<p>Syftet med det här arbetet var att undersöka om och i sådana fall hur tre pedagoger använde sig av högläsning i sina barngrupper. Jag ville även titta lite närmre på om högläsning kan hjälpa barnen att få bättre språkförståelse samt om miljön spelar in på något sätt för att läsro ska uppnås.</p><p>Mitt resultat visade att alla tre pedagogerna arbetar ganska mycket med högläsning i verksamheten men att de jobbar på olika sätt med det. Samtliga anser dock att högläsning är oerhört viktigt för barnens språkliga utveckling, eftersom man i samband med att man läser pratar om ord samt händelser i boken. En annan sak som framkom i undersökningen var att pedagogerna ansåg att det var viktigt att det skulle finnas en speciell plats i rummet som barnen kunde förknippa med berättande och läsning. Det här var tyvärr något som inte uppfylldes riktigt i allas dagliga verksamhet, men det visar ändå på hur betydelsefullt de ansåg att det var. Beträffande miljön så ansågs den spela en ganska stor roll men det som framförallt framhölls var vikten av att den som läser högt för barnen verkligen ger sig hän sitt uppdrag så att barnen blir intresserade av att lyssna på det som läses.</p><p><strong>Nyckelord:</strong> Högläsning, språkutveckling, läsmiljö</p> / <p>The purpose with this work was to investigate if and in that case how three pedagogs use reading aloud in their work with the children. I also wanted to look a little closer if reading aloud can help children to improve their language proficiency and I also wanted to see if the environment plays a role in any way to achieve reading peace.</p><p>My results showed that all three teachers are working quite a lot with reading aloud in their activities but they work in different ways with it. All of them, however, believe that reading aloud is extremely important for children's linguistic development, since when reading aloud they talk with the children about words and events in the book. Another thing that emerged from the survey was that the teachers felt it was important that there would be a special place in the room that the children could associate with storytelling and reading. This, unfortunately, was something that was not met really in everyone's daily activities, but nevertheless it shows how important they felt it was. Regarding the environment, so it was considered to play a fairly important role but what was especially emphasized was the importance of that when reading aloud to children you really need to devote yourself to the mission so that the children will be interested to listen to what is read.</p><p><strong>Keywords: </strong>Reading aloud, language, environment</p>

<p>Syftet med examensarbetet är att undersöka gymnasieelevers attityder till skrivande i skolan. Det görs i studien sex kvalitativa forskningsintervjuer med elever vid ett mellansvenskt IT-gymnasium. Huvudresultaten i studien är att attityderna till skrivande i sig är ganska positiva. Men när det gäller skrivande i skolan är eleverna inte lika positiva. Eleverna känner press och stress inför skrivuppgifter och att de ibland är kritiska till de ämnen de får skriva om och till skrivuppgifternas utformning. Eleverna får också otillräcklig hjälp för att utveckla skrivandet. Vidare visar studien att eleverna behöver tycka att det är intressant och meningsfullt att skriva för att känna det engagemang och den motivation som krävs för att de ska kunna utveckla sitt skrivande. Studien åskådliggör också att det råder en avsaknad av undervisning i skrivande vilket gör det svårt för eleverna att utvecklas. De behöver exempelvis grundlig undervisning i skrivstrategier, det vill säga exempelvis lära sig hur man disponerar och bearbetar en text. Eleverna gör i stor utsträckning skrivuppgifterna individuellt och lägger dem i lärarens mapp. Därmed uteblir till exempel viktiga diskussioner både i grupp och i helklass. Det kollektiva lärandet saknas.</p> / <p>The purpose of this examination paper is to examine high school student’s attitudes to writing in school. The study contains six qualitative interviews with students at a Swedish IT-high school. The head results of the study are that the attitudes to writing are rather positive, but when it comes to writing in school the students are not that positive. The students get distressed and feel like they are under pressure when they are about to deal with a writing task. Sometimes they are critical to the subjects they are to write about. They are also sometimes critical to the way the tasks are designed. The students do not get enough help to develop their abilities to write. The study also shows that it is important that the students find writing interesting and meaningful; otherwise they do not get motivated and engaged. This will prevent them to develop as writers. The study illustrates that it exists a lack of teaching when it comes to writing. This makes it even harder for the students to develop. They need to be taught how to for instance arrange their texts. It also seems like the students does everything individual. It is important that the class works together as a group and that they discuss the texts they write.</p>

