[pt] Vários setores têm buscado inovações a partir da transformação digital (TD). No entanto, há uma grande diversidade de definições da TD, o que dificulta seu entendimento e aplicação prática. Paralelamente à TD, as tecnologias digitais têm apresentado uma nova perspectiva para estratégias e processos de negócios, produtos e serviços. A TD inclui o relacionamento com fornecedores e clientes e envolve diferentes setores e indústrias, gerando oportunidades para novas estratégias de negócios. O escopo da pesquisa inclui o setor de telecomunicações, um dos segmentos de base para a TD, responsável pelas transmissões de dados, serviços móveis e banda larga. Apesar de sua importância, faltam pesquisas que abordem esse setor e as transformações digitais de seus processos de negócios. A dissertação compreende duas etapas para entender conceitualmente a TD e observar os facilitadores, barreiras e resultados desse fenômeno nos processos de negócios. A primeira é uma revisão sistemática da literatura que resultou na estruturação de um framework analítico da TD. Ela fundamenta a segunda etapa sob forma de um estudo de caso em uma empresa nacional de telecomunicações, contrastando os achados da literatura com um caso real. A pesquisa contribui com um framework unificado para análise e implementação da TD, evidenciando que os processos de mudança ocorrem na organização, em sua cadeia de suprimentos, atingindo toda a indústria neste setor e à sociedade em geral em particular, devido à interação empresa e serviço ao cliente, trazendo um melhor entendimento dos processos de TD relacionados à experiência do cliente no setor de telecomunicações, servindo de guia para pesquisas futuras e gerenciamento de iniciativas. / [en] Several sectors have sought innovations from digital transformation (DT). However, a great diversity of DT definitions makes its understanding and practical application difficult. Parallel to DT, digital technologies have presented a new perspective for business strategies and processes, products and services. TD includes relationships with suppliers and customers. It involves different sectors and industries, generating opportunities for new business strategies. The scope of the research includes the telecommunications sector, one of the key segments for digital transformation. It is the sector responsible for data transmissions, mobile services and broadband. Despite its importance there is a lack of research on the sector and the digital transformations of its business processes. The dissertation comprises two steps to conceptually understand DT and observe the facilitators, barriers and results of this phenomenon in business processes. The first is a systematic review of the literature that resulted in structuring an analytic digital transformation framework. It supports the second stage as a case study in a national telecommunications company, contrasting the literature findings with a real case. The research contributes with a framework for analysis and implementation of TD, evidencing that the processes of change occur in the organization, in its supply chain, reaching the entire industry in this sector and society in general, in particular due to the interaction company and customer service, bringing a better understanding of the TD processes related to the customer experience in the telecommunications sector, serving as a guide for future research and management of initiatives.

Выпускная квалификационная работа посвящена исследованию концепции умных общественных пространств с акцентом на применение смарт-технологий в городах России и за рубежом, с конкретным примером города Златоуст. Основной целью исследования является разработка инновационного подхода к созданию общественных пространств, обеспечивающих высокий уровень комфорта и безопасности для жителей. Работа включает историко-социологический анализ развития общественных пространств, анализ нормативной документации, исследование инженерно-технического оснащения, а также градостроительный анализ города Златоуст. На основе полученных данных была предложена концепция открытого общественного пространства в городе Златоуст с использованием передовых смарт-технологий. Научная новизна работы заключается в систематизации отечественного и зарубежного опыта применения смарт-технологий в общественных пространствах и разработке уникальной концепции для конкретного города. Практическая значимость исследования состоит в возможности использования предложенной концепции для проектирования и реализации умных общественных пространств в других российских городах, что способствует повышению качества городской среды и уровня жизни населения. / The final qualifying work is devoted to the study of the concept of smart public spaces with an emphasis on the use of smart technologies in Russian cities and abroad, with a specific example of the city of Zlatoust. The main purpose of the research is to develop an innovative approach to creating public spaces that provide a high level of comfort and safety for residents. The work includes a historical and sociological analysis of the development of public spaces, an analysis of regulatory documentation, a study of engineering and technical equipment, as well as an urban planning analysis of the city of Zlatoust. Based on the data obtained, the concept of an open public space in the city of Zlatoust using advanced smart technologies was proposed. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the systematization of domestic and foreign experience in the application of smart technologies in public spaces and the development of a unique concept for a particular city. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of using the proposed concept for the design and implementation of smart public spaces in other Russian cities, which contributes to improving the quality of the urban environment and the standard of living of the population.

