondenterna menar att ett prestationsorienterat motivationsklimat innebär att individens utveckling är överordnad lagets resultat. Tränaren kan i ett sådant klimat matcha spelare i en position där denne utvecklas mest. Det innebär att resultatet kan komma att påverkas negativt kortsiktigt men är till fördel ur ett långsiktigt perspektiv. Respondenterna är överens om att både resultat och prestation behöver finnas med, dock skiljer det sig när akademierna introducerar resultatet. Gemensamt är att spelarens individuella utveckling är av högsta prioritet. Resultatet visar att tränarna involverar spelarna med hjälp av frågor vilket författarna anser bidra till autonomi eftersom att spelarna involveras i deras utvecklingsprocess. Vidare utdelades positiv feedback som torde bidra till att öka spelarnas upplevda kompetens. Med hjälp av resultatet kan ansvariga ledare höja spelarnas arbetsinsats, det beskrivs dock som viktigt att fokusera på uppgiften för att enklare kunna utvärdera ens egen prestation. Slutsats Resultatet visar att akademiernas bild över vad ett resultat- och prestationsorienterat motivationsklimat innebär, överensstämmer med vad forskningen visar. Gemensamt för akademierna är att individens utveckling är av högsta prioritet och därmed överordnad lagets kortsiktiga resultat. Forskningen beskriver flera fördelar med ett prestationsorienterat motivationsklimat kontra ett resultatorienterat sådant. Det är dock ingen självklarhet att detta avspeglas bland Stockholms ungdomsakademier i fotboll.

No description available.