政府透過各類租稅優惠以促進投資的作法，在世界各國均甚為常見。過去數十年來，我國亦先後實施獎勵投資條例與促進產業升級條例等措施，給予投資者多項租稅減免以提升投資意願。然而，政府租稅獎勵措施對經濟體系造成之干擾，其整體經濟效果究竟如何？此一重要議題，無論在經濟理論或實證研究上仍然未有定論。尤其是，國內相關實證研究仍不多見。 　本研究之目的，在於使用可計算一般均衡分析法(computable general equili-brium approach)，探討近年我國獎勵投資政策中租稅減免措施的經濟效果。雖然租稅獎勵措施通常是針對特定目標產業或特定功能別活動實行，但其影響則可能透過產業間的關聯效果而對整體經濟造成衝擊，因此有必要採用一個能兼顧直接效果與間接效果的一般均衡分析方法。本研究在模型設計與資料處理上著重於營利事業所得稅稅率變動對於廠商決策影響的機制。 　本研究共進行兩個模擬。第一部份為所得稅稅率齊一化，其目的為探討因各產業間稅率不同對於資源配置效率的影響。就結果而言，實質國內產出上升0.02%。因此，在社會整體稅賦負擔不變之下，藉由所得稅稅率齊一化的作法，可以改善資源配置的效率，而使得社會總產出上升。 　第二部分的模擬為調整電子單一產業優惠幅度，其目的在評估政府給予特定產業租稅優惠的整體經濟效益。結果發現：提升受優惠之電子業的稅率10%與20%，將分別造成實質國內產出下降0.01%與0.02%。這顯示了在經濟體系內尚存在其他市場扭曲的情況下，單獨減少一個產業的扭曲程度並不會造成整體經濟效率的提升。同時，此結果也隱含我國投資獎勵租稅減免的措施確實有吸引資本進入被獎勵產業與增加總產出的效果存在，惟其程度似乎十分有限。 / Providing investors with tax benefits is widely used as an investment promoting policy tool around the world. Similar measures have been taken in Taiwan in the past years to promote investment will. What the overall economic effect of the policy is, considering the fact that such measures may be sources of distortions in the economy would be an important question. The issue is still under debate both theoretically and empirically. In addition, relative empirical studies are rare in Taiwan. The purpose of the study would be using computable general equilibrium approach to evaluate the economic effect of tax reductions in Taiwanese investment promoting policies. Although such measures are implemented upon specific industries or functions, the impact would be economy wide through interaction effects. Thus, a method being able to handle both direct and indirect effects would be necessary. The mechanism how changes in corporate income tax rate may affect decisions of firms is especially emphasized upon the design of empirical model and the processing of data. Two simulations are contained in the study. The first would be the harmonization of income tax rate, so as to evaluate the effect on allocation efficiency caused by differential corporate income tax rates among industries. The result shows a 0.02% increase in GDP. Therefore, overall tax burden being fixed, the resource allocation efficiency can be improved by harmonizing corporate income tax rate, and the output would increase. The second simulation explores possible consequences of adjusting tax benefits on electronic industry so as to estimate overall economic effects from tax advantages of investment promoting policies. The result show 10% and 20% increase in tax rates of the industry cause GDP to decrease 0.01 and 0.02 respectively. The figures may imply that Taiwanese investment promoting policy does attract capital into the encouraged industry and increase total output. The magnitude, however, does not seem to be significant.

