研究董仲舒之政治思想，以春秋繁露、史記、漢書及其對策、書論、賦頌、文集為主 要資料，並參佐當世及以前與其政治思想有關之記載，與後人著作之引申和評述。為 力求研究態度之客觀及無所偏失，多方旁徵博引，以使理論與史實兼顧。其中雖偶語 涉稱羨或評騭，亦皆出自內心對其思想之體認，非敢故意抑揚損益，妄加臆斷。 本論文之內容分為導論、第一章至第六章、結論。 導論：主要說明董仲舒政治思想之性質與義蘊，俾對其思想先有一概括性之認識。 第一章：董仲舒之牛平與著作。仲舒生於鈿漢初，據考證約在惠帝與呂后年間。景帝 時為博士，善治春秋，學士多師尊之。武帝即位參與賢良對策，任江都相，從此為武 帝所重，位未鼎足，知在公卿之上。中廢為中大夫。因為人廉直，公孫弘嫉之，乃薦 為膠西相，恐久獲罪，病免歸家，以修學著書為事，年老以壽終於家。仲舒所著，皆 明經術之意，及上疏條教，凡百二十三篇，而說春秋事得失，聞舉、玉杯、蕃露．清 明、竹林之屬，復數十篇，十餘萬言。而今所傳者，除漢書所載等外，要為春秋繁露 一書。春秋繁露之真偽問題，論者頗多，惟莫衷一是。吾人以為其書為後人收輯而成 ，縱或非全由仲舒所著，然中多根極理要之言，作為研究其政治思想之用，當無不可 。 第二章：董仲舒政治思想之時代背景與淵源。四漢初七十餘年間，正為中央集權君主 專制形成之過程，亦正是道、法、儒三家思想爭勝之時期。道家思想之全盛是在高祖 至文帝時期，其間採「清靜無為」，與民休養生息之政策，府庫充盈後，思圖以振作 ；文景時代申韓刑名之學興起，法家得勢。及自武帝即位，遂採「罷黜百家，獨尊儒 術」之政策，儒家自此定於一尊，成為中國學術思想之主流，仲舒處於道法儒爭勝之 時代，自亦深受時代之影響，而其思想淵源卻以儒家及陰陽家者為主，故漢書謂仲舒 為「始推陰陽，為儒者宗」。 第三章：董仲舒論人性與正名。仲舒論政以人性為起點，從人性論可了解其論政之態 度。孟子主張性善，於為政重明倫教；化荀子主性惡，其論政重體法制度；仲舒謂性 有善質而未全善，故重仁義禮。 /

本研究旨在探索瑞典華語學習者漢字學習歷程、漢字學習困難、產生困難的因素及其之間的關係、以及因應困難的策略，屬質性個案研究。對象為瑞典林奈大學選讀初級華語課程的四位華語學習者，以深度訪談、學習週記、課室觀察作為資料收集方法。 研究發現學習者的漢字學習困難，除了過去研究提出的漢字書寫、辨識、記憶困難以外，還有漢字讀音困難與線上資源應用困難。而他們面對漢字學習困難的因應策略可以分為三種，分別是積極的尋求老師協助、積極的尋求網路資源協助、消極的逃避。影響漢字學習的「內在因素」有「語言學習態度與方式」、「華語學習動機」、「對漢字的看法」；「外在因素」有「環境因素」、「教學因素」、「簡繁體班因素」。影響漢字學習的內外在因素之間的互動關係，除了「外在因素」的「教學因素」是單方面影響「內在因素」，其它的內在因素與外在因素都是相互影響。 建議華語教學者除了加強學習者的漢字書寫、辨識、與記憶能力，還有漢字讀音的演練與線上資源應用的學習。而影響學習者漢字學習的因素有很多，因素之間也會相互影響，因此教學者可以通過了解影響學習者漢字學習的內外在因素，而給予學習者適切的協助。 / This qualitative study aims to explore Swedish learners’ Chinese-characters learning process, with a focus on discovering their difficulties and coping strategies and identifying the factors that influence the learning of Chinese characters and their relationship. The research participants were four Swedish learners who took the class “Chinese for Beginners” in Linnaeus University in Sweden. Multiple sources of data were collected, including in-depth individual interviews, learning journals, and class-room observations. The results showed that the four participants had difficulties in learning Chinese characters, including reading, writing, recognizing, and memorizing Chinese characters as well as the application of online resources. Despite learning difficulties, these Swedish learners were actively asking for the teacher’s help, using the online re-sources, and passively avoiding facing leanring difficulties. The internal factors that influence learning Chinese characters were “language learing attitudes and methods,” “the motivation of leanring Chinese,” “the feeling toward Chinese characters.” The external factors included “environmental factors,” “teaching factors,” and “tradition-al/simplified Chinese charactes class factors.” The relationship between internal factors and external factors were bi-directional, except that the ways the instructor teach Chinese characters may influence students’ attitudes, motivation or feelings unilater-ally. This study