This study was made in collaboration between Umeå University and Västerbotten sports federation. The study was aimed to find out how the municipalities are working with various issues in the sports field. A subject of interest for this study was to see if the municipalities were implementing strategies in the sports field on determined goals by using policy documents. Our study focused mostly on kids and youth that participate in organized sports in Västerbotten. Other aspects of interest in the study were economics in sports, how youth sports should be organized, and segregation in sports due to financial factors. The study was based on seven interviews in four different municipalities in Västerbotten. The result of the study showed a lack of working with determined goals in the sports field. Other clinical findings in the study were that in youth’s opportunities to participate in organized sport became a threat due to increasing costs; this may also increase segregation within the society. We also found that municipalities were interested in practicing a youth sports organization that would offer sports to a wide population. During our discussions with politicians and workers in the municipalities we saw a desire to start working in a more goal oriented way.

The aim of the study was to investigate coaches’ experiences of their own as well as their clubs’work with safeguarding children in Swedish sport. The study was carried out through qualitative interviews with five experienced coaches. The material was analyzed through a thematic analysis. The theoretical perspectives used to analyze the results were Systems theory and Learning theory. The results show some deficiencies in the proactive work and a certain lack of discussions about the subject in the clubs. The coaches showed individuals were prioritized higher than results, but identified flaws in sports in general. Results indicate that there has been a lack of coverage regarding abuse in the education coaches have received and they claimed that sexual abuse was particularly difficult to discover. Despite the lack of plans of action, the coaches were prepared to confront situations that might occur. The authors argue that Swedish sports is heading in the right direction, but that there is still a lot of work to be done. / Studiens syfte var att undersöka idrottsledares uppfattning om sitt samt sin förenings arbete med att skydda barn från att fara illa inom svensk idrott. Studien utfördes genom kvalitativa intervjuer med fem erfarna tränare. Materialet analyserades genom en tematisk analys. De teoretiska perspektiv som användes för att analysera resultaten var systemteori och inlärningsteori. Resultaten visar på vissa brister i det förebyggande arbetet och viss brist på diskussioner kring ämnet inom föreningarna. Idrottsledarna visade att individer var prioriterade högre än resultat, men identifierade brister allmänt inom idrottsvärlden. Resultaten indikerar att det funnits vissa brister kring ämnet övergrepp i utbildningar idrottsledarna fått och de menar att sexuella övergrepp är särskilt svåra att upptäcka. Trots brist på handlingsplaner var idrottsledarna beredda att ta tag i situationer som kan uppstå. Författarna argumenterar för att svensk idrott går i rätt riktning, men att det fortfarande finns mycket arbete att göra.

Title: Use of compensatory exercises for footballers in the youth sports center Objectives: The aim of the work is to identify the most common muscle imbalances and to create a compensation program for football players in the category of younger students U12 and U13 in the youth sports center. Methods: The research was based on the diagnosis of players using test exercises, which focused on the occurrence of muscle imbalances and erroneous movement stereotypes according to Bursová (2005), Hošková & Matoušová (2007) and Bursová et al. (2003). Detection was provided by selected functional muscle tests, which were applied in the input and output measurements. Correct performance of the exercise was evaluated as number 1. Incorrect performance was evaluated as number 2. After the initial measurement and evaluation of the degree of muscle imbalances, a compensation program was designed, whose primary task was to eliminate or alleviate muscle imbalances of individual players. The final measurement was used to verify the effectiveness of the compiled compensation program. A one - sample nonparametric Wilcoxon test was used in the work, the task of which was to confirm the validity of the used tests. Results: Due to the fact that the results of selected probands improved in most of the test exercises...