就財政的觀點而言，所得稅稅收是國家收入的主要來源，因此，基於「量入為出」的 理財原則，所得稅稅收的預估究研甚具價值；然而，所得稅的稅收額受經濟因素與非 經濟因素的影響頗大，例如稅源的變化、稅基的轉變、稅制的改革等困素，均會使稅 收產生各種不同型態的變動；而本文的目的即在透由各種預測方法的運用、比較，嚐 試建立一個轉準確的預估模式，以作為今後所得稅稅收預估的參考模式。 本文的研究範圍係分別以營利事業所得稅、個人綜合所得稅，觀察其自民國四十八年 至七十七年止，每年的稅收情況，運用計量經濟模型、指數平滑模型、隨機時間數列 模型及混合預估模型，分別建立一個較適當、準確的所得稅稅收預測模式，並對各種 預測模型的結果加以比較、評估。全文計分五章，玆將各章內容提要如下： 第一章為緒論；首揭本文研究之動機、目的、研究圍範及架構。 第二章為文獻探討及我國所得稅稅收結構變數分析；簡要介紹過去有關之文獻並作一 評述，此外分別分析我國營利事業所得稅及個人綜合所得稅的稅收結構變數，以作建 立預測模型與選擇模型之參數的參考。 第三章為預測理論的介紹；本章及第四章為本文的重心所在；各種預測理論、方法將 作一詳述並比較其差異，期能正確的運用各種預測理論、方法，並對預測效果作有效 監控。 第四章為實證結果分析與評估；配合稅收結構變數分析與預測理論、方法的運用，分 別預測營利事業所得稅與個人綜合所得稅的稅收，並對各種方法的預測結果作一比較 、評估。 第五章為結論；說明本文的究研成果與心得，並得出建議，期能使所得稅的稅收預估 臻至完備與正確。

XBRL是一種以XML為基礎所發展出來的一種語言，用來規範網路財務資訊揭露而產生的資料交換標準，同時也是提升財務資訊透明化的推手。XBRL使資訊可以更快速地流通，改善資訊處理的速度。 本論文的研究目的，在於透過XBRL之應用，來建立公司營利事業所得稅申報書之各個項目的分類標準，並設計一套以XBRL為基礎之營利事業所得稅申報系統。就營利事業而言，XBRL可以協助企業稅務部門取得資料，讓營利事業所得稅申報上所需的部份資料，可以直接從總帳資料庫轉入產生，讓企業在稅務資料處理上可以減少作業成本，降低人為錯誤的可能性，減少重覆手動輸入資料，讓報稅工作更為快速、有效率，透過網路傳輸報稅檔案，節省了報稅人在報稅期間必須親自稅捐稽徵機關排隊等待報稅的時間。就稅捐稽徵機關而言，所有的企業按同一套XBRL標準來報稅，可簡化稅務處理工作，更者，可將取得之資料進行分析，找出異常並加以審查，且若未來XBRL能順利推廣，營利事業之總帳系統與申報營業稅之資料均以XBRL編製而成，則因為所有檔案型態一致，稅捐稽徵機關在進行調帳查閱時，可以大大減少查核的人力及成本，可以增加查核的效率。 本論文將建立起一套符合中華民國稅法與相關法令規定之營利事業所得稅之XBRL 分類標準，並利用該分類標準之架構，設計出一套能符合現行法令規定且以XBRL為基礎之營利事業所得稅申報之程式軟體。本論文會將虛擬資料輸入已建好之程式，來進行實際展示如何產生以XBRL為格式之營利事業所得稅申報電子檔，以作為未來企業運用時之參考。另外，針對國稅局方面，本論文亦設計一驗證程式，讓國稅局能夠對所收到之營利事業所得稅申報檔進行資料正確性之檢查及驗證。 / XBRL is an XML-based, royalty-free, and open standard, used to stipulate the data exchange standard in the Internet. XBRL can substantially help improve the transparency of financial information, and communicate the information chain more fluently, and expedite the data processing. The objective of this thesis is to establish the XBRL taxonomy for the returns of Business Income Tax in Taiwan, and to design the XBRL-based application software for filing the Business Income Tax returns. By establishing the XBRL taxonomy, it can help the tax department to retrieve tax return data from corporations more efficiently. Since the data for filing tax returns can also be retrieved directly from the general ledger database, the benefits of promoting the XBRL-based tax return filing system would include saving operation costs, reducing the possibility of errors, avoiding re-keying data, and filing tax returns faster and more efficiently. For the National Tax Administration, the XBRL-based filing system can simplify the paper work on processing tax returns. Further, National Tax Administration can utilize the program to directly analyze the electronic tax data, diagnosing the abcdrmal financial relationships, and devise more efficient audit program. In the future, if the data of corporations’ general ledger and business tax are all prepared in XBRL, National Tax Administration can directly trace from tax return data to firms’ financial statements and thus increase the efficiency and effectiveness of tax audit. To facilitate building the XBRL-based tax return filing system, this thesis establishes a set of XBRL taxonomy for Business Income Tax return in Taiwan, and use the taxonomy to design a XBRL-based application software for Business Income Tax returns. This thesis also demonstrates the application of this software using virtual financial data to generate the XBRL-format Business Income Tax return data. Further, this study also designs a software that can be used by National Tax Administration to verify the tax return data received from corporate taxpayers.

