京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(経営科学) / 甲第25475号 / 経営博第30号 / 新制||経営||5(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院経営管理教育部経営科学専攻 / (主査)准教授 大庭 哲治, 教授 山田 忠史, 教授 市川 温 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy in Management Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

本研究旨在建構國民小學教育空間品質評鑑指標。研究方法部分，先以文獻分析歸納出國民小學教育空間品質評鑑之初擬指標，再以專家問卷以及模糊德菲術問卷進行調查。模糊德菲術調查樣本為22位對國民小學的校園規劃、空間環境相當了解的校長、學者及教育行政機關主管為對象，透過三角模糊數整合專家對指標重要性之看法並篩選指標項目，最後以歸一化之方式求得各構面以及各項指標權重，完成國民小學教育空間品質評鑑指標體系。根據研究之結果與分析，歸納主要結論如下： 一、本研究建構之國民小學教育空間品質評鑑指標，含兩層指標，第一層指標有 6項，第二層指標有35項。 二、本研究建構之國民小學教育空間品質評鑑之第一層指標，依權重排序分別為「安全與管護」（18.41％）、「舒適與健康」（17.51％）、「特色與美感」（16.59％）、「節能與永續」（16.40%）、「充足與彈性」（16.28%）及「社交與休憩」（14.80%）。 三、本研究建構之國民小學教育空間品質評鑑之第二層指標依權重排序，在安全與管護方面，應特別重視校舍建築耐震防災、避難空間與動線的規劃，以及校園死角的監控管護；在舒適與健康方面，應特別重視校園環境的乾淨與整潔，且教室應有良好的照度以及通風；在特色與美感方面，應特別重視教育空間應富有寓教於境的教育情境、具有美感，以及能展現學校重要精神；在節能與永續方面，應特別重視教育空間能維持生態多樣性以及節水減碳的規畫與設計；在充足與彈性方面，應特別重視特殊需求的學生使用，並有足夠的各式教學與活動及多目的使用的空間；在社交與休憩方面，應特別重視學生交流互動、師生對話，以及與社區資源共享的空間。 最後，本研究依研究結果分別就對教育主管機關、對學校及對後續研究提出建議。 / The purpose of this study is to construct the evaluation indicators for quality of educational space in elementary schools. As for research methods, by means of literature review, and then 35 indicators within 6 main dimensions had been organized as a raw model of quality of educational space in elementary schools indicators based on which the Fuzzy Delphi questionnaire was developed and the survey was conducted with the sample size of 22 experts. Symmetric triangular fuzzy number then was used to analyze experts’ opinion on the importance of each indicator and to help indicator selection. At last stage, normalization of fuzzy number’s total score determined the weight of each dimensions and indicators; accordingly, the quality of educational space in elementary schools indicator system was constructed. The main conclusions are as follows： 1. The quality of educational space in elementary schools indicator system consists with 6 dimensions and 35 indicators in total. 2. The 6 dimensions are:safety and security（18.41％）, comfort and health（17.51％）, characteristics and aesthetic（16.59％）, energy efficiency and sustainability（16.40%）, adequate and flexible（16.28%）,social and leisure（14.80%）. 3. The second layer indactors for the quality of educational space in elementarty school are : in “safety and security”, should be the building seismic disaster, asylum space and the route planning, and monitoring of management and protection of the campus corner ; in the “comfort and health”, with special attention to the campus environment clean and tidy, and the classroom should have good illumination and ventilation; in the “characteristics and aesthetic” context, special attention should be full of educational space education through environmental education context, the aesthetic , as well as important to show school spirit; in “energy efficiency and sustainability”, and the particular importance of education to maintain the ecological diversity and space saving and carbon reduction planning and design; in “adequate and flexible” in regard, special attention to students with special needs, and there is enough variety of teaching and activities and multi-purpose use of space; in “social and leisure” aspects, special attention should be student interaction, teacher-student dialogue and resource sharing with the community space. According to the conclusions, some suggestions had been proposed : 1..suggestions for education administrators,2.suggestions for schools, and 3.suggestions for further study.

