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《春秋繁露》之政治倫理觀劉心凱 Unknown Date (has links)
本文自天與政治倫理、人性論與政治倫理、君臣關係與政治倫理以及對《春秋繁露》倫理觀後設分析四個層面來探討《春秋繁露》之政治倫理觀。本文的論點是:董仲舒在兼顧儒家仁政德治之政治理想前提下,試圖融合陰陽家與黃老思想進入儒家思想。董仲舒希望藉由這樣的改造,不僅能保持原始儒家對倫理之重視,亦可增加儒家思想的可欲性與可行性。
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懲罰與責任:教師專業倫理之辯證 / Punishment and Responsibility:Dialectic of the Ethics of Teachers’ Profession.李真文, Li,Chen Wen Unknown Date (has links)
本研究主要析理台灣教育界對於懲罰議題的不同立場,藉以探討懲罰與教師責任之間的倫理辯證關係。研究問題主要回答有五。
本研究的第一個研究問題是:「以往理論上所認可的懲罰正當性有那些?」我們的回覆是:基於公平正義的應報論、以及基於社會效益而的嚇阻論及改造論。應報論認為學生犯錯應當為其行為付出代價,嚇阻論認為懲罰學生是為了避免有人再敢以身試法,改造論則是希望幫助學生改過而不再犯。
這些懲罰理論所持的正當性都十分有理據。不過,由於批判教育學者及Foucault的啟發,懲罰所依恃的規則以及所仰賴的權威都有商榷的餘地,不應視為理所當然。固然懲罰犯錯者可能懷有善意,但這善意也未必是不能檢討的。再者,教育現場時常不當使用懲罰(體罰),像這種暴力對待學生的方式實在是對學生人權的一大侵犯。故本研究第二個研究問題「懲罰的正當性在當今有無修正的必要?」即證為有此必要。
再就以往台灣教育場域何以慣用懲罰之結構性因素予以考察,發現傳統文化的影響曾構成支持懲罰的結構之一部分,但是升學主義、管理主義所帶來的教育扭曲較具決定性。此外,師資培育的專業化過程並未明顯改善所謂「日治時期遺留下來的惡習」-體罰。教育專業的論述裡頭,對於體罰雖有反對之意見,但仍持適度保留的態度-即懲罰雖是下下策,但它可用,唯須慎用。因此,本研究第三個研究問題「往昔傾向支持懲罰的脈絡是什麼?」答覆如上。
既然往昔存在著支持懲罰的脈絡,那麼我們是否有超越之作法可以解決這樣的難題,便成了反對懲罰立場必須提供的論證。我們在第五章介紹了關懷倫理學的主張,這項倫理主張可以補足以往我們只訴諸於正義為最高價值的空缺,也就是以一個更全方位關照到事務情、理、法三面倫理學來看待犯錯者是否一定要懲罰的議題。再者,我們也認為教師情意智慧的培養有其必要,才得以解決一部分現今時常因情緒控制不佳而造成校園體悲劇的遺憾。同時,教師應當打破沈默文化、勇於發聲,並正視學生的反抗文化所傳達的背後意涵,如此才不會因著教師自己的權威而成為壓迫的一方。除了這些理論意味濃厚的述介外,我們也舉了一些體制內教育者之圖像供參。最後,我們以另類教育之另類思維與作法,讓我們見識到一些可行的替代方案,既可兼顧到學習者本身的自主性,也關注到集體的秩序。於是,本論文第四個研究問題「有無超越懲罰以外的管教理念與參考作法?」我們的答覆是有的,而且還陸續在繁衍中…
最後一個研究問題「教育專業倫理如何看待與拿捏懲罰議題?」是本論文的總結。我們確認了教育專業所致力的價值,乃是真、善、美的實踐。師者的教育責任在於其有義務確保這樣的事情發生,或至少他/她必須長養著這樣的環境。
教師專業責任的高標,在於關懷所有學生並致力於其最佳之利益。教師專業責任的低標,則在於公平正義原則下不傷害學生為原則。
教育責任含納著管教或不管教,不管教不意謂放棄,而是等待緣熟而教。管教也未必需要懲罰,不懲罰也可使之省過。這些都需要智慧才可以判斷。教師專業倫理即是確保教師可以做出這樣的判斷。
懲罰學生不應指向於學業學習上,而應將其應用於德育、群育上的偏差行為之對治上。而且對於懲罰必須有這樣的判斷共識:動機利他、方法適當、時機妥切等三項條件均具備,才算是符合教育專業倫理。
最後,也別忘了批判教育學與Foucault給我們的忠言。懲罰是一個事件。整個處理學生行為的始末過程是身教的示範,也是教育得以展現善意的最佳時機。同時,懲罰者的動機若不具善意,則任何形式的懲罰,那怕是輕柔的,都可能是支配關係而存在。那麼,懲罰學生即使是盡了教育者的責任,也變得不符合教師專業倫理了! / The aim of the dissertation is to clear out the concepts between “punishment” and “responsibility” beyond the discourses of education in Taiwan. It is proposed five main questions here, the core of all the questions is to answer the ethics for professionals in education, especially for teachers.