新科技快速改變了媒體消費的習慣，面對電視及網路等新興媒體的強力競爭，全球報業經營日益嚴峻。近10年來，全球報業普遍遭遇讀者流失、閱讀率下降、廣告大餅遭分食的艱困局面，經營者無不苦思突破困局之道，本世紀開始，台灣報紙陸續出現鉅額虧損，無法支撐者接續停刊；本研究目的在探究台灣報業困局的成因，及報紙因應策略思維與行動的效益。 報業衰退為全球性趨勢，歐美報業儘管經營日益嚴峻，多還能維持微薄的利潤，國內報業多呈現虧損局面，而且一年比一年嚴重；本研究雖以台灣報業為探尋重點，研究範圍則擴大，從國外報業的困境與創新因應策略、國內報紙面臨的困境與突困策略、到台灣與國外報業因應策略之比較等三面向進行，最後藉檢視台灣與國外報業，在市場環境與經營策略的異同與成因，找出已經創造優勢或顯示績效的報業利基措施，並進一步探尋發展新事業、創造新契機的方向與對策，或可提供台灣報紙參考。 本研究採文獻分析與深度訪談並進，訪談對象包括台灣四大報業集團相關高階經理人，及具領導地位的市場調查及媒體購買公司負責人共18位。由於媒體情勢變化快速，報業因應策略推陳出新，本研究必須設定期限，2007年5月後的進展，只有留待未來進一步的探究。 研究共分七章，研究發現：全球報業面臨的共通性危機，是一個在數位大環境中，即將被網路等新生媒體徹底顛覆的時代！台灣報紙每個族群的讀者都在流失，年長的傾向轉看電視，年輕族群還要加上網路；而台灣報業本身由發行到廣告業務的失血惡性競爭，更加重這個產業的營運困境。報紙的可信度，則因台灣社會政治立場分立的氣氛，出現認知失諧的特殊現象，遭遇活命危機的報業，短短3、4年間，更徹底地和商業新聞妥協。 平面媒體沒落不可逆轉，但報紙是否可以存活，取決於報紙對自己的定位，作法策略不同，會產生不同的結果。經由國內外報業所處困境與突困策略的比較分析，本研究對台灣報業因應策略及必須重視的發展趨勢，有七項發現： 1、報業必須積極探求降低成本的合理經營規模；2、打破閱讀率與廣告的惡質競爭，回歸產品基本面的報紙內容競爭；3、報業行銷策略轉型，消費者市場導向、軟性新聞當道及立場差異化成利基；4、以免費概念行銷的免費報及報紙網站，同時具經營年輕族群與開發新讀者功效；5、報業積極開展數位化行動，與網路對話的新報業概念開始出現，以web2.0概念對讀者開放，突破傳統編採作業框架；6、面對數位內容整合與創新的時代，媒體數位匯流在網上已成必然趨勢，報紙除了開展跨媒體領域投資，內容更應積極數位化，躍身跨媒體平台的重要成員；7、創新思維與行動是報業求發展的最高策略，報業必須重新定義，徹底轉型。 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 關鍵詞：報業、行銷策略、網路、數位化、產業競爭、創新 / The newspaper industry is unquestionably ailing globally, circulation and readership are declining, advertising revenues is shrinking. Profound and disruptive market shifts are challenging the newspaper industry in the 21st Century, newspaper companies are seeking powerful strategies to keep overall revenue growing. Since the beginning of this Century, huge deficits has occurred in Taiwan’s newspaper companies, moribund newspapers closured are common, which succumb to cutthroat competition. This study aims to find out what make the newspaper industry go ailing and the strategies they take. There are pressures on revenues and profits that seemed more downbeat than before since 2000, most of the newspaper profits remain strong in Europe or America. Nevertheless, they are treading water on operating profit margin in Taiwan. This study categorizes newspaper industry into three dimensions：The newspaper industry’s plight and strategies in global , in Taiwan, and the comparative between them. Trying to find out the effective way breaking through the severe situation, and to develop new business model further. Based on literature review and in-depth interviews, the study concluded in May 2007. There are 18 executive managers of the top 4 newspaper groups and the largest marketing company were interviewed in Taiwan. Changing circulation patterns and emerging competitors—inside and outside the traditional newspaper industry—are forcing publishers to rethink their approach to how newspapers are brought to market. The study discovered that internet clearly is both opportunity and threat to newspapers. Particularly, newspaper industry in Taiwan succumbed to cutthroat competition on circulation and advertising field, conflict on political position. It makes the newspaper go commercially and unhealthy. The fate of print newspaper can not be reversible. Newspaper industry is now experiencing a crisis in confidence, no longer fully believing in itself and the viability of what it has to offer - on paper or elsewhere. It may survived after proper positioning and effective strategies making. Newspaper industry in Taiwan confronted with：1、Seeking the economic model with some strong initiatives that would reduce business-side costs. 2、Targeting audiences with niche publications and quality content as a way to that the main paper is starting to miss. 3、Marketing strategies stress on audiences. 4、Making progress toward a whole-hearted commitment to transformative online growth. 5、Targeting young adults with free concept, such as online editions and free dailies in the big cities. 6、The media landscape has changed forever. For media consumers, digitalization has expanded the daily media usage options.Digitized is the jobs to be done on converge. Newspapers are increasing their reach through the exploitation of a wide range of new distribution channels, ranging from daily free newspapers to online editions. They are proving to be incredibly resilient against the onslaught of a wide range of media competition. 