<p>The aim of this paper is to examine which attitudes and experiences teachers have around <em>the wide text concept</em>, which is found in the course plan for the Swedish subject, and to find out which function films have in their teaching. The starting point of the paper’s theoretical part is the Swedish subject’s course plans and current research concerning the wide text concept and film in teaching. In order to achieve the formulated aim, qualitative interviews have been performed with three Swedish teachers active in the later years of compulsory-school.</p><p>The result shows that there are divided opinions of the actual meaning of the concept. However the three teachers agree that film has something to enrich the teaching of the Swedish language and they are for most part positive to using film in their teaching. There are certain differences as to how film is practically used in teaching by the three interviewed teachers, but film is used largely in three ways as also the researcher Christina Olin-Scheller has concluded: <em>as illustration, as complement </em>and <em>as comparison. </em>The three interviewed teachers also mean that the students, for most parts, are positive to using film as a teaching method and that lessons using film function satisfactory.</p>

<p>Vårt syfte med denna studie är att utifrån skrivprocessen undersöka hur elevers skrivarbete tar sig uttryck i skolans år tre. Vi fokuserar studien kring fyra av skrivprocessens faser, stoffsamling, strukturering, respons och bearbetning, samt interaktionens verkan för elevers skrivande. Genom vårt deltagande i ett gemensamt skrivprojekt mellan lärarutbildningen i Umeå och en skola i norra Sverige har vi tillgång till ett undersökningsfält för att genomföra vår empiriska del. Vår studie har en etnografisk ansats. Vi använder oss av deltagande observationer, elevtexter, ljudbandsupptagningar och elevintervjuer. Vi vänder oss till nordisk forskning, som intresserar sig för elevers skrivande och som menar att respons, interaktion och samtal är viktiga redskap i undervisningen. Denna forskning visar även på mottagarens betydelse för elevers skrivglädje. En slutsats vi drar av vår studie är att arbetet med skrivprocessen innefattar och gynnas av interaktion mellan elever och mellan lärare och elever. Resultatet visar att elever genom samtal och interaktion samlar och strukturerar stoff och byter och lånar idéer av varandra för skrivandet. En ytterligare insikt vi når är att skrivprocessen främjas om den leder fram till en produkt. Detta för att skrivandet ska fungera kommunikativt och bli meningsfull för eleverna.</p>

<p>I denna etnografiskt baserade fallstudie av skriftbruk undersöks skrivhändelser som äger rum och texter som produceras i ett tvåspråkigt, svensk-kurdiskt hem. Forskningsfältet New Literacy Studies och teoribildningen kring genrer som socialt konstruerade konventioner utgör teoretiska utgångspunkter för undersökningen.</p><p>Materialet består av 169 texter som bedöms höra till 34 genrer / delgenrer. Texterna har adressater inom åtta olika domäner och den största gruppen av texter är adresserade till en person inom familjen. De allra flesta texterna är skrivna på svenska. Engelska används i genrer med anknytning till studier, undervisning eller i social kommunikation med familjen. Kurdiska förekommer endast i texter adresserade till familj eller släkt och vänner.</p><p>Familjemedlemmarna har endast ett fåtal syften med sina texter och genrer gemensamma. Vera som är tio år skriver variationsrikt vad gäller genre och hennes texter är ofta kopplade till lek eller avkoppling. Kamals skrivhändelser uppvisar relativt liten variation och han skriver tämligen få och korta texter. Faktorerna kön, ett icke-akademiskt yrke och det faktum att han har svenska som andraspråk kan ligga bakom detta. Annika skriver betydligt fler texter än Kamal och Vera och de flesta av dem har en koppling till hennes arbete som lärare eller till hennes universitetsstudier. Hon skriver främst texter med ett kognitivt syfte.</p><p>De flesta av texterna har en kulturellt etablerad genrebenämning. Endast en genre, den s.k. toalettkommunikationen, antas vara specifik för hemdomänen.</p>