美國的租稅正義公民會社(Citizens for Tax Jusitce)在一九八五年發表一篇震撼美國政府、企業界與學術界的研究報告，文章中指出美國最大約兩百五十家大企業中，有半數以上，在一九八一年到一九八五年當中 ，至少有一年未納一毛錢的聯邦所得稅，或者甚至收到聯邦的退稅款。這篇報告引起美國財經學者與會計學者對公司租稅負擔的熱烈探討，亦對美國國會通過一九八六年租稅改革法案(the Tax Reform Act of 1986)取消投資扣抵、擴大稅基並加強最低稅負(alternative minimum tax)之稽徵有重要的影響。 　　本文之主要研究目的在於探討我國上市公司之營利事業所得稅負擔，是否受到企業規模、產業別以及稅制變化之影響。本研究使用我國教育部電子計算機中心提供之「台灣股票上市公司財務報表資料庫」，取出自民國七十三年到民國八十一年連續九年間，相同八十家上市公司所構成之縱查資料（longitudinal data或panel data），利用二元固定影響模型(two-way fixed effects model)等方法進行分析，發現上市公司之規模越大有效稅率越低（租稅負擔越低），顯示較大的上市公司可能運用較大的政治力量來減輕其租稅負擔，此結果代表用租稅來反映政治成本的政治成本假說(political cost hypothesis)不適用於我國的上市公司。在財務會計的研究上，經常以政治成本假說為基礎來解釋經理人員為何採用可降低當期盈餘的會計方法，亦即假設政治成本假說為正確，則企業規模愈大，愈容易受到政治上的監督（例如稅捐單位的嚴格審查），其政治成本愈大，為了避免這種政治成本，規模愈大約企業愈可能採用降低當期盈餘的會計方法。但是由本文的研究結果顯示，同租稅來表示政治成本的政治成本假說在我國並不成立，因此，未來有關之研究，在解釋我國公司規模對會計方法之選擇的影響時，不能直接從政治成本假說的觀點來解釋。 　　本文亦參考國外有關文獻，將我國與美國上市公司同期間(1986~1989)的租稅負擔加以比較，發現我國上市公司的有效稅率低於美國，但其主要原因為我國上市公司有虧損所引起。 　　本文另外亦使用產業的虛擬變數來分析不同產業是否有不同的租稅負擔，檢定結果顯示產業別對租稅負擔有顯著的影響。最後，本文比較民國七十五年營所稅自30%降為25%與實施加值稅前後，公司租稅負擔的變化情形，發現七十五年稅制變動後，規模愈大之上市公司須繳愈多的營利事業所得稅。 / A 1985 study by Citizens for Tax Justice examined the corpor-ate income tax burden of 250 largest U.S. corporations. They found that almost half of the largest corporations paid absolutely nothing in federal income taxes, or received tax rebates, in at least one of the four years from 1981 to 1984.This thesis intends to examine the income tax burden of public companies in Taiwan. In particular, the thesis investigates whether firm size, specific industry and tax system change will affect the income tax burden of public (listed) corporations. Financial statement data of the public corporations were obtained from the Econometric Programm- ing System (EPS) data base provided by the Ministry of Education. The main sample consists of eighty corporations that appear in all nine years over the 1984-1992 period. 　　To control for individual company and time heterogeneity and reduce omitted variable bias, fixed effects models are employed in this study. Using a two-way fixed effects model, the result shows that the larger the corporation's size the lower the effective tax rate (the lower the corporation's tax burden). It indicates that larger corporations may have more political power to reduce their tax burden. The finding suggests that political cost hypothesis is not justified in Taiwan's public corporations from the standpoint of effective tax rates. 　　This thesis also analyzes whether tax burden varies across industries. The analysis shows that a corporation's tax burden is related to the industry in which the corporation operates. Finally, this study examines the changes of corporation's tax burden pre and post 1986 when the highest statutory business income tax rate was reduced from 30 percent to 25 percent and the value-added tax was adopted in the same year. The analysis indicates that after the tax system change in 1986, large corporations paid more business income taxes.