Föreliggande tvärsnittsstudie är av kvantitativ design med syftet att undersöka hur olika typer av tränarbeteenden och olika typer av motivationsklimat påverkar psykologiskt välbefinnande hos ungdomsfotbollsspelare, samt hur väl de olika typerna av tränarbeteenden och motivationsklimat predicerar ungdomsfotbollspelares psykologiska välbefinnande. Den aktuella studien hade 95 deltagare i åldrarna 16 till 19 år (M= 16.97, SD= 2.6). Deltagarna självskattade sina upplevelser av tränarbeteenden, motivationsklimat och psykologiskt välbefinnande utifrån frågeformulären Coaching Behavior Scale for Sport, Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-2 och Ryff's Psychological Well-Being scales. Resultatet av en enkel regressionsanalys visade att tränarbeteendet tävling/-matchstrategi hade störst positiv effekt på psykologiskt välbefinnande. Vidare visade analysen att tränarbeteendet negativ personlig kontakt hade en negativ effekt på psykologiskt välbefinnande. Den enkla regressionsanalysen visade även på en positiv effekt på psykologiskt välbefinnande av uppgiftsorienterat motivationsklimat, och en negativ effekt på psykologiskt välbefinnande av resultatorienterat motivationsklimat. Studiens resultat anses kunna användas för att facilitera psykologiskt välbefinnande för ungdomsfotbollspelare genom lämpliga tränarbeteenden och uppgiftsorienterade motivationsklimat / This cross-sectional study is based on a quantitative method with the aim to investigate how different types of coaching behaviors and motivational climates affect psychological well-being in young football players, and how well the different types of coaching behaviors and motivational climates predict young football players’ psychological wellbeing. The current study had 95 participants aged 16 to 19 years (M=16.97, SD=2.6). The participants self-rated their experiences of coaching behaviors, motivational climate and psychological well-being based on the Coaching Behavior Scale for Sport, Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire-2 and Ryff's Psychological Well-Being scales. The results of a simple regression analysis showed that the coaching behavior competition/match strategy had the greatest positive effect on psychological well-being. Furthermore, the analysis showed that the coaching behavior negative personal contact had a negative effect on psychological well-being. The simple regression analysis also showed a positive effect on psychological well-being of task-oriented motivational climate, and a negative effect on psychological well-being of results-oriented motivational climate. The results of the study are considered to be used to facilitate psychological well-being of youth football players through appropriate coaching behaviors and task-oriented motivational climates.

