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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

清初三大家對中央集權化的反思 / Discourse on Reforming the Chinese Traditional Political Institutions: Viewpoint from Huang Zhongxi, Gu Yanwu and Wang Fuzhi

姚育松, Yu, Yih Soong Unknown Date (has links)
傳統中國在政治制度上,呈現出越加中央集權化的發展趨勢,表現於地方權力往中央集中、官僚權力往皇權集中。本文以清初三大家:黃宗羲、顧炎武、王夫之為代表,探討他們是如何反思中央集權之弊端。其中他們以「君不信臣」作為批判起點,認為必須以封建之分權,來取代郡縣之集權,因此主張的是一種新的政治正當性,而非只停留於統治者的個人品德之批判上。本文並探討了他們反思背後的形上學認識和理想的分權原則。就前者而言,他們是以道德上的效果論來反省先驗法則是否正確。就後者而言,他們面對無力負荷集權運轉的政治現實,於是主張讓士大夫有更多的自主權力。在分權的政治理想下,他們於是提出了一種將倫常意義抽離出來的君臣關係,也就是相對的和分工的君臣關係。
2

宋代文官制度之研究

曹興仁, Cao, Xing-Ren Unknown Date (has links)
緒論 第一節 文官制度之意義 文官制度者,政府為維持其組織,推行其職務,恢宏其功能,達成其目的而選擇、管理其政府人員之方法、程序與實施之體系及關係之規範也。故其內容首重考選,次及任用,任用而後則給以待遇,督以考課,績優則陞,績劣則黜,至其疲老不堪任事,則罷其職以養老,用示優恤。此即文官制度之大要。故文官制度實為政治制度中最為重要之一環。以言其區別,則政治制度者,政府組織之形態也,文官制度者,此一組織中推動力之運作程式也。 第二節 文官制度之價值 文官制度,又稱吏治制度,言涵孕,則具動靜兩態之意義,就靜態言,係著重其組織、結構與上下權責關係,就動態言,則強調其運作實況與其功能。 第三節 研究旨趣 宋之文官制度,上承漢唐之盛世,下啟明清之新機,其考選之公平,程式之嚴密,視之今日,並無遜色,其待士之仁厚,取士之寬廣,較之歷代,實具特色,且其史料留傳,至今仍稱豐富,文治之影響,亦得述之而詳,論者復稱治近代史者應從宋史著手(註四)或謂中國成為今日之現象,什之八九乃為宋人所造就。(註五)此皆指其文治之特色與影響也。至若宋之納幣和,苟且偏安,則有何佳績可言? 宋以文治,上繼五代割據殘破之勢,下開明清專制一統之局,端賴其完密之文官制度,有以致之,故對其文官制度之研究,自有其意義焉。 第四節 研究方法 本文研究資料,首以宋史、會要為主,參之以文集、筆記,補之以長篇、要錄,證之以通書,類書,取其相融相通,去其箑迕矛盾,堆砌間架,復其故事。 故本題之研究,雖在恢復故事,亦何敢掉以輕心,因之凡史料之所存,皆加統計,然後製表,故文中繪表百幅,補以說明,俾得舉綱目理,提領毛順。
3

普丁時期俄羅斯傳統價值復甦之研究 / A Study on the Resurrection of Traditional Russian Values in the Putin Era

周奕安, Chou, Yi An Unknown Date (has links)
本研究以普丁於2012年後所提出之「傳統價值」──東正教、愛國主義與中央集權為出發,在其談話與文件為基礎上,以文獻分析法分析自2000年以後普丁執政以來之傳統價值意涵。並以歷史研究方法分析,其所提出的傳統價值在俄羅斯歷史上的意義與形成模式,以及在俄羅斯歷史上的作用,並藉此比較傳統價值在普丁執政期間的復甦現象,以及探討其意欲復甦傳統價值的原因、目的與政策執行。 / This study focuses on the emphasis on traditional balues by Vladimir Putin since 2012. Various documents including speeches by Putin since he first took presidency in 2000 are analyzed to decode the true meaning of what the Russian leader considers as the traditional values of Russia. The study explores the evolutions of Orthodoxy, patriotism and government centralization in the history of Russia, compares them with the modern definition of traditional values today, and by analyzing how Putin proactively formulates his policies to resurrect these traditional values, the study attempts to explain the reason and intention of Putin’s such policies.
4

長州藩と薩摩藩における廃藩置県の構想―木戸孝允と大久保利通を中心に― / The Concept of Han System Abolished in the Chōshū Domain and the Satsuma Domain -Focusing on Kido Takayoshi and Ōkubo Toshimichi-