The first question to be discussed is how is it thought justified of punishment in theories. Generally speaking, there are three kinds of theories of punishment offering justification acknowledged. They are retributive theory, deterrent theory, and reformative theory. Punishment is justified in response to offenders’ desert, or to threat offenders from doing again, or as a means to re-educate people, in these three different visions of theories. There is no disagreement on these three theories that the assumption that rules are authorized and those who break the rules should be punished without excuses.
In the context of (post-)modern times, though the justification of punishment were wildly accepted, we must notice the construction of punishment-rule, authority and pain is need to be reexamined. For Foucault, according Discipline and Punish, punishment is in the same sense of discipline, namely without discipline there is no punishment neither.
Critical theorists begin with the premise that people are unfree and inhabit a world life with contradictions and asymmetries of power and privilege. Under such context of real life, punishment is the means of hegemony without doubt.
The advocates of human rights see punishment as violence. It is mistaken to think that corporal punishment accepted in education. Children should be raised up and educated in atmosphere filled of dignity and respects, not the treatment of punishment (especially physically).
All these views challenge the rules governed punishment, question the authorized power to exert punishment, and reject the pain on the human bodies. The evidence shown here is that justification of punishment theories have to be rectified.
Furthermore, we have recalled the context why punishment used throughout in schools in Taiwan. It seems reasonable to conclude: teacher professionalism in Taiwan did not prepare our teachers well to reform the phenomenon of punishment abuse.
We also offered some alternatives to educators for teaching without punishment. We drew attention to the ethics of “care”, in contrast to the traditional ethics of “justice”, meet the needs of education well. Some real examples and useful thoughts were shown that the preparation and in-service training of teacher professionals need to be reformed too.
Finally, we come to a conclusion of punishment and responsibility of teachers. It needs to be recognized as part of ethics of educators.
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行政倫理守則之研究 / The Study of Code of Administrative Ethics戴楊健, Dai, Yang Chien Unknown Date (has links)
