京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(法学) / 甲第18743号 / 法博第174号 / 新制||法||150(附属図書館) / 31694 / 京都大学大学院法学研究科法政理論専攻 / (主査)教授 笠井 正俊, 教授 山本 克己, 教授 山田 文 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Laws / Kyoto University / DGAM

捷克共和國（簡稱捷克）自建國以來，與中華人民共和國（簡稱中國）維持著正式的外交關係。2004年，捷克加入歐盟後，兩國關係更快速進展，乃因中國視捷克為策略夥伴。 為了最佳檢視捷中關係，本論文採用新自由主義當作研究方法，從國際政經的角度來探討，而非從國際安全的角度。 本論文檢視了現任總統執政期間，捷克為深化與中國合作所採取的各種措施。捷克總統曾積極地推動捷中經濟往來以及吸引中國各種可能的投資。除了經濟合作之外，捷中兩國擁有正向的政治關係。捷克政府改變了對中國既有的態度，從“因違反人權而譴責中國以及對捷中進一步合作興趣缺缺”的負面態度大幅度轉變成致力於“維持捷中良好關係、避開敏感話題以及發展實質的合作”的正面態度。本論文藉檢視捷中已簽訂的協議以及捷克官員的言論來探討政治面的議題。此外，也利用其中一個章節來探討捷克與台灣間的非正式關係，以及此一關係如何影響捷中關係。 在歐洲的中部與西部地區當中，捷克並非是中國唯一有興趣往來的國家，本論文透過維謝格拉德集團（Visegrád group）等四國與中國關係的比較來探討中國是否給予捷克任何較為特殊的待遇。 / Since its establishment, the Czech Republic has had an official relationship with the People’s Republic of China. The mutual relationship has been evolving in recent years, however notably from the year 2004 when the Czech Republic join the European Union, which made her a strategic partner in China’s eyes. To provide the best examination of Czech-China relations, I use neoliberalism as a theoretical approach. I apply neoliberalism from an international political economy perspective rather than international security. During the current Presidency period we can examine steps that have been made by the Czech Republic to deepen cooperation with China. The Czech president has been actively involved, especially in economic engagement with China and in attracting possible investment. Besides economic cooperation, these two countries have had a positive political relationship. The Czech government has changed the unofficial approach from 'blaming China for violating human rights and lack of interest in further cooperation especially from the Czech side' into a focus on 'keeping good relations, avoiding sensitive topics, and aiming at developing solid cooperation'. This signals a dramatic change in focus for the Czech Republic. The political section of this research provides the examination of agreements and statements of government officials. One chapter of this section is devoted to unofficial relations between the Czech Republic and Taiwan and how it influences Czech-China relations. The Czech Republic is not the only country in the region of Central and Eastern Europe China is interested in. Comparing the Czech Republic to other Visegrád group (V4) countries leads us to a question as to whether China provides any special treatment to the Czech Republic, therefore an analysis of V4 countries-China relations is also shown in this research.