本研究的主要目的，在調查臺北縣市國小普通教室空間規畫之現況以及近十年內之趨勢，瞭解臺北縣市國小教師教學型態運用情形並探討其與教室空間規畫的關係、調查教師認為其教學所需之普通教室空間形式與附屬教學設備為何、進而提出對普通教室教學空間規畫的建議，俾作為未來普通教室空間規畫之參考。 本研究選取臺北縣、市各38所學校為研究對象，每所學校各抽取12位(偏遠學校為6位)班級的導師共864位為研究對象(有效樣本526人，包含臺北縣233人、臺北市293人)，進行問卷調查，並以次數百分比統計和卡方考驗進行分析，從研究結果發現中我們得到以下的結論： 壹、臺北縣市國小普通教室空間規畫之現況 一、近十年來之學校空間設計朝多元化、彈性化之開放空間的趨勢發展 1.教室平形狀擺脫標準之「傳統長方形平面」的窠臼 2.教室空間形式之設計趨向多邊形、開放、彈性之原則 3.教室走廊空間形式由單邊走廊之單一形式轉變為雙邊走廊之多用途形式 4.舊校設備比新校設備的數量多 二、班級座位安排法的多元化與校舍新舊、教室空間形式、課桌形式以及教師教學型態等因素的差異性達顯著 三、學習角落的設置需要空間，並和教師教學型態有關 貳、臺北縣市國小教師之教學型態及其與教學空間規畫之關係 一、教師教學型態多元化程度與普通教室空間形式、教室附屬教學設備多寡等教室空間設計因素的差異性達顯著 二、教師教學型態多元化程度與教室課桌形式、班級座位安排法以及學習角落設置個數等教室空間配置等因素的差異性達顯著 參、教學革新趨勢下教師理想中之普通教室空間規畫 　一、絕大多數教師心目中的理想教室空間為彈性、開放、多元化的空間 　二、有七成的教師認為理想的座位安排方式為小組式座位安排法，而有六成教師認為理想的課桌椅形式為長方形單人課桌 　三、有五成以上教師認為最需要的附屬教學設備以科技化教學設備為主，也有五成以上教師認為最需要設置的學習角落為語文圖書角、電腦角與遊戲角。 研究者根據文獻探討與研究發現，提出下列幾點建議： 一、普通教室平面形狀方面，應配合班級人數來設計長短邊之比例 二、普通教室空間形式方面，應以開放、彈性、多元化為原則 三、普通教室走廊空間的設計應以具多用途功能之空間為原則 四、普通教室附屬教學設備應增加科技化教學設備的設置 五、革新課桌椅形式，以利教師依教學需求變化班級座位安排 六、教師應依學生學習之需求彈性地調整教室空間的配置，並提昇使用教學設備的能力 七、未來研究可以進一步地針對不同教室空間的個案進行深入的觀察與訪談，來探討其對教師教學的影響

本論文探討英國劇作家凱洛•邱琪兒之《九重天》以及《頂尖女孩》兩劇中深具顛覆性的時空手法。本論文由五章組成。第一章回顧多年來相關的眾多評論角度。第二章援引巴赫汀(Mikhail Bakhtin)的時空型(chronotope)概念探討兩戲中時空融匯的現象，尤其是劇中人物心理、身體狀態，戲劇時空，以及外在社會文化時空背景，三者之間緊密的互動。兩齣戲各別有著兩個不同的時空型：《九重天》第一幕代表的是性別角色僵化的時空型，第二幕則代表了1979年當時社會上傳統性別角色開放且迅速轉變的狀態；《頂尖女孩》則透過一對姐妹Marlene與Joyce對映出當時兩種不同的女性生活，一個是典型八零年代柴契爾主義的事業女強人，一個則是在此種政經趨勢下卻相對更加弱勢的傳統女性。 第三章則探討兩劇第一幕呈現長久以來隱藏空間當中的性別歧視。透過女性地理學者(feminist geographical theorist)之觀點，筆者分析兩戲當中兩性間不同的空間體驗(spatial experience)，以及公/私領域之分界(private-public distinction)所暗藏性別歧視的空間隱喻(spatial metaphor)。當男性與冒險及旅行等等充滿能動性(mobility)的字眼連結，女性卻總是被動地與家庭空間緊緊連繫。邱琪兒在此揭露空間亦為不公平的性別政治當中之一環。 第四章則著重於分析《九重天》第二幕當中的公園場景，以及《頂尖女孩》第二、三幕的辦公室與廚房場景。首先援引傅柯(Michel Foucault)的異質空間(heterotopia)概念來討論各場景間複雜的鏡像與補償關係。透過空間理論學者昂希．列菲弗爾(Henri Lefebvre)以及抵抗地景(geographies of resistance)的空間生產理論分析邱琪兒如何透過呈現特定社會族群佔領特定空間的手法，企圖激進地改變現實當中此類空間的社會意義。 雖然距兩齣劇作首演的年代已有二十多年，但其中所探討之議題依然常見於現今二十一世紀的社會當中。邱琪兒預見了現今複雜的家庭狀態以及大鳴大放的同性戀運動。即使越來越多女性在政治界或是企業界嶄露頭角，世界上多數的女性依然掙扎於找尋工作與家庭之間的平衡點。 / This thesis is to examine Caryl Churchill’s subversive temporal and spatial devices on stage in Cloud Nine and Top Girls. The chronotopes of the two plays articulate how people’s states of beings interact with the external social and cultural conditions, especially during the 1980s in London. Both plays crystallize the space politics full of gender discriminations in the patriarchal society. In addition, Churchill’s dramatic devices are the subversive spatial practice that transforms the gendered spaces into the sites of resistance in order to manifest her protest and seeks more possibilities for the gender roles in the future. There are five chapters in this thesis. Chapter One is an introduction, including the overview of two plays and the review of numerous analyses in the past two and half decades. In Chapter Two, Churchill’s theatrical temporal and spatial devices, including setting, synchronism, and anachronism in Cloud Nine and Top Girls construct chronotopes that lay bare the special social and cultural condition in a certain historical moment. Those chronotopes demonstrate how Churchill unifies people’s internal states of being and