[pt] Esta tese se propõe a refletir sobre o papel das mídias no acesso e no incentivo à prática de esportes competitivos por parte de jovens atletas no Brasil. Argumenta-se que, em períodos próximos à realização de cada edição dos Jogos Olímpicos, os meios de comunicação costumam exaltar a necessidade de obtenção de mais apoio ao esporte, desde os anos iniciais da prática, porém, não sustentam esta posição com ações efetivas durante os anos que os sucedem. A mídia (ou a visibilidade midiática) é observada no contexto da construção, da implementação e da manutenção de projetos políticos, culturais e sociais que, por sua vez, afetam projetos de indivíduos ou grupos específicos; ao fazer parte de ações coletivas junto a outros atores sociais, chama atenção o papel da visibilidade midiática na obtenção de resultados positivos em termos de reconhecimento institucional, financiamentos, incentivos e oportunidades em geral provenientes do poder público, da iniciativa privada e da sociedade como um todo. Representação midiática e representatividade social, portanto, são aqui considerados temas bastante interligados. O problema da pesquisa foi identificado a partir de um trabalho de campo preliminar, acompanhando o dia a dia de treinos e competições da natação de base do Rio de Janeiro, e, também, de uma análise realizada em mídias diversas, entre veículos de comunicação de massa, websites e redes sociais de instituições gestoras deste esporte, além de materiais de comunicação inerentes aos clubes esportivos locais – todos, explicitados ao longo do estudo, onde também se procura enfatizar: (a) sua fundamentação teórica em trabalhos sobre a construção social e midiática do conceito contemporâneo de juventude (Groppo, 2000; Pais, 2003; Rocha e Pereira, 2009), e no que é referenciado como a política cultural do esporte (Carrington, 2009), (b) sua possível contribuição no sentido de ampliar o campo das pesquisas brasileiras dedicadas às relações entre a comunicação e os esportes (Helal e Mostaro, 2020), e (c) seu potencial para colaborar, pelo viés dos estudos de mídia, com a construção de políticas públicas e privadas que incentivem e ampliem a prática de esportes competitivos - e da natação, em especial – por jovens atletas, no Rio de Janeiro e no Brasil. A metodologia utilizada se inspira nas propostas de (auto)etnografia analisadas por Carrington (2008) e Pereira (2019), e na construção de questões de pesquisa a partir da noção de artesanato intelectual descrita por Mills (1975). A ideia de realizar uma pesquisa complementar nos Estados Unidos surgiu a partir do trabalho de campo preliminar no Brasil, quando este país foi unanimemente citado, em entrevistas e conversas informais com integrantes do meio da natação competitiva, como referência na formação de atletas de base. Os achados deste estudo apontam para a contribuição da mídia em três esferas principais: 1) facilitar o acesso de jovens à prática esportiva; 2) estimular a continuidade do atleta no esporte competitivo; e 3) divulgar e incrementar o ambiente de suas competições. / [en] This research aims to reflect on the role of the media in facilitating access and encouraging the practice of youth sports in Brazil. When it comes the time for new editions of the Olympic Games, the Brazilian media tends to highlight the importance of supporting youth sports, however, it does not sustain this position with effective actions throughout the years that succeed them. I also argue that the media, or media visibility, has a very important role in major political, cultural and social projects that, consequently, affect specific projects of individuals or particular social groups; by taking part in collective actions that involve other social actors, media visibility is vital for building a favorable context for obtaining positive results in terms of institutional recognition, funding, incentives and opportunities in general coming from the public authorities, from the private sector, and from society as a whole; so, media representation and social representativeness are here considered as closely intertwined topics. The research problem was identified from a preliminary fieldwork carried out on daily basis in Rio de Janeiro s youth swim teams practices and meets, besides an analysis of different types of media, among mass communication, websites and social media of swimming federations, and communication materials inherent to such teams - all will be described throughout this text, which also aims to emphasize: (a) its theoretical approaches considering youth studies and the mediatization of the concept of youth (Groppo, 2000; Pais, 2003; Rocha e Pereira, 2009), and also on what I refer to as the cultural politics of sports (Carrington, 2009), (b) its possible contributions in the task of expanding the Brazilian field of academic studies dedicated to the relations between communication and sports (Helal e Mostaro, 2020), and (c) its potential to collaborate, through media studies, with public and private policies meant to encourage and expand the practice of competitive sports - and swimming, in particular - by young athletes, in Rio de Janeiro and in Brazil as a whole. The methodology is inspired by the ideas of (auto)ethnography proposed by Carrington (2008) and Pereira (2019) and based on the notion of intellectual craft described by Mills (1975). The idea of carrying out a complementary research in the United States arose from the aforementioned preliminary fieldwork, where the country was unanimously mentioned, in interviews and informal conversations with members of the Brazilian competitive swimming scene (coaches, athletes of all ages and their family members) as a reference when it comes to youth sports, and youth swimming in particular. The research findings point to the media s contribution in three main spheres: 1) to facilitate the access of young people to competitive sports practice; 2) to encourage young athletes to invest in the sport; and 3) to publicize and improve the environment of its meets and tournaments.

В диссертационном исследовании рассмотрены вопросы разработки концепции детско-юношеской спортивной школы по биатлону, направленной на реализацию программ дополнительного образования детей по биатлону. В результате разработана концепция, учитывающая организационно-правовую форму ДЮСШ, целевую аудиторию, анализ рынка конкурентов. Полученные в результате исследования положительные результаты позволяют рекомендовать разработанную концепцию кругу специалистов, работающих в данной отрасли. / The dissertation research deals with the development of the concept of a children's and youth sports school in biathlon, aimed at implementing programs for additional education of children in biathlon. As a result a concept has been developed, that takes into account the legal form of the children’s and youth sports schools, target audience, market analysis of competitors. The positive results obtained in the research allow us to recommend the developed concept to specialists working in this industry.

Title: Training of a Show Jumping Pair in a Framework of the Youth Sports Centre of the Czech Equestrian Federation Targets: The presented diploma thesis was targeted at suitability and effectivity of the Youth Sports Centre (YSC) of the Czech Equestrian Federation. I concentrated on searching for the positives and negatives both in the YSC system and training schedules. I believe that any results can contribute to understanding of these organisations function and can lay a new base for further study which will improve the whole system of education. Methods: The first step for familiarising with the problems was an analysis of special literature method usage. It was followed by observing the YSC participants during fulfilling their tasks in individual training camps. In the end, the results of the main competition of the season - the Championship of Children, Juniors and Young Riders - were gathered and assessed. The conclusion was compared and consulted through an interview with a leading trainer of the YSC Roman Drahota. Results: The conclusions based on the main competition of the season results - the Championship of the Czech Republic of Children, Juniors and Young Riders- indicate that the YSC of the Czech Equestrian Federation training schedule was selected properly. Among the positive facts...