履約保證金為政府採購契約重要的擔保工具，依據現行政府採購法規範，履約保證金繳納方式包括：現金、金融機構簽發之本票或支票、保付支票、郵政匯票、無記名政府公債、設定質權之金融機構定期存款單、銀行開發或保兌之不可撤銷擔保信用狀、銀行之書面連帶保證及保險公司連帶保證保險單等。由於這些不同的繳納方式，分別涉及不同的法律規範層面，在制度設計上是否可以達到以履約保證金為上位概念之等值擔保？而實務運作中如何有效減少履約保證金所衍生之採購爭議？委實有深入研究之必要。 / 為能對政府採購履約保證金有較為完整之了解，本論文首先將參考前稽察條例、現行政府採購法規、主管機關解釋函令等，並配合實務見解及學說文獻資料的整理，分別從履約保證金之制度沿革、規範內容、擔保功能及法律性質等面向進行討論；其次，則經由搜集法院實務中有關履約保證金所衍生之爭議案例，嘗試將爭議問題類型化並分別進行問題探討，藉以釐清履約保證金不同繳納方式在實務運作上的差異，期能達成整合各項擔保工具等值性之研究目的。此外，有鑑於目前保證保險在國內政府採購領域窒礙難行之困境，本文亦將採比較法的角度，另以專章討論美國政府採購履約擔保制度中，有關保證狀（surety bond）的使用情形，藉以提供國內保證保險比較的基礎，以期有助於健全國內履約保證金制度的發展與運作。

In this dissertation, BaTiO3 nanocrystals, Bi4Ti3O12 nanostructured microspheres, and cosubstituted Bi4Ti3O12 nanoparticles and ceramics were prepared using solvothermal, hydrothermal and citrate-gel methods. The ferroelectric properties of the prepared cosubstituted Bi4Ti3O12 ceramics were studied using P–E hysteresis loop, leakage, and polarization fatigue measurements. A two-phase solvothermal synthesis approach for the preparation of hydrophobic BaTiO3 nanocrystals was developed. The two-phase method is based on the growth of nanocrystals at the oil/water interface by the reaction between metal surfactant complexes in the oil phase and a mineralizer in the water phase. Three kind of organic solvents, hexadecene, toluene, and heptane were used as the oil phase and compared to each other with respect to the product quality. The BaTiO3 particles are crystalline with a mean size of 3.7 nm and can be dispersed in a variety of organic solvents forming highly transparent dispersions. A hydrothermal method was developed for the synthesis of Bi4Ti3O12 nanostructured microspheres consisting of granular nanoparticles and nano-platelets. The precursor powder was prepared using a diethylene glycol mediated coprecipitation method. Tailoring of the morphology was achieved by changing the precursor quantity, sodium hydroxide concentration, and reaction time. The formation mechanism of the nanostructured microspheres probably involves aggregation, followed by dissolution and recrystallization. Bi3.25Pr0.75Ti2.97V0.03O12 (BPTV) and Bi3.25La0.75Ti3-xMxO12, (BLTMx, M = Mo, W, Nb, V, x = 0.0–0.12) ferroelectric nanoparticles and ceramics were synthesized using a modified citrate-gel method that has a crystallization temperature as low as 450 °C. The synthesized nanoparticles were spherical ranging from 30 to 100 nm. Except Nb5+, other donor cations were introduced using the corresponding oxides that have advantages in terms of high purity, low cost, and availability. The Bi3.25Pr0.75Ti2.97V0.03O12 ceramic is orthorhombic and its 2Pr and 2Ec values measured at 300 kV/cm were 35 μC/cm2 and 148 kV/cm respectively. The texture, microstructure, and ferroelectric properties of the prepared Bi3.25La0.75Ti3-xMxO12, (BLTMx, M = Mo, W, Nb, V, x = 0.0–0.12) ceramics depend on x. The maximum 2Pr (30–32 μC cm−2) was achieved at an optimum cosubstitution level (x = 0.025 for M6+, x = 0.03 for M5+). The high remanent polarization, low leakage current, and low polarization fatigue render the prepared ceramics promising for practical applications.