the external political structures together. Moreover, by presenting the chronotopes, Churchill criticizes the slowness of the progress in gender politics and the possible backlash about women’s right in the 1980s. In Chapter Three, I analyze how the spatiality of patriarchy constructed by the private-public dichotomy in both Act Ones of Cloud Nine and Top Girls. The spatial experiences between men and women depicted in Act One of Cloud Nine illustrate the stereotypical masculinity and femininity in the Victorian age. The spatial metaphors about movement in Act One of Top Girls expose the strict boundary between the private and the public spaces, and foreshadow the importance of mobility as being a possible strategy to transgress the boundaries. Finally, Chapter Four is the analysis about how Churchill subversively and politically explores the possibility of creating new social spaces in the park space of Cloud Nine and the office space of Top Girls. Her theatrical strategies are potential spatial practices that create the rupture to transgress the unfair restrictions and discriminations in the patriarchal and heterosexual society. The final chapter concludes that Churchill’s dramatic devices about time and space are the subversive strategies to conduct her observations and criticisms about the unfairness in society.

近年來，由於少子女化影響而增加的校園閒置空間，許多學校配合中央政策針對校園閒置空間進行再利用，空間經再利用後，對後續的用後評估施以維護和保養，使空間更符合使用者需求為考量，其用後評估是否有助於提升教學和學習的成效，是為本研究之重點及價值。爰此，本研究以「新北市校園閒置空間再利用用後評估之研究以三所學校為例」為研究主題，對再利用後的校園閒置空間進行用後評估，以新北市教育局推薦之三所別具特色的米倉國小的鄉土玩具圖書館、乾華國小的英速魔法學院及柑林國小的多元學習情境語文故事屋作為主要研究案列。本研究目的在於探討三所國小校園閒置空間再利用的興建動機與期待功用、經營模式與策略、調查三所國小學校師生對閒置空間再利用後的滿意度及看法、瞭解三所國小對閒置空間改造後的管理與維護及整體成效、空間改造規劃過程中所遭遇的困難情形、閒置空間改造後的課程應用與排課情形，進而提出有效提升閒置空間再利用用後評估之具體建議，以供教育行政主管機關、學校規劃經營以及未來相關的研究之參考。 本研究透過文獻分析，以作為問卷調查和訪談研究之基礎，自行編製「新北市校園閒置空間再利用用後評估調查問卷」作為研究工具之一，共分為兩版本：教師版及學生版。為使本研究內容更具完整及彌補文獻資料及調查資料之不足，另自行編製「新北市校園閒置空間再利用用後評估訪談大綱」，並採半結構式訪談，瞭解三所國小校長及總務主任推動校園閒置空間再利用之規劃動機、興建過程與困難概況，使本論文更臻完善。 問卷針對三所學校之教師、學生以及相關行政人員，由研究者自行到校進行調查，「教師與行政人員」及「學生」分別填寫教師版、學生版之問卷。米倉國小教師版問卷發放14份，全數回收且有效，可用率100%，學生版問卷發放160份，有效問卷156份，可用率97.5%；乾華國小教師版問卷發放17份，全數回收且有效，可用率100%，學生版問卷發放82份，有效問卷80份，可用率97.6%；柑林國小教師版問卷發放8份，學生版問卷發放16份，皆全數回收且有效，可用率100%。訪談部分，由三所國小校長各3人和總務主任各3人，共6人採半結構式訪談方式進行。 經由上述的研究過程，得到以下的研究結論： 壹、校園閒置空間再利用之動機與期待功用為減少閒置空間、配合中央政策、寓教於樂、活化閒置空間等。 貳、閒置空間改造規劃過程中最主要困難為溝通與協調、其次是經費壓力等因素。 參、校園閒置空間再利用的經營模式與策略有明確的團隊分工與合作、經營方式多元化與資源整合。 肆、三所學校的學生對空間改造後的滿意程度高，但仍有可精進的部分。 伍、三所學校的教師對空間改造後的滿意程度和教學效果滿意程度介於「滿意」及「非常滿意」之間。 陸、空閒置空間改造後的後續管理與維護包括師生共同之責任、專人維護、另類維護方式、定期檢視等層面，最大的挑戰為人力資源缺乏。 柒、閒置空間改造後的課程應用有校際交流活動、空間情境與設施結合課程、活化教師教學；排課情形為規劃複合式學習空間、課程檢視、發揮空間效益。 捌、校園閒置空間再利用後的永續經營做法為關鍵在於人、不斷評估檢視、與教學本質結合。 根據以上結論，提出下列幾點建議： 壹、對教育行政主管機關之建議 一、持續推動空間活化政策，鼓勵學校校園閒置空間再利用。 二、持續編列空間活化相關經費，撥補適當合理的維修費與管理費。 三、興建規劃階段應有專業的建築團隊介入，並有穩定的運作機制。 四、運用相關人力資源解決學校人力缺乏問題。 五、對不同校園閒置空間再利用採取的適用策略。 貳、對學校行政單位之建議 一、為更嚴密加強維護與管理，應制訂檢核表和維修標準，並定期檢查。 二、應建立永續經營管理小組以更重視學校閒置空間再利用後之檢視。 三、利用校園閒置空間再利用形塑學校特色，並加強空間永續發展。 四、為更有效維護與管理空間，應建立日常維修及空間設備故障之簡易修復流程。 五、空間建置完成後，應向師生加強宣導其使用方式與功能。 六、規畫校園閒置空間再利用之完整配套措施。 七、結合課程與教學，落實校園閒置空間再利用之永續發展。 / In recently years, the vacant school space increase due to the declination of birth rate in Taiwan. Many schools direct against reuse of vacant school space coordinating with the policy of government. After reuse the space, follow-up of the maintenance and Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE) make the space filling the demand of user much better. This research focuses on whether the POE is contributive to promote teaching and effects of learning. Therefore, this research topic is “The Study of Post Occupancy Evaluation for the Vacant School Space Reuse in Three Elementary Schools of New Taipei City.” Education Department of New Taipei City recommend three study cases as following, the native soil toy library of Micang Elementary School, Taipei Country English Wonderland of Qianhua Elementary School and diversify of learning situation language in Story House of Ganlin Elementary School. The purpose of this research is to explore the building motivation and intened function of three schools, the operating mode and strategy, the satisfaction of school teachers and students, the maintenance and the overall effectiveness of the spaces, the difficulties encountered during the planning process, the curriculum application and the situation of course schedule. Base on the research to propose specific suggestions about how to perform the POE of the reuse of vacant school space in order to be the reference for the educational official authoritis, schools and future research. In this study, the comprehensive analysis of the literature reviews was taken to be the foundation of further investigation and interview research. The questionnaire titled “The Study of Post Occupancy Evaluation for the vacant school space reuse in elementary schools of New Taipei City” was applied as the research tool, which included two parts: teacher and student. In order to make up the lack of literature and survey data, draw up interview outline titled “The Study of Post Occupancy Evaluation for the vacant school space reuse in elementary schools of New Taipei City” was applied to semi-structural interview outline. The purposes were to maturity of this study, to understand the planning motivation of the vacant school space reuse and to explore construction process and difficult situations. Researcher went to the three schools to do survey and interview. Teachers and administrative staff filled out survey questionnaire of teacher, and students filled out survey questionnaire of student. In Micang Elementary School, 14 copies of questionnaires of teacher were collected, and 156 copies of questionnaires of student were collected. In Qianhua Elementary School, 17 copies of questionnaires of teacher were collected, and 80 copies of questionnaires of student were collected. In Ganlin Elementary School, 8 copies of questionnaires of teacher and 16 copies of questionnaires of student were collected. Total of six persons in three elementary schools principals and the chief of general affair were interviewed. According to the results and analysis, several conclusions and suggestions are as following: 1.Motivation and intended function: reduce of vacant space, coordinate with the policy of government, to combine education with recreation, activation of unused space and et cetera. 