suggested that Chinese teachers should enhance students’ Chinese-characters writing, recognizing, memorizing ability and provide oppotunieis for be-ginners to practice reading Chinese characters and using online resources. It is also important for Chinese teachers to know the complexity and interaction of the factors that may influence students’ learning of Chinese characters. In so doing, Chinese teachers are able to offer beginners appropriate assistance in learning Chinese charac-ters.

漢厚朴酚是從木蘭科植物中萃取之天然化合物，已知具有抗氧化、抗發炎及神經保護之生理活性功能。先前的研究證明漢厚朴酚可以保護多巴胺神經元對抗6-OHDA所引起的細胞傷害，並且可以減緩6-OHDA 動物模式由apomorphine所誘發的旋轉行為，但漢厚朴酚對於神經保護之分子機制的相關研究尚未釐清。蛋白激酶CK2是具有多功能的絲氨酸/蘇氨酸激酶，高度表現在大腦紋狀體中，先前的研究證實蛋白激酶CK2參與調節神經系統功能和具有神經保護之作用。先前研究也指出轉錄因子Nrf1（Nuclear factor E2-related factor 1）是蛋白激酶CK2下游磷酸化受質，會調控小鼠胚胎纖維細胞中蛋白酶體基因的表現。抗細胞凋亡蛋白Mcl-1 (myeloid cell leukemia 1) 屬於Bcl-2蛋白家族的成員之一，在細胞凋亡的過程中，其蛋白含量減少與細胞凋亡有密切關聯性，抑制Mcl-1蛋白的降解可以延遲細胞死亡。因此本論文主要探討漢厚朴酚的神經細胞保護機制是否透過CK2-Nrf1細胞訊息路徑調控蛋白酶體活性，進而減少Mcl-1的降解速率。實驗結果顯示，轉染CK2α-EGFP DNA質體會增加Nrf1磷酸化並抑制蛋白酶體活性，泛素化之Mcl-1蛋白含量亦伴隨增加；轉染CK2α siRNA則會降低Nrf1磷酸化並促進蛋白酶體活性，導致naive Mcl-1蛋白質含量減少24小時的漢厚朴酚後處理（post-treatment）可以部份恢復因轉染CK2α siRNA所造成之CK2蛋白、Phosphoserine蛋白和Mcl-1蛋白質含量減少，在設計縮短間隔5小時漢厚朴酚後處理（post-treatment）的實驗結果雖然仍無法有效恢復CK2蛋白含量，但對於Phosphoserine和Mcl-1蛋白含量以及蛋白酶體活性則具有部份恢復的功效。利用過氧化氫造成細胞氧化壓力環境下，實驗發現間隔3小時的漢厚朴酚後處理才能有效恢復細胞存活率，間隔5小時的漢厚朴酚後處理則無法恢復細胞存活率。在大白鼠紋狀體腦區給予漢厚朴酚微量注射則對pTH、TH和GAD蛋白質含量皆有促進增加的作用，乙醯化的Histone H3蛋白含量也有顯著增加。綜合以上結果，推測漢厚朴酚對細胞保護作用的其中一個機制是參與調控CK2-Nrf1路徑而抑制蛋白酶體活性，減少Mcl-1蛋白質降解速率和提升氧化壓力下之細胞存活能力；此外，從活體動物的實驗結果顯示漢厚朴酚亦可能參與調控多巴胺和γ-氨基丁酸神經細胞功能的機制之中。 / Honokiol is a natural compound, extracted from the Magnolia officinalis, and is known as its anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. The previous study has been demonstrated that the honokiol can protect striatal dopamine neuron against 6-OHDA induced damage and reverse the apomorphine-induced rotational behavior in Parkinson’s disease model of rats. However, the cellular mechanisms for its neuroprotective effects are not fully investigated. Protein kinase Casine kinase 2 (CK2) is a serine/threonine kinase has a highly abundant expression in the striatum compared with other brain areas. Further, CK2 is shown to regulate many neuronal functions including neuroprotection. The nuclear factor E2-related factor 1 (Nrf1) has been identified as one of the substrate proteins for CK2 and is indicated to involve in the induction of proteasome subunits gene expressions in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. The anti-apoptotic protein myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl-1) is shown to play a critical initiation role during the apoptosis process due to its synthesis blockage and proteasome degradation. The present study is aimed to investigate whether one of protective effects of honokiol is through