7、Newspapers are embracing transformation as a concept. Shaping the future Newspaper industry ought to redefinition. If one thing seems inevitable, it is that the newspaper industry is moving toward a new business model. Innovation strategy is to encourage newspapers to experiment outside of their core news product to compete with cheaper alternatives. "Disruptive" products are proliferating online and as niche publications. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Keywords：newspaper industry、strategy、competition、internet、digitalization、innovation

Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur journalisters yrkesidentitet förändrats i och med mediebranschens stora förändringar på grund av teknologins utveckling. Vidare vill vi öka förståelsen för hur organisationer kan stötta personalens identitetsarbete i samband med stora förändringar som påverkar yrkesidentiteten. Metod: En fallstudie som undersöker journalisters yrkesidentitet med en abduktiv ansats. Den empiriska datan är insamlad med hjälp av intervjuer. Slutsats: Studien har visat på att journalister har en tydlig yrkesidentitet som grundar sig på de journalistiska idealen och värden som etik och neutralitet. Det har även konstaterats att på grund av ny teknologi har yrkesrollen för journalister förändrats och därmed har yrkesidentiteten också delvis förändrats. Vi kan se att oberoende vilken bransch som står inför stora förändringar på grund av ny teknologi så behövs en förståelse från organisationer om hur yrkesidentiteten kan påverkas. / Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how journalist’s professional identity has changed because of the large changes of the media industry due to new technology. We also want to increase the understanding of how organizations can support their employees in identity work in connection to organizational changes that may impact the professional identity. Methodology: We have conducted a case study that investigates journalist’s professional identity with an abductive approach. The empirical data was collected using interviews. Conclusion: The study shows that journalists have a distinct professional identity based on journalistic ideals and values such as ethics and neutrality. It was also found that due to new technology the work role as journalists has changed and consequently the professional identity has also partly changed. We can see that regardless of which industry that is facing large changes due new technology, organizations need to understand how the professional identity can be impacted.

The aim of the thesis "Memory institutions on the threshold of the 21st century: media activities of the National Film Archive and the Deutsches Filminstitut" is to explain the context in which the archives are acting, and in particular explore specific media operations of two leading European film archives. The focus of the first part of the text is to describe the changing conditions mainly related to digitalization. The traditionally rigid institutions must adapt to this new conditions if they want to onform to the standards of cultural institutions of the 21st century. The main part of the text then analyzes the media actions of the National Film Archive and reference institution Deutsches Filminstitut. The thesis analyzes the specific media actions from onlinepresentation of the institution up to the work with journalists and, if necessary, proposes the optimization of existing processes. The reason of focusing just on media activities is the increasing need to develop new audiences, recruited from persons who were up to this moment not interested in the activities of the archives, and last but not least, the fact that a good media activity can be a compelling argument when approaching sponsors from the private sector. In the perspective of continual reduction of state contributions to cultural...