2.The difficulties of planning process: communication and coordination, the lack of funds and other factors. 3.Operating mode and strategy: definite division of team and cooperation, mode of operation diversification and integration of resources. 4.The satisfaction of students are high, but still needs to reinforce. 5.The satisfaction of teacher and teaching effect satisfaction are within the range between “satisfied” and “very satisfied”. 6.The follow-up management and maintenance include: teachers and students share the responsibility, assign particular person, special mode of maintenance, regularly review. The greatest challenge is the lack of human resources. 7.Curriculum application: schools exchange activities, space situational and facilities, combined with courses and activation teachers of teaching;The situation of course schedule: planning compound learning space, course review and make sure the space achieve maximum effectiveness. 8.Permanent sustainable management practices: the key is people, continuous assessment and combined with teaching. Based on the conclusions above, raise the several suggestions as following: 1.Recommendations to the education administration (i) Continue to promote space activation policy, encourage school reuse of vacant school space. (ii)Continue to fund the activation of vacant school space, especailly maintenance costs and management fees. (iii)In construction planning stage, let related experts be in the construction team, and also stable mechanism. (iv)Explore related human resources to resupply the insufficiency. (v)Reuse of vacant different school space to take the applicable policy. 2.Recommendations to the school administrative unit (i)In order to strengthen the maintenance and management, a checklist and maintenance standards should be drawn up and regular inspection should be applied. (ii)Permanent sustainable management group should be established, pay attention to review the reuse of vacant school space. (iii)Establish school characteristic by reuse of vacant school space and use to strengthen the space of sustainable development. (iv)Routine maintenance and space equipment failure repair process should be established. (v)Explain the meaning of the space to the teachers and students. (vi)Planning the reuse of vacant school space for use complete measures. (vii)Combination of curriculum and instruction to strengthen space sustainable development.

《兩個閒蕩徒弟的懶惰旅行》(The Lazy Tour of Two Idle Apprentices, 1857) 是一本由查理‧狄更斯(Charles Dickens)與威爾基‧柯林斯(Wilkie Collins)根據他們的旅途見聞再加上各自創作的兩篇短篇故事所集結而成的小說。在過去，許多批評家只單論文本中的兩篇短篇故事，而忽略鑲嵌短篇故事的主架構，把文本切割至互不相連的碎片。本論文主要採取昂希‧列斐伏爾(Henri Lefebvre)對於空間三面向的理論概念來剖析《兩個閒蕩徒弟的懶惰旅行》在文本中反覆出現，並且被不同主體所論述的閒蕩(idleness)一詞，試圖藉由呈現閒蕩的多重意義而把《兩個閒蕩徒弟的懶惰旅行》視為一有機的整體。論文第二章借助空間的再現(representation of space)概念論述看似懶散、不事生產的地景是如何被規劃，最終喪失其神性(deity)。論文的第三章則檢視空間使用者與空間的互動。本章從空間實踐(spatial practice)的角度切入，試圖證明文本中的精神病院(lunatic asylum)、火車站(railway station)與賽馬週(race-week)的空間規劃異化(alienate)了生活在其中的空間居民，而居民無所事事的遊蕩正是此異化的展現。第四章援引再現的空間(space of representation)之概念，試圖證明閒蕩也有其積極面向。藉由檢視故事主人翁法蘭西‧古柴爾德(Francis Goodchild)與湯瑪士‧艾朵(Thomas Idle)既合作又競爭的夥伴關係，閒蕩對於湯瑪士‧艾朵而言，是一種在文本中爭取發言權的手段。