CK2-mediated Nrf1 signaling pathway to regulate the proteasome activity in the mouse N2a neuroblastoma cell line. In the current results, transfection of the CK2α-EGFP plasmid DNA increased Nrf1 phosphorylation accompanied with the decrease in the proteasome activity but increased the ubiquitinated Mcl-1 protein. Whereas, transfection of CK2α siRNA decreased Nrf1 phosphorylation leading to the increase in proteasome activity and Mcl-1 protein degradation. The 24 hr duration of honokiol post-treatment only slightly reversed the knock-down effect of CK2α siRNA on CK2α and Mcl-1 protein levels. However, 5 hr duration of honokiol post-treatment could partially reverse the Mcl-1 protein level and proteasome activity but no effect on CK2α protein levels. In the H2O2-induced oxidative stress condition, only 3 hr duration of honokiol post-treatment could protect cells against H2O2-induced cell death. In the experiments of in vivo rat animal model, local administration of honokiol was found to increase phospho-TH, naive TH, GAD as well as acetylated Histone H3 protein levels. These above results suggest one of the protective mechanisms of honokiol might be through CK2-mediated Nrf1 signaling to inhibit the proteasome activity. and to promote cell survival under oxidative stress. Beside these functions, honokiol might also involve in the regulation of nurophysiological functions of dopamine and GABA neurons.

「漢唐樂府」將非物質文化遺產的南管音樂，結合梨園戲的科步，融淬成以「梨園樂舞」為表演訴求的嶄新團隊「漢唐樂府˙梨園舞坊」。本文即以「漢唐樂府˙梨園舞坊」所展演的作品：《梨園幽夢》、《教坊記》、《韓熙載夜宴圖》、《洛神賦》、《殷商王后》和《盤之古》為主要討論對象。以運用「文化資產」開創「文化創意產業」的研究觀點，結合「跨文化」與「環境劇場」等相關理論開展論述。旨在討論其如何透過文化創意思維，維護提升文化資產的符號價值，創新增添更多的符號元素於展演，使經典文化資產普及於現代視聽。結論透過漢唐樂府和其他新興南管表演團體的比較，突顯其透過多元取材和演出，轉化文化資產為文化創意產業的機制所在，並反思創作形式和內涵的拓展可能。

本文的研究問題有三：一是了解現今華語綜合性教材語素教學的內容與編排方式；二是提出關於本文分析之華語綜合性教材以語素為基礎的詞彙教學建議；三是教師面對不同教材時，應該如何因應與落實以語素為基礎的詞彙教學。 本文首先從海峽兩岸的專家、學者們對於詞彙教學領域的相關研究和詞彙教學的現狀著手，發現詞彙教學理論研究成果與教學應用脫節，因此如何有效利用漢語詞彙語義特徵和結構特徵進行詞彙教學，值得深入研究。本文將焦點集中於語素教學的理論與教學實施原則，分析在臺灣與中國使用率極高的兩套華語綜合性教材---《新版實用視聽華語》和《新實用漢語課本》，以了解目前教材中語素教學內容的現況。 分析結果發現，兩套教材皆呈現語素教學設計，但是《新版實用視聽華語》的語素分析出現瑕疵，且缺乏詞彙結構分析；而《新實用漢語課本》不論是語素分析或詞彙結構分析，都能以學習者已知的詞彙為基礎而設計。本文參考前人的研究和教材的分析，提出對於這兩套教材中以語素為基礎的詞彙教學建議。最後，本文綜合語素教學研究、教材分析和教學應用，提出一套更完整的語素教學實施原則，以利於教師面對不同教材時得以參考依循。 關鍵字：語素、語素教學、詞彙教學、新版實用視聽華語、新實用漢語課本 / There are three research aspects in this paper: (1) To understand the content and structure of two main current Mandarin pedagogical materials in the context of morpheme-based vocabulary teaching. (2) To provide some teaching suggestions for the design of morpheme-based vocabulary teaching of those two materials. (3) To propose vocabulary teaching strategies on employing morpheme-based vocabulary teaching when teachers are facing different textbooks. In vocabulary teaching, this paper makes an overview of research literature by cross strait scholars, and finds