Syfte och forskningsfrågor Syftet med studien är att klargöra och analysera influencers roll i företags marknadskommunikation. Utifrån detta syfte har följande tre forskningsfrågor formulerats: ❖ Vad präglar influencers roll som marknadsförare? ❖ Vad innebär digitaliseringen för företags sätt att arbeta med sin marknadskommunikation? ❖ Hur har utvecklingen av sociala medier påverkat företags användande av influencer marketing? Metod Uppsatsen är utformad efter en kvalitativ forskningsmetod. Ansatsen kan anses vara av abduktiv karaktär, eftersom forskningsprocessen utgörs av ett växelspel mellan ett deduktivt och induktivt förhållningssätt. Den empiriska datan utgörs av sju semistrukturerade intervjuer där respondenterna anses vara experter inom området. Slutsatser Studiens resultat har visat att digitaliseringen och utvecklingen av sociala medier gjort att företag allt mer använder sig av influencers i sin marknadskommunikation. Således har influencers fått en betydande roll inom företags marknadskommunikation och rollen kan sammanfattas med följande begrepp: Föra en dialog och dela företags berättelser, högre autenticitet, längre räckvidd på fler plattformar, större genomslagskraft, nischa företags marknadsföring samt nå yngre målgrupper, maskerar marknadsföringen, bygger och ansvarar för företags varumärken och förlust av kontroll. / Purpose and research questions The purpose of this study is to clarify and analyse influencers’ role in corporate marketing communications. With this purpose in mind, the following three research questions have been formulated: ❖ What characterizes influencers’ role as marketers? ❖ What does the digitalization mean for companies’ ways of working with their marketing communication? ❖ How has the development of social media affected companies’ use of influencer marketing? Method The essay is designed according to a qualitative research method. The research approach could be considered as abductive, since the research process comprises of an interaction between a deductive and inductive approach. Furthermore, the empirical data consists of seven semi-structured interviews where the respondents are considered experts in the field. Conclusion The study’s results have shown that the digitalization and the development of social media have increased the use of influencers within corporate marketing communications. Thus, influencers have gained a significant role in corporate marketing communication, and the role can be summarized with the following concepts: Conducting a dialogue and sharing the companies’ stories, higher authenticity, longer reach on various platforms, greater impact, niche the company’s marketing and reach younger target groups, disguise marketing, build and be responsible for a corporate brand and at last loss of control.

The aim of the present thesis is to examine an impact of reproductive and recording technique and of the global network of the Internet on the institute of collective management of copyright and related rights which forms traditional part of the system of copyright law. Firstly, the thesis embeds an issue of the institute of collective management into the appropriate legal framework and historical context. The delimitation of collective management's purpose follows; an emphasis is placed on the position of the collective manager of copyright as an intermediary between the competing interests of the right holders and interests of users. It is explained that the change of manners of communication of the work to the public from "point-to-mass" to "point-to-point" tends to weaken such position. The real and legal monopoly of collective management is scrutinized and conclusions of academics drawn from the coexistence of copyright management companies on the market in the United States are contrasted in the following part of the thesis. The issue with licenses is addressed. The collision between the potential ubiquity of works made available on the Internet and the principle of territoriality (lex loci protectionis) is described and, simultaneously, legal issues connected with functioning of the system...