隨著奈米積體電路時代的來臨, 在微影技術,半導體製造技術和電路設計技術的進步已導致新的機會來整合大部份在系統中被使用到的電子功能。例如經過SoC技術提供的單晶片解決方案 - 由可重複使用的矽智財共同構成的單晶片系統 (舉例來說: 微處理器矽智財、數位信號處理矽智財、記憶體矽智財和其他的明星矽智財共同構成的單晶片系統) 可以和其他的整合系統溝通。這種包括多項技術的整合方式漸漸增加DFM 的要求, 進而創造在半導體價值鏈之中新虛擬的整合鏈模式。 對於先進產品發展, 經由現存的分解方式價值鏈﹐從每個單一鏈節 （無晶圓設計，矽智財，電路設計自動化, 設計服務，光罩製造，晶圓製造和封裝／測試）所創造的聯合價值無法在短時間超越IDM (舉例來說: 無法提供較早的上市時間)。因此針對先進產品突破性的發展,整合每個單一鏈節變成重要的主題。本研究針對這一個整合議題提供一個新的設計合作平台作為解決方案。 研究將以 DFM議題在半導體價值鏈中的影響作為分析。針對公司和公司間的溝通界面, 設計合作平台將會提供更多的併進價值鏈知識整合。 / Advances in lithography, semiconductor processes and circuit design techniques at the nanometer IC era have led to new opportunities to integrate most of the electronic functions encountered in systems. The single-chip solution through System on Chip (SoC) which comprises reusable Silicon IP (SIP) such as Microprocessor, Digital Signal Processing (DSP), Memory and other Star SIPs enabling the system to communicate with other systems. This multidisciplinary approach calls for increasing Design for Manufacturing (DFM) needs among semiconductor value chain to enable a whole new virtual integrated chain. Through the existing disintegrated value chain, the synergized value contributed from each single node (fabless, SIP provider, EDA, design service, mask foundry, wafer foundry and assembly/test) could not fulfill the time-to-market benefit as the IDM provides for advanced product development. To integrate each single chain node becomes the important topic for advanced product breakthrough. A new design collaboration platform is proposed to address this integration issue. Study was conducted among this semiconductor value chain for the DFM (Design for Manufacturing) issue. The design collaboration platform addresses the inter-firm communication interface among the value chain to provide more concurrent value chain knowledge integration. By applying Fine’s double helix model with the evidence from DFM case, I successfully predict the re-integration trend of semiconductor industry post the disintegration model.