that there is a missing link between theory study and teaching application. It’s promising to explore semantic and morphology of Chinese vocabulary to facilitate vocabulary teaching; thus, morpheme-based vocabulary teaching is proposed. We evaluate two most popular textbooks Practical Audio-visual Chinese 2nd edition and New Practical Chinese Reader to get a picture of how morpheme-based vocabulary teaching is presented. Both textbooks do have morpheme-based vocabulary teaching design. Practical Audio-visual Chinese 2nd edition is faulty in morpheme analysis, and short of analysis of morphology of Chinese vocabulary. New Practical Chinese Reader deserves praising by editing the content of morpheme-based vocabulary teaching at the basis of learned vocabulary, and it excels in the analysis of both morpheme and morphology. Referring to previous studies in this area, we propose recommendations for morpheme-based vocabulary teaching with these two materials. To assist teachers in dealing with various textbooks, we provide practical teaching operation principles, through a comprehensive study of morpheme-based vocabulary teaching, textbook analysis, and teaching application research. Wish this study will help Mandarin teachers teach vocabulary more efficiently. Keywords: morpheme, morpheme teaching, vocabulary teaching, Practical Audio-visual Chinese 2nd Edition, New Practical Chinese Reader

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本文以優選理論的觀點分析台灣漢語饒舌歌的節奏類型。主要論點包括三個部份：節拍對應、音節對應與韻句分析。本研究建立一個漢語饒舌歌語料庫，提出數據佐證分析，認為漢語饒舌歌的節奏類型不只一種，不同的節奏類型可透過並存音韻理論(Cophonology Theory)來解釋，另外，本文也提出浮動制約(Floating Constraints)來預測漢語饒舌歌中不同節奏型態出現的比例。在節拍對應方面，透過虛詞左向附著與其他制約的排序變化，可以篩選出音節與節拍不同的對應方式。在音節對應方面，當一韻句需要滿足簡單律時，就會產生音節跨越現象。而在韻句分析方面，透過左界對整(U,x)與其他制約的排序變化，可以預測兩韻句間之間隔1/2拍或1/4拍的例子。整體而言，本篇研究就漢語饒舌歌中豐富的節奏類型提出語料以及理論上的分析基準。 / This thesis analyzes the rhythmic structure of Chinese raps in Taiwan from the perspective of Optimality theory. Three factors are in order: the demibeats mapping, the syllable mapping and the utterance phrasing. The thesis adopts the corpus-based analysis. This thesis proposes that rhythmic variants can be accounted for through the constraint re-ranking in terms of the Cophonology Theory. The positing of floating constraints can then predict the percentages of the rhythmic variants. In demibeat mapping, the interaction between F-share-L(the left-adjunction of functors) and other constraints results in different ways of demibeat-syllable correspondence; in syllable mapping, Simplicity decides the syllable-straddling phenomenon. Finally, in utterance phrasing, the interaction between Align-L(U,x) and other constraints predicts different lengthens of the utterance breaks. To conclude, this thesis provided a corpus and theoretical basis for the rhythmic structures of Chinese raps.