黃虹甄 Unknown Date (has links)
在日本近代歷史上,廢藩置縣結束了日本長期以來的封建割據局面,為建立中央集權國家和發展資本主義經濟奠定了基礎,並利於明治時期日本政府各項措施順利施行,另一方面也有利於日本轉變為統一國家。廢藩置縣不僅加強政府中央集權化,有利於往後社會經濟的發展。   另外,在當時時代背景相當嚴苛,甫從德川幕府轉變成明治新政府時,歐美國家正虎視眈眈注視著日本,日本既要維持主權獨立,也面臨著如何讓日本變成近代中央集權化的國家。同時在政治整合上,對於以藩為基礎而成立的明治新政府而言,將藩體制廢除,實為困難至極之事。1871年開始,長州藩和薩摩藩兩勢力的領導者,分別是木戶孝允和大久保利通,以實現中央集權國家為共同的大目標,進行政府改革。   本論文先就戊辰戰爭論述維新政權之確立為廢藩置縣背景,藉由版籍奉還以分析木戶與大久保之改革意圖。繼而就新政府領導者們,以中央集權化為目的所推行的廢藩置縣,分別探述其政治過程與立場。以日記、歷史文獻之說明與分析為輔,探討維新政權的內部為主,透過這些史實循序漸進的針對廢藩置縣斷行的過程和原因加以說明及探討。本論文之研究目的主要欲探討木戶孝允與大久保利通於廢藩置縣實行的構想。
5

旺代戰爭與羅馬公教 / The Vendée War and the Catholic Church

林弘毅, LIN, Hong yi Unknown Date (has links)
法國歷史長期以來多樣性文化造成的地方特殊性,在旺代地區與羅馬公教信仰結合,成為宗教信仰與地方認同的綜合體——鐘聲文化。透過教堂與教堂的鐘,神職人員掌控居民的一切活動,創造與教堂密不可分的生活經驗,也以教堂為中心建立一個居民共享的文化空間。   法國大革命延續波旁王室追求中央集權與教權歸屬王權的目標,希望能夠創立全國性的國家認同,打破過去各地方獨立的地方特殊性,以及宗教干預政治的傳統,並將法國建構成一個想像的共同體。而在鐘聲文化之下,旺代則希望能夠維持地方情感,保護信仰,延續法國歷史上地方精神與中央精神的抗衡。旺代戰爭的意義在於突顯出法國並不是一個單一的概念,在法國一詞之下,包含的是各種各樣的文化與生活模式。   旺代的地方意識,顯現出法國歷史的延續性,並沒有因為革命發生而斷裂。而法國大革命所彰顯的國家認同,目的則在使法國能真正朝向一個民族國家前進,不再是分散的、對中央沒有依賴性的不緊密結構。延續與變遷,便構成法國大革命時期,旺代地區的認同糾葛。   本文所要探究的,即是從旺代地區在舊制度時期羅馬公教下鐘聲文化開始,進而探討大革命發生後,在旺代戰爭過程中,地方意識與中央集權的對抗,以及戰後國家認同的問題。 / In French history, cultural diversity influenced the identity of many different regions. In the case of Vendée, local identity, strengthened by the Roman Catholic Church, formed a special concept, which was described as “esprit du clocher”. The rhythm of daily life, as well as the general view of the world, was dominated by the church bell. Even after the French revolution, the French government followed the example from the ancien régime. They tried to replace this feeling of local identity with the spirit of a new nation. The general tendency of centralization continued. However, Vendée tried hard to maintain their long held approach. The Vendée War was a result of the cumulation of this tension. The outcome of this war proved that the new national identity was prevailing. In this thesis, the author wishes to examine the transition from the esprit du clocher to the esprit de la nation.
6