我國所得稅法自民國八十七年一月一日開始實施兩稅合一制度。這原本是政府一項消除重複課稅的美意，但是仍受到多方批評。其爭議點就在於「未分配盈餘加徵百分之十營利事業所得稅」這項配套措施的實施。許多專家學者認為，對企業的未分配盈餘課稅，不利於企業內部資金的累積，進而影響其創新活動的投入與產出。而財政部卻持有不同的看法。 基於上述爭議，本研究以迴歸模式探討「未分盈餘加徵百分之十營利事業所得稅」制度的實施，對企業創新活動的影響。經實證結果發現： 1.對企業未分配盈餘加徵10%營利事業所得稅，確實會影響企業資本形成，降低其創新活動。因此，為求稅制良善，促進國家經濟發展，政府對於稅制之設計應謹慎為之。 2.以高科技產業和傳統產業比較，高科技產業由於兩稅合一未分配盈餘加徵10%營利事業所得稅制度的實施，其創新活動較制度實施前縮減，且縮減程度明顯大於傳統產業。此結果顯示，高科技產業顯然可謂新稅制下的最大受害者。因此，對高科技產業之未分配盈餘加以課稅，無疑是形成其創新活動的絆腳石、增加其營運上的風險。政府對此情況，應予正視。 3.以融資受限公司和融資未受限公司比較，兩稅合一之未分配盈餘加徵10%營利事業所得稅制度對融資受限公司之影響不大。經分析樣本特性，發現融資受限公司的獲利能力較差，因此租稅課徵對於其所造成的影響較低。因此可推論，獲利能力差之融資受限公司的創新活動受到非租稅因素的影響比租稅因素來得大。 關鍵字：未分配盈餘加徵百分之十營利事業所得稅，兩稅合一，創新活動 / In response to the public concern, Taiwan has adopted the imputation tax credit system since January 1st, 1998. Although the new tax reform can eliminate double taxation, the implementation of additional 10% surtax on undistributed surplus earnings has engendered lots of comments. Based on the disputations resulted from the new tax system, we conduct an empirical research analyzing the impacts of the implementation of additional 10% surtax on undistributed surplus earnings on the enterprises’ innovation. The empirical results in this research can be summarized as follows: 1. Imposing 10% surtax on corporate undistributed surplus earnings has adverse effect on capital accumulation, in turn leading to reduction in incentive of enterprises to conduct innovative activities. 2. Compared to the traditional industry, adverse effect of this new system is more profound for firms in the high-tech industry. The results indicate that high-tech industry is the major victim under the new tax reform. Therefore, imposing additional 10% surtax on high-tech industry will be an obstacle to enterprises’ growth and increase its operating risks. 3. Compared to unconstrained firms, we find out that the new tax system have less effects on constrained firms. Owing to considering the poor profitability, we can infer that non-tax factors have greater influence on the innovation of constrained firms relative to tax factors. Key words: additional 10% surtax on undistributed surplus earnings, the imputation tax credit system, innovation

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(法学) / 甲第18738号 / 法博第169号 / 新制||法||150(附属図書館) / 31689 / 京都大学大学院法学研究科法政理論専攻 / (主査)教授 岡村 忠生, 教授 髙木 光, 教授 仲野 武志 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Laws / Kyoto University / DGAM

交易標的物，可分為物、勞務、權利。在過去，智慧財產等權利的價值，往往透過物或勞務之交易才能間接地展現。如今在智慧財產日益重要之知識經濟中，以智慧財產直接作為交易標的物的商業模式，愈趨頻繁。此一直接智財交易之相關會計及租稅問題，值得進行體系化研究。本研究旨在分析直接智財交易可能產生的營利事業所得稅問題。本研究將直接智財交易分為權利買賣讓與（所有權移轉）、權利的融資擔保（價值權）及權利的使用收益(用益權)，針對各項爭點，分析問題形成的原因及可能造成的影響，並提出解決之道。 本研究分析後發現，目前稅法體系僅能掌握間接智財交易，因此未來修法時應將直接智財交易明文納入所得稅法體系之中。其次，智財交易多為跨國交易，但因與台灣訂有租稅協定的國家為數不多，為避免重複課稅，本研究建議對於來源地認定，應採取「經濟關聯」的認定標準。再者，針對著作權設質融資，由於著作權欠缺公示制度，本研究認為可能造成誤將讓與擔保當成買賣讓與而不公平地課徵所得稅，因此建議將讓與擔保分別處理。最後，對於智財作價入股之課稅時點，本研究認為，應依新創事業創立與為犒賞員工之目的分別處理，並依本研究所提出之指標個案認定。 / Objects of transactions can be tangible property, labor service, and rights. Intellectual property (IP) as right used to manifest its value most indirectly through transactions of tangible property and labor service. In a knowledge-based economy where IP becomes more important than ever before, business models based on direct transactions of IP have gained more popularity. As a result, a systematic research on accounting and taxation issues of IP transactions is urgent. This study aims to examine corporate income tax issues related to sales, collateral-based financing, and usufructs in direct IP transactions. After analyzing potential controversies and their causes and effects, the study proposes some feasible solutions to such disputes. The analysis shows that the existing income tax system does not apply well to direct IP transactions, and such transactions should be considered in future amendments of the Income Tax Act. Next, as IP transactions are usually involved in cross-border transactions and potentially subject to double taxation, given the fact that Taiwan has tax treaties only with a few countries, this study suggests identification of income origin be based on the economic connection so as to avoid unfair double taxation. Thirdly, as copyright lacks a public disclosure system and hence a copyright-backed financing deal may be mistakenly treated as sales rather than transfer guaranty and be unfairly taxed, this study suggests a separate treatment for such transactions. Finally, regarding taxation on stocks exchanged for IP, this study suggests differentiating the timing of taxation for encouraging new venture formation from that for rewarding employees, based on certain proposed criteria.