至於對缺乏官方實證的怪談野史而言，閒蕩也是一種抵抗大論述收編、並且同時揭露資本主義中金錢對於人性腐蝕的路徑。 / The Lazy Tour of Two Idle Apprentices is a travelogue worked in collaboration between Charles Dickens and Wilkie Collins. Besides noting down what they observe and encounter during the trip, Dickens and Collins also enclose two gothic tales which is written respectively by them. Nevertheless, when most critics mention The Lazy Tour, they limit their concerns to simply the two interpolated tales, which violates the integrity of The Lazy Tour by dissecting it into disconnected pieces. This thesis proposes to apply Henri Lefebvre’s conceptual triad to analyze the recurring theme, idleness, which is interpreted by different subjects. By presenting the variations of the concept of idleness, this thesis attempts to see The Lazy Tour as an organic whole. Applying the idea of representation of space, Chapter Two explains how the seemingly inoperative landscapes are programmed and designed, which results in the demise of the deity of Nature. With the support of the concept of spatial practice, Chapter Three proposes to demonstrate how the spatial designs of the lunatic asylum, railway station, and the festive occasion, the race-week, respectively alienate the spatial inhabitants. The idleness manifested by these spatial inhabitants is the syndrome of their alienation. Chapter Four analyzes the constructive aspect of the idleness with the assistance of Lefebvre’s idea of space of representation. In terms of Thomas Idle, one of the protagonists, idleness serves as a resistant measure to develop his own narrative. As far as the two interpolated tales are concerned, idleness can be compared to a way to resist the incorporation of the narrative framework of The Lazy Tour, and in the meanwhile discloses the moral corruption brought by Capitalism.

水庫與山稜線所圍成之特殊地理空間稱為水庫集水區，而水庫集水區與水庫水源之狀態關係非常密切，保育水庫應從保護水庫集水區開始。水庫集水區內的自然資源以均土地為生存、活動之承載，所有活動之結果最終也都會作用於土地之上，因此土地重要性不容忽視，並應以其整合相關事務的運作。 目前主要以水利法以水保法處理水庫集水區面之問題，但事實上二法規皆未能有效觸及土地管理，遂有導入土地管理制度的必要。土地管理主要由空間計畫構成，其功能為根據空間特性、限制與未來發展目標，並綜合考量各部門的空間發展需求，進而配置與管制空間的土地使用，故協調整合其他機關的機制遂顯重要。現行區計法具備協調其他部門的機制，但因缺乏強制規範，間接強化行政機關間疏於連絡之情況，若能有效執行相關規定，或得強化行政機關間的鏈結，俾整合水庫集水區管理相關事務之進行。要言之，本研究認為現行制度並非不能處理水庫集水區之問題，應以綜合計畫為基礎，整體配置、控管空間的使用型態，進而由水利、水保各依其專業從事相關管理措施。關於這部分，得以流域區域計畫等特定區域計畫的方式完成。 再者，關於執行面，主要根據經濟部訂定之《水庫集水區治理權責暨有關事項處理原則》，但從行政管轄與權限的法理面觀察，上開處理原則關於河川野溪與水土保持的治理權責分工，並不完全符合原水利法與水土保持法的授權內容，實有檢討改進的必要。 綜言之，水庫集水區管理須符合空間特性方能對症下藥，同時亦須在符合行政組織法理基礎的前提下進行，未來應以空間計畫為基礎，強化相關部門間的橫向整合，俾共同朝向水資源保育之目標邁進。

本研究旨在瞭解臺北市公立高中職校長空間領導與行政人員工作滿意度之現況為何，並分析不同背景變項之行政人員於知覺其校長空間領導和工作滿意度之差異情形，更進一步探究二者之相關程度高低情形；輔以分析校長空間領導對於行政人員工作滿意度之預測力效果，最後，再以結構方程模式檢定校長空間領導與行政人員工作滿意度之間的適配效果。 本研究採問卷調查研究法方式進行數據資料蒐集，抽取臺北市全部公立高中職合計35所學校，一共發出700份問卷，回收621份問卷，其中有效問卷計574份，問卷有效率為82%。調查問卷資料處理以平均數及標準差進行描述性統計分析、t考驗、單因子變異數分析、Pearson積差相關、多元逐步迴歸以及結構方程模式等統計方法進行探究。最後，本研究獲致相關結果如下： 一、公立高中職行政人員知覺「校長空間領導」整體屬中高程度，而以「融入課程教學」構面知覺程度最高。 二、公立高中職行政人員知覺其「工作滿意度」整體屬中高程度，而以「人際關係」構面知覺程度最高。 三、行政人員不同背景變項分析，對於校長空間領導的知覺上，在性別上男性高於女性；年齡上51歲以上高於31-40歲；服務總年資則是26年以上者高於1-10年及11-15年者；行政年資21年以上高於6-10年者；以及職務則是專職組長高於兼職組長者，均達顯著程度之差異。 四、行政人員不同背景變項分析，對於其工作滿意度的知覺上，服務總年資26年以上高於1-10年者；學制類別則以高職學校高於高中及完全中學者，均達顯著程度之差異。 五、公立高中職校長空間領導整體與行政人員工作滿意度整體之關係，達非常顯著程度相關，係屬高度正相關，意即校長空間領導的情形愈佳，行政人員工作滿意度也愈高。