論托克維爾的政治思想─ 一個共和主義的詮釋

韋洪武 Unknown Date (has links)
在托克維爾政治思想中,民主一直是核心的議題,也引發大西洋兩岸知識界熱烈的爭論。直到今天,政治、學術、新聞等各界仍經常引用他的觀點。本文即就托克維爾有關民主體制的思想進行研究,並發現可分梳為民主社會一般傾向、民主社會潛在的腐化危機,及民主體制存續之道三個面向進行討論。而這三個相關的部分,更可就其內在邏輯整合而成共和主義研究途徑。 首先,在民主社會的特徵及其發展方面,托克維爾認為民主社會強調國民主權及身份平等,雖然使社會充滿活力;但也易於衝動,缺乏遠見,造成庸俗的中產階級政治。同時在資本主義及工業革命影響下,可能會形成個體主義,使得人際關係疏離,且對公共事務冷漠;也造成物質主義,只想追求物質享受。大多數勞工也會有異化現象,淪為工作的奴隸。不過,民主社會也會發展出諸如結社、地方自治等鍛鍊政治自由的機制,提供個體自主性及公民性格寬廣的公共領域。托克維爾並主張國家利用宗教、法律培養公民參與的熱情與美德。這種觀念下的國家對人生計劃並不中立,顯現共和主義多於自由主義的立場。 其次,在民主體制潛藏的腐化危機方面,托克維爾指出三種可能形式。一是因身份平等可能切斷封建社會原有的社會紐帶,使得個體孤立無援,必須服從統治的多數,終而導致一種多數專制─以一種社會一致性窒息個體的思想。二是因公民追求物質主義過甚,竟而完全退出公共領域,並召喚一種保護性權力,在民主自由的形式下,溫柔親切地奴役人民。此亦即民主專制。三是在民主革命初期或資本主義發達之後,必將出現中央集權。國家為解決工業社會複雜的問題,因應人民龐雜的需求,在多數授權下集中所有權力,破壞了政治自由得以維繫的各種機制。 第三,在民主體制的維繫方面,托克維爾的主張也充滿共和主義的色彩。例如,為使公民保持自由的技藝,他認為,公民應參與鄉鎮自治、結社(特別是政治結社)、陪審團。而在培養公共精神的美德方面,托克維爾強調宗教的重要性。藉由教條式信仰,宗教可培養公民認識「適當理解的自利原則」。而且,民主社會也有賴宗教提供一種道德與知識的權威。在這一方面,女性公民扮演了傳承與複製的重要角色,因而在托克維爾的民主思想中也占有一席之地。 本文最後提出國民主權、身份平等、公私領域、社會共識等四方面的引申討論,進一步分析托克維爾共和主義式的民主思想,對當前主流民主理論所能提供的貢獻。此外,也依個人見解評論其不足之處。 / Democracy has always been a core concept and a controversial issue in Tocqueville’s political thought at both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. Politicians, scholars as well as journalists still quote Tocqueville’s points at the present time. This thesis studies Tocqueville’s democratic thought, and analyzed it in three aspects: the general tendency of democratic societies, the potential danger of corruption in democratic societies, and the maintenance of democratic system. With the interlock between these aspects, this thesis integrated them into an approach of republicanism to Tocqueville’s democratic thought. For the first aspect, Tocqueville believed that with the emphasis on popular sovereignty and equality of condition, democratic societies will bring themselves diversified vitality. However, the societies will also be passionate and myopic, as the characteristics of mediocre bourgeois politics. Influenced by capitalism and industrial revolution, the prevailing individualism in democratic societies results in social alienation, public apathy and overwhelming materialism. Most workers will degrade into slaves of their works. On the other hand, democracy will promote associations, local self-governments which provide public spheres to practice autonomy and citizenship through the art of political freedom. Furthermore, Tocqueville requested the states to cultivate the passion and virtue of civic participation by means of religion and law. States under this requirement is not neutral toward citizens’ life plans, and seems more republican than liberal. For the second aspect, Tocqueville pointed out three possible forms of corruption from democratic societies: majority tyranny, democratic tyranny and centralization. First, majority tyranny results in extreme exploitation of equality of condition which cut off the original social bonds in feudal societies, hence isolate the individuals and render them totally helpless but to obey the ruling majority. Majority tyranny stifles citizen’s originality with social conformity. Secondly, mainly on account of materialism, citizens would escape into private life and material happiness, and moreover give away thoroughly public affairs to a tutelage power to enslave people gently within the liberal democratic form. That is democratic tyranny. Thirdly, centralization will present itself definitely, either during the early stage of democratic revolution or after capital economy is delivered. In order to solve the complicated problems in industrial societies, respond to a lot of diverse demands, the state concentrate all the power under the delegation of the majority, and destroy all kinds of mechanism which sustaining the art of political freedom. For the third aspect, Tocqueville offered republican solution to the maintenance of democratic system. He thought that citizens should take part in township self-governance, associations (especially political associations) and the jury. He also emphasized the importance of religion in teaching the virtue of public spirit, as well as cultivating the knowledge of “the principle self-interest properly understood” by dogmatic belief. In the same way, religion affords ethical and intellectual authority to democratic societies. In this regard, the female citizens play so important part of sustaining and reproducing these ethical and intellectual lessons that Tocqueville had to illuminate the role of women in his democratic thought. In addition to these interpretations, this thesis presents four related concepts for further discourse: popular sovereignty, equality of condition, public and private sphere and social consensus. Based on these discourses, the thesis evaluates the merit and deficiency of Tocqueville’s thought of republican democracy.

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