台灣的經濟主要以外銷為導向，近年來因為中國大陸經濟崛起，隨著兩岸經濟的逐漸開放，供應商產業外移，無論傳統產業或高科技產業製造相關企業，西進中國大陸已成台灣產業發展主流，貿易商採用多角貿易進行各種不同商業活動方式早已發展為台灣企業從事國際多角貿易的交易模式，而現行稅務主管機關對傳統外銷之各項租稅規定、法令規範、稽徵程序、實務審核作業規範等，對於台灣產業國際多角貿易類型，產生許多租稅疑義。因此，本論文以問卷調查方法，探討台灣企業從事國際多角貿易面臨之租稅相關議題，以提出改進我國企業從事國際多角貿易之相關租稅規範建議，供政府主管機關參考。 　　本文的問卷結果顯示，國際多角貿易之營業比重在台灣產業已占有舉足輕重之地位，且超過50%受訪企業認為，公司從事國際多角貿易交易與傳統直接外銷，不論在經濟實質、權利義務或風險瑕疵責任歸屬，兩者均相同。有70%以上之受訪企業表示對現行加值型營業稅及營利事業所得稅，在適用上產生困擾。雖然，現行法令對於公司從事國際多角貿易交易收入有銷貨及勞務之區分，但本文的問卷結果顯示有超過80%以上受訪企業認為企業從事國際多角貿易交易的性質係屬銷貨行為，並希望財政部簡化現行對國際多角貿易交易之課稅規範。 　　本論文建議，要健全國際多角貿易課稅規範，消弭國際多角貿易之租稅疑議，首先，必須打破現行課稅法令對國際多角貿易區分由國內出貨或第三地出貨，依出貨地是否在中華民國境內而有不同認定之迷失。其次，對國際多角貿易之會計處理應回歸交易實質，不應藉由課稅之考量來左右會計基礎之入帳原則。最後，財政部應簡化現行對國際多角貿易之課稅規範，減少企業因複雜之課稅規定而將第三地出貨之多角貿易收入規避不列入台灣之營業收入。 / Taiwan's economy is primarily export-oriented. In recent years, because of the rise of economy in mainland China, with cross-strait economy liberalization and relocation of suppliers, both traditional and high technology industry businesses have been moving to mainland China as mainstream of Taiwan's industrial development. Multi-lateral transactions have been adopted by Taiwanese companies in engaging in various international business activities. However, tax laws and regulations, as well as assessment procedures adopted by Taiwan tax authorities, on multi-lateral business have triggered many tax disputes. Therefore, with surveys by questionnaires, this study aims to investigate into the relevant tax issues in the multi-lateral international trade of Taiwanese enterprises and propose suggestions for the tax authorities to improve Taiwan tax treatment on multi-lateral international trade. 　　The questionnaire results show that multi-lateral international trade has become a dominant business model in Taiwan industry, more than 50% of the respondents consider both multi-lateral international trade transactions and the traditional direct export are the same, with respect to economic substance, rights and obligations or liability risks of the transactions. More than 70% of the respondents indicate that they have encountered problems when applying to the existing value-added tax law and business income tax law. Although the existing reguations for companies engaging in multi-lateral international trade transactions classify such transactions into sales and services in their respective tax treatments, the questionnaire results show that more than 80% of the respondents consider such transactions should be all regarded as sales of goods, and urge the Ministry of Finance to simplify the existing taxation on such transactions. 　　This paper proposes the following suggestions to make taxation on multi-lateral international transactions more reasonable and enforceable. First of all, the existing taxation on multi-lateral international trade should not classify such transactions as domestic shipment or third place shipment solely by whether the shipping point is in the territory of Republic of China or not. Second, the accounting for international multi-lateral trade should reflect the substance of such transactions instead of following the tax law treatment. Third, the Ministry of Finance should simplify the existing tax treatment for multi-lateral international trade to prevent Taiwanese enterprises from under-reporting multi-lateral international trade revenues derived from third place shipment in filing Taiwan business income tax because of the complexity of the exitng tax regulations.