Online banking är den mest framträdande faktorn till följd av digitaliseringen inom den finansiella världen. Det nya bankkonceptet har gett upphov till nya hot och utvecklingsmöjligheter bankerna har tvingats att anpassa sig till. Den största förändringen är att online banking erbjuder banktjänster som kan utföras oberoende av tid och plats vilket lett till att bankkontor avvecklats och den minskade fysiska kontakten mellan bank och kund blir uppenbar. En stor utmaning blir att skapa kundlojalitet, eftersom den personliga interaktionen via fysisk närvaro tidigare setts som en grundpelare för att knyta åt sig kunder. Tidigare forskning menar nu att servicekvalitet via onlinemöten, företagsimage samt teknikmognaden påverkan faktorn förtroende, som beskrivs som avgörande för kundlojalitet inom online banking. Studien har vidareutvecklat kunskapen inom forskningsområdet som har varit baserade på hypotetiska antaganden om vad som skapar kundlojalitet inom online banking. Urvalet för denna studie är unik då respondenterna har suttit på faktisk data baserad på upplevd erfarenhet gällande användningen av avancerade tjänster inom online banking. Studiens syfte är att skapa förståelse för hur kundlojalitet skapas inom online banking. Studiens har tillämpat en positivistisk forskningsfilosofi och deduktiv forskningsansats, där en kvantitativ datainsamlingsmetod i form av en internetenkät användes. Resultaten i studien baseras på 71 respondenter. Studiens resultat påvisar att faktorn förtroende inte är fullkomligt avgörande för skapandet av en lojal kund. Den påvisas uppfylla kravet för en medierad, men inte en perfekt sådan då faktorerna teknikmognad samt företagsimage påvisades ha ett signifikant samband med kundlojaliteten. / Online banking is an emerging factor due to the digitalization within the financial world. The banking concept causes threats and development opportunities which banks are facing. An attribute that online banking offers is banking services regardless of time and location. It makes the number of bank branches decrease as the physical customer meetings diminish. A challenge is to create customer loyalty as the diminishing personal interaction was a great resource to create boundaries with customers. Previous research states service quality, corporate image and technical maturity influence the trust, which is described as lethal in creating customer loyalty within the online banking concept. This study has developed knowledge within the field of sience that has been based on hypothetical assumptions regarding the creation of customer loyalty. The study is based on a unique sample since the respondents have an actual perceived experience regarding the use of advanced online banking services. The purpose of this study is to create an understanding of how customer loyalty is created in an online banking business. The study has implemented a positivistic research philosophy and a deductive research approach in which a quantitative data gathering method through questionnaires online was used. The results in the study are based on 71 respondents. The results of the study show that the trust was not perfectly lethal in creating customer loyalty. It fulfilled its role as a mediating variable, but not perfectly as corporate image and technical maturity also had a significant influence on customer loyalty.

Abstract Digitalization is a megatrend that also drives public sector reforms toward improved citizen service processes by adopting digital technologies. The digitalization of the public sector, also referred to as e-government transformation, is a strenuous institutional change process that starts with strategy and policy formation and is eventually carried out through individual information and communication (ICT) development projects and programs. ICT projects in the public sector still struggle due to challenges and complexities such as technological uncertainty. These project-level struggles impair e-government efforts that are already facing strategic and regulative difficulties, which, again, affect ICT project performance. How a temporary project is connected and contributes to the strategic objectives of a more permanent structure is the focus of project governance. In e-government context it can be applied to describe and elaborate on the ICT project alignment and control practices in and between different organizations within the e-government transformation. The underlying academic motivation for this research is to improve the current understanding of project governance in e-government: how ICT project governance can be applied to enact the institutional change of public sector digitalization. The dissertation study follows a constructive research approach, using multiple qualitative methods on empirical data from the Finnish central government. By synthesizing the results from four individual research publications, this