其中校長空間領導以「使用者共同參與」構面對於整體行政人員工作滿意度相關性最高；另校長空間領導整體對於行政人員工作滿意度之「校長領導」構面相關性最高。 六、公立高中職校長空間領導對於行政人員工作滿意度具有顯著預測效果，其中以「使用者共同參與」預測力最佳。 七、校長空間領導與行政人員工作滿意度結構方程模式適配性尚佳。 最後依據研究結果與結論，提出各項建議供教育行政主管機關、校長以及未來後續研究之參考。 / This study aims to understand the status of a public high school level principal’s space leadership and administrative staff’s job satisfaction in Taipei city, and analyze the administrative staffs of different background about their principal’s space leadership and job satisfaction of the case. And this study also investigates the relevance of principal’s space leadership and administrative staff’s job satisfaction. In addition, analysis of principal’s space leadership for administrative staffs to predict the effects of job satisfaction. Finally, it tries to verify structural equation modeling for principal’s space leadership and administrative staff’s job satisfaction. The study adopts the questionnaire survey method. The main subjects of the questionnaire survey are directors, leaders and staffs in the high school level in Taipei city. The total numbers of questionnaires that were distributed to school is 700, 574 of which are valid. That is, the percentage of availability is around 83%. The collected datas are analyzed by the statistical method of descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient, multiple stepwise regression analysis and structural equation modeling. So the findings of the study are as follows: 1.Principals in the Taipei public high school level have medium-high degree performance on their practice of leadership with regard to space. And the highest score is the dimension of “ integrating into curriculum teaching“. 2.Administrative staffs of the Taipei public high school level evaluate consequences of the job satisfaction as medium-high degree. And the highest score is the dimension of “ relationship between the people”. 3.Administrative staffs who are male , aged over 51, years of service working more than 26 , years of administrative working more than 21, and serving as full-time team leader evaluate the principal’s space leadership higher degree than the others of the subjects. 4.Administrative staffs who are service working more than 26 years, and working in vocational high schools have a higher evaluation on their job satisfaction. 5.The relation between principal’s space leadership and administrative staff’s job satisfaction in Taipei city is positively correlated. The higher the principal’s space leadership is, the more administrative staff’s job satisfaction. 6.The principal’s space leadership shows a significant predictability on administrative staff’s job satisfaction, particularly 0n the dimension of “ the users joint participation “ with a highest predictability is on administrative staff’s job satisfaction. 7.The structural equation modeling shows the adaptability between principal’s space leadership and administrative staff’s job satisfaction. According to the above conclusions, the researcher is trying to provide some suggestions as further reference for the institution of education administration, schools and whom wants to be a principal.