隨著知識經濟之發展，無形資產對於企業價值之重要性因而提升。就跨國企業而言，其無形資產配置對利潤分配之影響遠遠超過有形資產之交易，故近年來無形資產已成為各國稅務機關查核跨國企業間移轉訂價之重點項目。 本研究以經濟合作暨發展組織 2013 年7 月30 日發布之「無形資產移轉訂價修訂討論稿」為根基，結合美國、中國及印度等國家之相關規範，分析我國目前對於無形資產移轉訂價規範之缺失，並以近三年來與無形資產移轉訂價相關之國內外訴訟案例為研究範疇，探討實務上徵納雙方常見爭議，進而提出個人建議，冀能做為我國無形資產移轉訂價規範修法方向及徵納實務之參考。 / The importance of intangibles for market capitalization of an enterprise has been rising with the development of knowledge economy. Distributions of intangibles have more impact on profit allocations than transactions of tangible assets for multinational enterprises. As a result, the transfer pricing of intangibles have become the focus of taxation for multinational enterprises. This study analyzes defects of the regulations of transfer pricing involving intangibles in Taiwan based on Revised Discussion Draft on Transfer Pricing Aspects of Intangibles which issued by Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) on July 30, 2013 and based on the references of the related regulations in other countries, including United States, China and India. Furthermore, the study analyzes and classifies the controversies of transfer pricing of intangibles between taxpayers and tax authorities in practice for the past three years from the court cases.

本文透過比較分析我國收入認列會計準則、現行IFRSs收入認列規定、顧客合約收入草案規定及現行稅務法令規定之差異，對企業在會計及稅務上之影響進行研究分析。研究結果分為兩部分：會計影響方面，在ROC GAAP轉換為IFRSs時有影響者為委託人和代理人之判斷；在IFRSs轉換為顧客合約收入草案時有影響者為信用風險、附退貨權之銷貨、保固、再買回協議、開帳並代管之銷售等五個部分；轉換為IFRSs及顧客合約收入草案時皆有影響者為客戶忠誠計劃、客戶移轉之資產及建造合約三個部分。在稅務影響方面，在ROC GAAP轉換為IFRSs實有影響者為多元要素合約、委託人和代理人之判斷、客戶忠誠計劃、分期付款銷貨、商品或勞務交換、授權費和權利金及客戶移轉之資產七個部分；在IFRSs轉換為顧客合約收入草案時有影響者為信用風險、附退貨權之銷貨及保固；轉換為IFRSs及顧客合約收入草案時皆有影響者為建造合約。 / This study compares the differences between Taiwanese revenue recognition standards, existing IFRSs revenue recognition requirements, IFRS exposure draft “Revenue from contract with customer” and the current tax laws regulation and analyzes the impacts of adopting IFRSs on Taiwanese entities’ accounting and tax practices. The conclusions of this study are divided into two parts. The first part is for accounting. The issue of principal versus agent consideration will have an impact on accounting only when ROC GAAP conversion with IFRSs. The issues of credit risk, sale with a right of return, warranties, repurchase agreements and bill-and-hold arrangements will have impact on accounting only when the exposure draft becomes effective. The issues of customer loyalty program, transfers of assets from customers and construction contracts will have impacts on accounting both when first time adopting IFRSs and subsequently applying the exposure draft. The second part is for taxation. The issues of multiple-element arrangement, principal versus agent consideration, customer loyalty program, installment sales, exchange for goods or services, royalties and transfers of assets from customers will have impacts on taxation only when first-time adopting IFRSs. The issues of credit risk, sale with right of returns and warranties will have impacts on tax only when the exposure draft becomes effective. The issue of construction contracts will have an impact on taxation both when first time adopting IFRSs and subsequently applying the exposure draft.