<p>Syftet med denna undersökning är att kartlägga struktur och generella drag hos kundsamtal i en lanthandel samt att studera improvisation, dvs. hur språket varierar beroende på samtalspartner, i dessa samtal.</p><p>Femtiotre samtal har spelats in i kassan i en uppländsk lanthandel. Inspelningarna är det huvudsakliga materialet och ligger till grund för analysen, men de har kompletterats med kortare intervjuer.</p><p>Samtalens organisation följer i stora drag transaktionsprocessen. Samtalen är uppdelade i fem faser. Endast en av dessa, betalfasen, är obligatorisk och längden på faserna varierar mellan olika samtal. Samtalen är längre, mer varierade och innehåller mer relationellt tal än kassasamtal som tidigare studerats. Liksom i andra studerade servicesamtal är dock rollerna som kund och kassör tydligt åtskilda och maktrelationen dem emellan asymmetrisk.</p><p>Improvisation är en självklar del av samtalen som används för att förhandla fram vad som ska ske härnäst och upprätthålla goda relationer. Ett improviserat beteende hjälper kassören att handskas med dilemmat att bevara en god relation till kunden samtidigt som man ska leva upp till butikens krav på lönsamhet.</p>

This thesis concerns how identity among young people (aged 16-19) living in a multicultural area in Stockholm is made relevant. The aim is to analyse the identities that arise in situated interaction between young people and their peer group and with other people in their everyday life. The material consists of arranged four-party conversations, interviews and audio tapes made by the young people themselves of everyday activities at school and during their leisure time. In the study, identity is perceived as being made relevant thorough dialogue. Identity is also seen as a strategic and flexible tool available to the individual for positioning him- or herself in a particular situation and for expressing solidarity and distance on the micro level. A topic analysis of the arranged four-party conversations shows that the young people proceed following a global structure of topics, making it possible to discern a super topic for each conversation. The types of topics chosen show similarities and can be presented as ethnicity-related, school-related and related to the setting of the recording. The preoccupation with ethnicity-related topics is partly seen as a response to the investigation itself, making double positioning necessary for the participants. An analysis of the pronoun vi 'we' is aimed at making visible the groups that the young people include themselves in and their positioning vis-à-vis each other. The situationally inclusive 'we' and the situationally in- and exclusive 'we' are used to regulate and modify conversations. The extended inclusive 'we' makes categorisations like classmate, Swede and immigrant relevant. An analysis of the ethnifications shows that ethnic identities are closely connected to the micro level and arise in contrast to or in comparison with other participants or groups outside the conversations. Ethnic identities and school-related identities are often resisted in the material. Resistance is seen as an interactional way of levelling the unequal relations that categorisation produces. It is also considered a reflection of their shared reality being just as important as the differences generated by categorisation. An intra-individual study of three young people in different everyday situations provides evidence that ethnic identities are flexible, context-sensitive and made relevant depending to a large degree on the participants at the situation at hand.