As of January 1st, 2020, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child was incorporated as a law in Sweden. This raises some questions about how it would influence and implicate the Swedish way of executing youth sports. Several media and experts in children's and youth sports have argued that using selective methods such as ranking or topping the team might not be in accordance with the convention. What the legislation entails and how the convention is taken into account in practice, however, seems to be largely dependent on how this is interpreted by those who are expected to implement it. The purpose of this study is therefore to gain insight into how children and youth coaches interpret the convention and its new status as a Swedish law. We also aim to understand how the coaches reflect on these selective methods from a children's rights perspective. The examination uses a phenomenological approach with qualitative semi structured interviews. The study's theoretical framework consists of three theories. We adopt the perspective of social constructionism to understand how coaches create meaning of the convention, institutional theory to understand how institutionalized logics and values can influence reflections and the theory of deviant conformity to understand how deviations from normative ideas and behaviors are understood and what they are based on. Some of the insights gained from the analysis were as follows: None of the coaches has experienced any change as a result of the convention being incorporated as a law. The convention is perceived as difficult to interpret by most of the coaches and the legitimacy of selective methods is considered to be in a gray zone. Several coaches ́ descriptions indicate that the structure of the Swedish sports movement largely influences their way of reflecting and assenting to the convention. The most frequently occurring problematic aspect regarding practical activities is perceived to be the children's parents. / Vid årsskiftet till 2020 blev de Förenta Nationernas barnkonvention inkorporerad i svensk lagstiftning. Detta väckte en del frågeställningar om hur svensk barn-och ungdomsidrott skulle komma att påverkas. Flera medier och experter inom barnidrott har argumenterat för att selektering och toppning av barn inte är i linje med konventionen och att det därför inte längre, legitimt kan bedrivas. Vad lagstiftningen innebär och hur konventionen beaktas i praktiken tycks dock till stor del vara beroende av hur detta tolkas av de som förväntas implementera den. Syftet med denna studie är därför att skapa insikt i hur barn- och ungdomstränare tolkar barnkonventionen och dess nya status som svensk lag. Studien avser även att skapa förståelse för hur tränarna reflekterar kring just selektering och toppning för barn utifrån ett barnrättsperspektiv. Undersökningen använder en fenomenologisk ansats och kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer för att förstå dessa fenomen från tränarnas egna perspektiv. Studiens teoretiska referensram utgörs av tre teorier. Vi antar ett socialkonstruktionistiskt perspektiv för att förstå hur tränarna skapar mening av konventionen, nyinstitutionell teori för att förstå hur institutionaliserade logiker och värderingar kan influera reflektioner samt teorin om avvikande konformitet för att förstå hur avvikelser från normativa idéer och beteenden förstås och vad de baseras på. Ur analys av insamlat material har studien lett till bland andra följande insikter: Samtliga tränare upplever att deras verksamhet inte förändrats till följd av att konventionen blev lag. Konventionen uppfattas svårtolkad av de flesta tränarna. Selektering och toppnings legitimitet upplevs utgöra i en gråzon i relation till konventionen. Flera av tränarnas beskrivningar indikerar att den svenska idrottsrörelsens struktur till stor del influerar verksamheternas förhållningssätt gentemot barnkonventionen. Den mest återkommande problematiska aspekten i relation till praktisk implementering upplevs vara barnens föräldrar.

The purpose of this study is to examine how the effects of commercialisation impact the management of sports organizations. Additionally, the study aims to investigate how sports organizations handle commercialisation to ensure a sustainable balance between the market logic and safe sports for children. Neo -institutional theory, and its various components, have been used as a theoretical lens to answer these research questions. The study was conducted using a deductive, qualitative method, and the questions for the semi-structured interviews were designed and analysed with the help of neo-institutional theory. The results and analysis show that commercialisation primarily affects the management of sports organizations through increased professionalisation. To manage commercialisation and maintain a sustainable balance between market logic and safe sports for children, sports organizations work on educating employees, coaches, and parents. They establish guidelines and ensure compliance, focusing on a proactive approach to prevent infringement. Within the organizations, there is an ongoing dialogue to integrate these guidelines into the organization. The results also highlight the importance of understanding the individual needs of athletes so that sports activities can be conducted on their terms. A long-term perspective on sports participation is also emphasised as important for sustainability.