dissertation explores the ICT project governance practices and tensions that take place in different levels within the e-government transformation. The study contributes to the literature by elaborating how project governance is perceived in and affected by the e-government transformation and by providing new information on how flexible and collaborative project models, namely agile models and project alliances, are applied in the context. The dissertation proceeds to construct a multi-level model that indicates how the perceived challenges and tensions could be remedied, thus enabling managers and practitioners in the field to conduct the right ICT projects properly and, hence, support the e-government transformation. / Tiivistelmä Digitalisaatio on yksi megatrendeistä, joka vaikuttaa myös julkisen sektorin reformaatioihin, joilla tavoitellaan tehokkaampia asiakaspalveluprosesseja hyödyntämällä digitaalisia teknologioita. Julkisen sektorin digitalisoituminen, tai e-hallinnon muutos, on vaativa institutionaalinen muutosprosessi, joka alkaa strategisten ja poliittisten linjausten määrittelyllä ja toteutetaan lopulta yksittäisten informaatio- ja kommunikaatioteknologia (ICT) projektien ja ohjelmien kautta. Julkisen sektorin ICT projekteja haastaa edelleen muun muassa tekniset epävarmuustekijät. Nämä projektitason haasteet vaikuttavat myös e-hallintoon, johon liittyy jo valmiiksi strategisia ja hallinnollisia vaikeuksia. Tämä taas vastavuoroisesti vaikeuttaa yksittäisten projektien toimintaa. Projektihallintoa käytetään kuvaamaan, miten kertaluontoinen projekti liittyy ja vaikuttaa pysyvämpiin rakenteisiin ja niiden strategisten tavoitteiden toteutumiseen. E-hallinnon digitaalisen muutoksen yhteydessä projektihallinnon kautta voidaan esittää ICT projektien ohjaus- ja kontrollointikäytäntöjä eri organisaatiotasoilla. Tämä tutkimuksen akateeminen motivaatio on parantaa nykyistä tietämystä projektihallinnosta e-hallinnon kontekstissa tarkastelemalla, miten ICT projektihallintoa voidaan käyttää julkisen sektorin digitalisoitumisen toteuttamiseen. Tämä väitöstyö noudattaa konstruktiivista tutkimusotetta, käyttäen useita laadullisia menetelmiä Suomen valtionhallinnosta kerätyn empiirisen datan analysointiin. Syntetisoimalla neljän osajulkaisun tulokset tämä väitös perehtyy ICT projektihallinnon käytänteisiin ja jänniteisiin eri organisaatiotasoilla digitalisoitumisen yhteydessä. Tämä väitös tuottaa uuttaa tietoa esittämällä, miten projektihallinto näyttäytyy ja vaikuttaa e-hallinnon muutoksessa, sekä kuvaamalla miten joustavia projektimalleja, kuten ketterä ja projektiallianssi, voidaan käyttää tässä kontekstissa. Väitöstutkimus luo lisäksi monitasoisen mallin, jonka avulla havaittuja haasteita ja jännitteitä voidaan lieventää. Täten tutkimus auttaa käytännössä alan asiantuntijoita johtamaan oikeita ICT projekteja oikealla tavalla ja siten edesauttaa julkisen sektorin digitalisointia.

Nowadays many travelers choose to book their trips via online booking sites instead of visiting physical travel agencies. This has changed the way the physical travel agencies operate their businesses and has forced them to adapt to new strategies in order to stay alive in this new reality of the industry. The comfort of the digitization pushes the world toward internet and online services, which implicitly mean that physical shops has become less important even in tourism industry where potential travelers go to digital platforms to reach out for information as well as to plan and choose their destinations. The aim of our study was to investigate how digitization has affected the way passengers book their package holidays and how it affects physical travel agencies and their businesses. With the help of our method, which consist of interviews and a questionnaire, we were able to collect empirical data for compilation and analyses and thus to draw our final conclusions. / Idag väljer många resenärer att boka sina resor via onlinebokningssidor istället för att besöka fysiska resebyråer. Detta har förändrat resebyråernas sätt att vara som verksamhet och även fått de att tänka ut nya tillvägagångssätt och strategier för att kunna hålla sig aktiva inom den turistiska marknaden. Vi lever i en alltmer digitaliserad värld där det mesta skall göras online, detta har lett till att fysiska verksamheter är mindre märkbara inom sina områden eftersom potentiella resenärer tar sig till digitala plattformar för att både nå ut till information samt för att planera och bestämma sina resmål. Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur digitaliseringen har påverkat resenärernas sätt att boka sina paketresor samt hur digitalisering berör fysiska resebyråer och deras verksamheter. Med hjälp av våra två metodval som består av intervjuer och en enkät kunde vi samla vårt empiriska material som sedan sammanställdes och analyserades vilket ledde till våra slutliga slutsatser.