The aims of this thesis were to examine the utilisation of various linguistic levels in the oral reading of running texts among Swedish beginning readers, and specifically to question the supposedly predominant role of lower (i.e. sub-lexical) linguistic levels by also examining possible evidence of the utilisation of information at the syntactic or semantic levels, as well as textual context. The investigation is based on a corpus constructed from the oral reading of running texts and includes a number of studies using both quantitative and qualitative error analyses. The analyses confirm that other linguistic levels than the sub-lexical have an impact on reading. This was shown both in the linguistic acceptability of errors and the extent to which errors were corrected depending on linguistic acceptability. Although the natural point of departure seemed to be the graphemic level, analyses revealed that graphemic complexity or word transparency alone could not explain error frequencies. In quite a few cases, qualitative analyses revealed, for instance, that higher linguistic levels or knowledge of the world could explain both why words did and did not result in reading errors. However, phonological quantity appeared to be a major difficulty throughout the study, which is clearly related to the graphemic or phonological level. Some differences regarding the developmental perspective were observed. One study indicated that the readers might develop stepwise regarding their utilisation of various linguistic levels, in the sense that they appeared to rely mainly on lower linguistic levels early in reading development. Later they seemed to be dependent on higher linguistic levels, and ultimately they seemed to be sensitive to, rather than dependent on, higher linguistic levels. An interesting result was that the readers seemed to use different strategies for different kinds of words throughout the investigation, using a direct decoding strategy for frequent words, but using a letter-by-letter decoding strategy for less frequent or graphemically complex words.

Abstract Jansson, Kristina, 2006. Saisir l’insaisissable. Les formes et les traductions du discours indirect libre dans des romans suédois et français. Acta Wexionensia nr 86/2006. ISSN: XXXX-XXXX, ISBN: 91-7636-499-2. Written in French. The purpose of this study is to explore the possible forms and translations of free indirect discourse (discours indirect libre) in some French and Swedish novels written between 1880 and 1920. For the study, two corpora containing free indirect discourse (FID) were established: one with Swedish FID from some 40 novels written by August Strindberg, Selma Lagerlöf, Hjalmar Bergman and Hjalmar Söderberg and one with FID from one novel each by Émile Zola and Guy de Maupassant, and two by Anatole France. These two corpora were compared in order to examine the influence of grammar, translational norms and individual translators on the final result. Another purpose was to compare the forms of FID in French and Swedish since they differ somewhat. The biggest difference seems to be that Swedish has a greater aptitude for mixing elements from several levels of narration. The study itself is divided in two parts. The first one explores the individual characteristics that create FID, their forms and their translation. There seems to be no syntactical difference in the treatment of personal pronouns, the alterations seem to be the result of a change made by the translators. The treatment of verb tenses and adverbials differs somewhat. One of the characteristics of FID is that it combines deictic adverbials focalised through the characters with verb tenses focalised through the narrator. French adverbials, above all deictic time adverbials, are restricted in that they cannot occur juxtaposed to all verb tenses, whereas Swedish is free to do so to a higher extent, a difference that influences the translation. Verb tenses are also a problem in that the French language has two, passé simple and imparfait, the former rare in FID, where Swedish only has preteritum. Other characteristics of FID, such as repetitions, hesitations, the use of proper names etc. cause fewer problems in translation. The second part of the analysis handles the destiny of all of FID in translation. 91% of the French FID remain in the Swedish translations, whereas 82% remain in the French translations, numbers that show that there is a difference between the languages. This final part also analyses the reasons behind the transformation of FID into other forms of speech rendering in translation, including the translator’s influence over transformations that can be compared to that of the narrator over speech rendering.

The purpose of my study was to determine whether there are any differences between the language that men use and the one that women use in a context that has not yet been studied. With the results of previous studies from other areas in mind I tried to ascertain if the stereotypes that exist about language and gender may also be transmitted to the comedy stage. I compared two stand-up comedians with opposite sex in a clip from a Swedish television show. The comparison was based on their body language, the use of nouns and verbs and on the length of their words. I used a combination of a qualitative and a quantitative method. In relation to previous studies the only aspect that corresponded with the result was the fact that women use more body language that men. As a final conclusion, there may be reason to believe that Stand-up Comedy, which started out as a male art form, has resulted in a style typical of the genre which later also was adopted by the female comedians.