本研究以「意」的雙字詞彙為主要研究範圍，由詞彙內部結構及上下文切入以釐清「意」的多義現象。前人關於「意」的多義現象討論不多，僅有歷時的探源研究、與內在身體部位「心」的比較以及心理學認識活動的相關論述，至今尚未有關於「意」之共時性語料庫研究。於彙整《中文詞彙網路2.0》與《教育部重編國語辭典修訂本》中「意」的義項，並清楚制定「認知」、「情感」、「意志」三個語意類別後，本研究分析了《中央研究院現代漢語平衡語料庫4.0》一千萬詞條版本中的相關語料。研究結果包含了兩個面向的討論：「意」的詞彙內部結構和語意分佈之間的關係以及「意」的意象圖式。 首先，研究發現「意」在構詞上屬於名詞性黏著詞根詞素，可同時作為詞在句子中自由移動的情形不多；「意」在語意上則屬於「心理集合名詞」，而心理集合名詞為一多義詞素，詞彙語意的完整有賴其共現成分。其次，「＊意」結構的詞類包含了名詞、狀態動詞、動作動詞、副詞四種詞類，而「意＊」結構僅包含名詞、狀態動詞、動作動詞三種。其中，「＊意」的構詞能力較「意＊」強，語意分佈上則皆以「意志」類為主。 最後，從雙音詞的上下文中發掘了「意」的三條刺激反應路徑，統整出「意」的意象圖式，得知「意」的雙字詞多用於「報導」方面。若刺激類別為「文章/話語」或「外在景色」通常由「當局經驗者」報導概念內涵或刺激為其帶來之感覺，若刺激類別為「人際客體」則通常由「旁觀經驗者」報導當局經驗者理解概念之過程、心理狀態或意志狀態。華語教師在講解「意」之詞彙時，可透過解釋其共現成分之詞意為學生建立語意類別的概念，亦可運用刺激類別及報導的方式讓學生知道「意」的雙音詞使用上的差別。 關鍵字： 「意」、多義名詞、詞彙內部結構、意象圖式、中研院現代漢語平衡語料庫 / Key word: Yi4,polysemy, word component structure, image schema, Mandarin Corpus This thesis reports the polysemous usage of the disyllabic words containing Yi4 ‘meaning’ with the emphasis on their internal structure and co-text. Previous studies on Mandarin polysemy Yi4 mostly focused on the classic manuscripts, the comparison between Xin1 ‘heart’ and Yi4 ‘meaning’, or the philosophical system of knowing. However, none of them was based on real texts from the corpus. Based on the senses taken from the Chinese Wordnet 2.0 and the Revised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary, we categorized the usage of Yi4 as FEELING, COGNITION and INTENTION. Using these as the criteria, we analyzed the data from the Sinica Corpus 4.0. The results were discussed based on two aspects, the interrelationship between the internal structures and meaning distribution, and the image schema of Yi4. For the internal structures, we discovered that Yi4 serves not only as a bound-root morpheme at the syntactical level but also as a semantically polysemous psycho-collection morpheme which needs the co-occurred morpheme to fulfill its word meaning. We also found that most instances in both ‘X+Yi4’ and ‘Yi4+X’ structures belong to INTENTION, and these include nouns, action verbs, and stative verbs. However, only the ‘X+Yi4’ structure, with its stronger word-forming ability, contains adverbial use. In addition to internal structures, for the analysis of co-texts, we came up with the image schema of Yi4 which contains three stimulus-response routes. If the stimulus is article/speech/scenery, Yi4 tends to have a direct experiencer conducting a first-hand report about his/her feeling. If the stimulus comes from a human body, Yi4 prefers having an indirect experiencer conducting a second-hand report about the direct experiencer’s emotion, cognitive process or willing. Finally, this thesis also offers some pedagogical suggestions and application based on the findings.