有關公共行政學之研究雖可上溯自一八八0年,但以「行政倫理」為主題的文獻卻要到一九四0年左右才出現。然而,行政倫理的廣泛受到注意及討論,乃是一九七0年代之後,亦即「新公共行政」興起之時,自此而後,行政倫理在公共行政研究領域中日益受到重視。行政倫理對公務人員之約束,歷來有主張內在控制及外在控制二者,雙方各有其論點:內在控制主張透過訓練及專業社會化,創造及強化公共服務的專業價值和標準。而外在控制假定個人判斷及專業標準不足以維持倫理行為,唯有設立法律及制度上控制的管理方法,才能造成責任行為。實則二者均不可偏廢,重要的是如何加以整合,以達成最佳模式,促成倫理行為。以倫理守則的方式來提昇公務人員的倫理行為,係屬於外在控制途徑之一,公務人員在自省自發的情況下,尊重法律與規範,並進而追尋社會公道,將更能達到責任行政的理想。而以臺灣目前情況來看,有關公務人員行為之倫理規範尚不夠健全,有許多相關法案正處於立法過程中,公共行政專業組織在倫理守則方面也未發揮應有功能,凡此皆有待改善。影響倫理守則的因素,包括:制度上的法律與政策;組織結構與組織文化;個人因素;專業組織的促進;和社會期望等。本論文根據以上研究,綜和學者見解,提出對行政倫理守則之建議。最後,並討論責任行政整合模式,期能進一步提昇公共行政的倫理面向。
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公共政策倫理之研究-宏觀視野的省思 / Ethics for Public Policy - Introspection on Macro Side of Vision王曉麟, Wang,Hsiao Lin Unknown Date (has links)
「倫理」(ethics)一詞,意指風俗,習俗或習慣。然而,倫理選擇的
標準並非只以合乎抽象倫理原則為基礎,必須視所處的特殊狀況而定。公
共政策倫理乃是為企求與實現合理的政府活動與公共生活目標所選擇衡量
的標準。依普遍的說法,公共政策倫理乃指支配一個組織的成員或其管理
業務之道德行為的規則或標準。更具體而言,其目的在於指出人類行為的
某些準則,不僅是學科研究的取向,更重要的是,意涵著對於公共生活的
一種關懷。自一八八七年以迄二次大戰前夕,一般均以 W. Wilson「行政
研究」作為美國公共行政一個象徵性的起點。此半個世紀的時期正是人類
思想史上「科學主義」(Scientism) 鼎盛時期,在科學實證主義影響下,
「效率」、「效能」、以及「經濟效益」成為倫理選擇的標準。但是,由
於無法契合公共事務的實際需要,也無法成為有效解決人類所面臨迫切需
要解決的公共問題之指導,因而形成對於社會學科基礎的一連串攻擊與激
烈的批判。公共政策的倫理選擇,本質上就是人本身的問題。倫理標準乃
隨著公共政策與整體社會互動過程而變遷,而人類本身對社會本質觀點的
改變、知識基礎、方法論的變遷,同樣形成不同倫理標準的選擇。新公共
行政非常注意規範理論、哲學,以及行動主義(Henry,1989) ,當是公共政
策倫理最傳神的描述。公共政策倫理不僅是倫理標準的選擇問題,同時也
是倫理的實踐問題。在這個理念之下,如何重建價值的思考,如何強調自
由、民主、平等的傳統倫理標準,乃成為當代自二次大戰以迄,公共政策
倫理之核心課題。
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混合式學習應用於行政學教學之研究:以公務倫理為主題 / Pedagogical applications of blended learning to public administration – a teaching quasi-experiment on ethics謝佳安 Unknown Date (has links)
各國投入經費與心力推廣數位學習的理念,重視資訊科技運用於教育與學習的發展,期能運用資訊科技的優勢發展更具有學習成效的教學模式。在數位學習蓬勃發展的系絡之下,混合式學習同時普遍運用於高等教育領域中。而公共行政學為公共行政領域的基礎課程,如何將混合式學習應用於行政學的教學,以營造一個有意義的教學與學習互動環境,為本研究所欲探究的焦點。本研究希望瞭解運用數位學習平台的混合式學習在行政學的運用情形,並聚焦於學生的學習成效,並就行政學主要涉及的主題探究適合的教學方法以及其與數位學習平台的相關搭配。
本研究採用準實驗設計,並以深度訪談與參與觀察為輔,選擇公務倫理主題的大學部行政學討論課研究場域,以瞭解實施公務倫理主題的混合式學習對於行政學修課學生的影響。此外,本研究同時對於博士班助教與行政學授課教師進行深度訪談,以瞭解混合式學習運用於行政學的情形與教學方法。
本研究以公務倫理為主題的混合式學習準實驗結果顯示,相較於傳統的面對面教學方法,相較於控制組,實驗組學生在公務倫理認知、學習歷程與學習成果三大面向普遍具有較高的學習成效與表現。再者,訪談結果顯示混合式學習運用於行政學,其先決條件包括授課教師使用平台的行為、學校本身給予授課教師的資源以及完善的評量設計與規劃;配合條件包括學生與教師的共同參與、師生間的良好互動、學習者自主學習的意願、授課教師對於平台的高度回應性與平台設計的友善性。授課教師將數位學習平台運用於行政學,使用的功能主要包括教學資料的上傳與下載、討論區、作業區以及發送群組信。就其對於師生造成的影響而言,包括提升學習成效、促進師生間的互動、提升作業繳交機制的公平性、提供教學方面的輔助、增進對內的知識管理與對外的知識分享以及造成師生課程準備的負擔。由於授課教師對於行政學具有不同的教學理念,因此採取不同的教學
方法,基本上可分為講授搭配考試與多元化教學。
根據以上研究發現,本研究也依據不同對象提出行政學的實務建議。就開授行政學的大專校院而言,包括支持混合式學習的理念與提供混合式學習的資源;就授課教師而言,包括對於實施角色扮演法的建議、完善規劃混合式學習的課程設計、提升學生使用數位學習平台的誘因與保持師生間的良好互動;以及就學生而言,培養使用數位學習平台的習慣與訓練高度的自主學習能力。 / Many countries invest money and effort in e-learning to achieve better learning effects. Blended learning, in the same vein, has been commonly adopted in higher education. Introductory course of public administration is one of the core curricula in the field of Public Administration. Hence, the study aims to explore whether and how applying blended learning may improve students’ learning effects and, in general, teaching methods suitable for other courses in the field of Public Administration.