本研究旨在探討國民小學校長空間領導、教師社群運作與學生學習成效的關聯性。本研究採用問卷調查法，以臺灣地區公立國民小學教育人員為對象，總共發出1,064份問卷，回收1,008份問卷，回收率為94.74%，而有效問卷回收率則為92.20%。正式問卷回收之後，分別以描述性統計、t考驗、單因子變異數分析、皮爾森積差相關、逐步多元迴歸以及結構方程模式等統計方法加以分析。 本研究獲得以下八項結論，分述如下： 一、 國民小學校長空間領導各層面達到高程度表現，在「建構教育空間」、「形塑空間願景」層面表現最突出。 二、 國民小學教師社群運作各層面表現達到高程度表現，以「情感投入」層面最獲肯定。 三、 國民小學學生學習成效各層面表現達到中高程度表現，其中以「學生行為表現」層面最獲認同。 四、 不同背景變項在國民小學校長空間領導、教師社群運作與學生學習成效之差異有其脈絡因素存在。 五、 國民小學校長空間領導、教師社群運作與學生學習成效三者間具有正向關聯。 六、 國民小學校長空間領導及教師社群運作的分層面能預測學生學習成效。 七、 國民小學校長空間領導、教師社群運作與學生學習成效的結構方程模式之適配度評鑑良好，能解釋主要變項間的關係。 八、 國民小學校長空間領導可直接影響學生學習成效，更可間接透過教師社群運作的中介機制，對學生學習成效產生正向影響。 最後，根據研究結論，提出相關建議，俾供教育行政主管機關、學校設施規劃設計、學校單位以及後續研究之參考。 / The main purpose of this study was to explore the relationship among principals’ space leadership, teacher community operation, and student learning outcomes in Taiwan elementary school. The researcher adopted survey as the main research method. The subjects have been public elementary school educators in Taiwan. 1,064 school staffs were selected to complete the questionnaire, where 1,008 questionnaires were returned. The return rate was 94.74% and the valid rate was 92.20%. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson product-moment correlation, stepwise regression, and Structural Equation Modeling. Based on the result of the current study, eight research conclusions were generated as follows: 1. The level of space leadership of principals in the elementary schools is high, and the performance in “constructing educational space” and “molding space vision” are outstanding. 2. The level of teacher community operation is high, and “affective engagement” is certainly the most eligible in the elementary schools. 3. The level of student learning outcomes is medium-performance, and “student behavior” acquired the most recognition in the elementary schools. 4. The differences of the background of principals’ space leadership, teacher community operation, and student learning outcomes have the context factors. 5. The relationships among principals’ space leadership, teacher community operation and student learning outcomes have positive correlations. 6. The sub-level of the principals’ space leadership and teacher community operation can apparently predict the student learning outcomes. 7. The proper fit of structural equation model among principals’ space leadership, teacher community operation and student learning outcomes is assessed as positive and can explain the relationships among main variables. 8. The principals’ space leadership can affect student learning outcomes directly, and which can also affect student learning outcomes positively through teacher community operation. Eventually, according to the above conclusions, the research is to provide some recommendations as future references for the educational administration authority, school planners, and elementary schools.

混合模式(mixture model) 參數的估計問題, 研究迄今已近一世紀, 自Pearson 提出 動差法來估計兩個混合常態模式的參數以來, 有許多學者繼續這個範疇的研究, 且相 繼提出他們的看法。而近半世紀以來, 混合常態分配被廣泛應用在許多其他學科的進 一步研究分析上, 因此, 它的參數估計式的意義就更顯得重要。 本文研究的重點在於兩個混合常態分配參數的估計, 試著應用Li(1988)所提出的一些 結果, 我們將原參數空間透過適當的轉換, 使之成為新參數空間。因為原參數空間有 識別性問題, 而我們希望能從參數估計值, 直接判斷其模式。經過適當轉換后的新參 數空間, 則無識別性的問題, 而且此新參數空間具B-可識別性, 則可避免Li(1988)文 章中指出Chiang等人的研究結果的現象。 本文將於第一章中介紹混合模式的定義以及使用的符號。於第二章中將許多前人精心 研究關於混合模式參數估計的方法, 作一簡要的回顧。第三章中介紹最近被提出的用 以改進MLE 法的金蟬法, 與有系統地改進原始估計值及改進估計式的變異數的一種關 於精深的再抽樣的技巧--拋磚引玉法。於第四章中對參數的可識別性下定義并介紹其 重要性及一些重要的定理。在第五章中將提出新參數空間法并導出此適當的轉換函數 。第六章中我們在眾多的參數估計法中, 挑出找MLE 之EM演算法, 最小CVM 法, 最小 Hellinger 距離估計法及金蟬法與拋磚引玉法, 分別依原參數空間與新參數空間作模 擬, 并比較其結果, 作一簡要的模擬分析。而本文的研究結果將在第七章, 中作詳細 的探討。