The study mainly uses quasi-experiment coupled with in-depth interviews and field observations. A public administration seminar on ethics in a university was selected as the teaching field for the experiment. The impacts applying blended learning to ethics were measured on students who take public administration. Moreover, the study conducted in-depth interviews on teachers, their teaching assistants to facilitate the measurement process of applying blended learning in the teaching field.
Quasi-experiment results drawn from applying blended learning to ethics show that students in the experimental group have superior learning effects in ethics cognition, learning process and learning outcomes, compared with the traditional face-to-face instruction and the control group. Furthermore, interview results indicate that the prerequisite conditions include use of web-based technology, resource from college and deliberate course design that make blended learning go smoothly. Successful blended learning also needs participation both from teachers and students, as well as their good interaction such as learners’ active learning, teachers’ responsiveness to web-based technology and its user-friendliness.
The functions of web-based technology commonly used in applying blended learning to public administration are as follows: to upload and download teaching material, online discussion, assignment and group emails. And the impacts on teacher and students include improved learning effects, extensive interaction, promoting fairness of assignment hand-in, teaching support, strengthening knowledge management and sharing which may lead to teacher and students’ loadings. Besides, the teachers with different teaching philosophy adopt different teaching methods.
The previous findings contribute to pedagogical suggestions on public administration in practice. Firstly, the colleges with the Public Administration program should support blended learning and provide related resources. Secondly, the teachers may attempt to conduct role-play, deliberately design blended learning courses, and provide students’ incentives to use web-based technology. The students, lastly, should keep using web-based technology and pursue active self-learning.
Keywords: Blended learning, Public Administration, Ethics, Pedagogy, E-learning
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集団思考と技術のクリティカルシンキング伊勢田, 哲治, ISEDA, Tetsuji 04 1900 (has links)
No description available.
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テレノベラ El clon における二つの宗教 : イスラム教・キリスト教 : 人間の誕生に関する生命倫理を巡ってMITO, HIROYUKI, 水戸, 博之 11 October 2012 (has links)
No description available.
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高校一年世界史AのSSH授業報告NAKANO, K, 中野, 和之 01 February 2011 (has links)
No description available.
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技術者倫理教育における誇りの涵養伊勢田, 哲治, Iseda, Tetsuji January 2006 (has links)
No description available.
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墮胎合乎道德嗎?-由湯姆森觀點論之 / The Abortion Controversy: On Thomson’s Defense of Abortion邱娜瑩 Unknown Date (has links)
墮胎的道德爭議一直是倫理學的重要課題。美國哲學家茱蒂絲.湯姆森在一九七一年發表〈為墮胎辯護〉 一文,這篇論文不但試圖反駁反對墮胎論者的立場,湯姆森藉由著名的小提琴家思想實驗,以女性的身體自主權為基礎論證 墮胎並非是道德上不可被允許的行為。本文研究〈為墮胎辯護〉該文之論點,並探討針對此文的批評爭端,接著藉由反駁對〈為墮胎辯護〉之批評,進一步為〈為墮胎辯護〉一文辯護。最後,本文同意湯姆森之主張:墮胎並非道德上不可被允許之行為;並呼籲人們在道德議題上公平地審視墮胎爭議。 / The moral debate on abortion has been a hot issue in Ethics. In 1971, American philosopher Judith Javis Thomson launched her famous thesis ‘A Defense of Abortion’ in which she argued against anti-abortionists. By the violinist thought experiment, she began with women’s bodily autonomy as her basic argument and claimed that abortion is not morally impermissible. My thesis here studied Thomson’s view on abortion and discussed the critics that ‘A Defense of Abortion’ evoked. Furthermore, I try to fight back those critics and defense for “A Defense of Abortion.” Finally, this thesis agrees Thomson’s claim: Abortion is not morally impermissible, and suggest that we should fairly examine the debate on abortion.
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