本研究的目的在於探究鄉土教育中應具備的教育性思維，凸顯以學習者為主要關懷的教育精神所在。蓋民國七十六年解嚴之後，以重視台灣主體性為主要訴求的鄉土教育逐漸受到重視；甚至在民國八十年代形成討論的高峰，官方亦將「鄉土教學活動」與「認識台灣」正式納入國民教育課程中。然而，在政治意識型態的爭辯中，教育的焦點被模糊了；鄉土教育在政治角力中成為企圖主導學習者認同（identification）的手段。在此背景下，研究者源於對學習主體性的關心，首先探究台灣鄉土教育由被貶抑到普獲重視的過程中，前後影響自我認同（self-identity）的諸多背景因素（包括政治、經濟、教育、社會文化等）。並從相關教育思想（以自然主義、存在主義、批判教育學為主），深化正向「自我認同」在鄉土教育中的核心地位。進一步以米德（G. H. Mead）、哈伯瑪斯（J. Habermas）之社會學理論的探討，瞭解自我認同的基礎條件、歷程、危機、機制與影響，以建構對鄉土教育完整性的理解。希望在「過度政治化」與「忽視符號問題」的兩極論述外，補充兼具微觀基礎與鉅觀批判的、具理論完整性的論述。 本研究共分五章，第一章緒論外，第二章分析台灣鄉土教育的潮流。茲分四節，「大中國主義式教育的反動」不僅在內容上爭取台灣主體性的教育，更在制度上反對中央集權式的教育模式。「族群文化的追求」同樣以建立正面健康、具有尊嚴的的自我認同為目標。但除了政治、文化霸權的操控外，族群文化尚受到經濟結構轉變與流行文化的影響。「疏離生活世界的反省」指出了台灣人對於歷史意義斷裂、人際關係疏離與教育活動僵化的檢討；政、經批判之外，尤其展開功利主義的省思。欲重新在傳統精神中、人際互動裡及鄉野自然的懷抱下，拾回作為一個與鄉土緊密聯繫的、完整的「人」。「共同體的呼籲」則強調團結實踐、投入鄉土的重要，與多元鄉土間和平共處的理想。但在政治、經濟、社會等諸多問題牽扯的背後，四個面向應有其一致的教育關懷，即「自我認同」的議題。尤其在實際運作上，主體仍岌岌可危，顯見一般對鄉土教育真正的認識尚有不足。 第三章以「自然主義的關心」、「存在主義的關懷」與「批判教育學的關切」等教育哲學的角度，思考鄉土教育的有機性，使之更具意義與生產性。並以此基礎提出鄉土教育與自我認同的相關性，包括： 一、 危機中的主體 二、 鄉土教育應肯定每一個體 三、 鄉土教育是自我認同的基礎 四、 鄉土教育激發主體能動性 五、 鄉土教育強化自我與社會的聯繫 六、 鄉土教育培養個體對自我與鄉土的責任 七、 異質相處的共同體問題 本章並分析以米德與哈伯瑪斯學說做為自我認同理論探究的幾點後設認知。 第四章以米德的符號互動論為基礎，輔以哈伯瑪斯對於結構性問題的批判。第一節「自我的起源」：米德反對傳統的意識哲學，分析自我形成的社會性，其基礎在於人類可藉「姿勢互動」（gesture interaction）並「自我反省、參照」的能力，達成「主我」（I）與「客我」（Me）的對話。第二節「自我認同的發展」：米德以為自我認同的歷程在於「掌握更廣共同體的態度」。指出在互動經驗中，學習了「角色扮演」或「角色取替」（play a role or role-taking）的能力，並在遊戲的階段（game stage）掌握了「概化他人」（generalized others）的概念，因而瞭解自我在社會中的位置而完成了自我的觀念。米德認為自我認同是「主、客我統合」。哈伯瑪斯則強調自我的個別性，主張超越僵化「角色認同」（role identity）的「自我認同」（ego identity）。其實，米德的角色認同是活化而開放的概念，但其理論缺乏對結構性力量的批判，未分析「概化他人」中的宰制因素及其傷害自尊的深層意義。所以第三節「認同的危機與轉機」：先談米德對於「符號」此聯繫與創造媒介的主張。再以哈伯瑪斯對「生活世界的殖民化」分析，指出（一）自我認同相關趣向（interests）的萎縮，及（二）符號扭曲與無意義感等自我認同的危機。此危機與「合法化危機」（legitimation crisis）及「動機機制危機」（motivation crisis）息息相關。故要恢復健全而隨境互動的自我認同機制，除了個人層面的「自我反省」與實踐外，尚須在制度面上建立理想的溝通機制。第四節「溝通行動與共同體」：米德認為「理想的社會」有兩個條件，（一）是創造性個體的充分表達；（二）是被其他成員所理解。故米德認為溝通（communication）是人類的理想，能協助社會的進步與個人的成長。哈伯瑪斯的溝通行動理論不僅得力於米德對生活面的互動、活動的關注，更進一步以其「理想社會」的特徵，建構溝通行動與論辯的條件。其中，集體認同必須建立在「互為主體性」（intersubjectivity）的尊重，允許不同意見與立場在開放的溝通空間中彼此參與。米德認為，我們必須選擇讓人類「一體感」的凝聚力導向於「溝通互動」，而非內部團結卻對外暴力相向的非理性運作。至於溝通的結果與共識，米德反對教條式的宣稱，如同所言「We don’t know where we are going, but we know we are on the way.」 第五章「結論」，第一節以理論所得，從歷史的角度詮釋與反省台灣鄉土教育中自我認同議題。第二節則以理論的角度，試圖描繪鄉土教育中應有的思維與考量，使自我認同的教育更具周延性。研究結果如下： 一、 關於認同的基礎與界線：確切、獨特與無限的時空 二、 關於自我認同的機制：個別化「符號」與「互動」兼顧 三、 關於批判：兼及「系統」與「生活世界」的反省與重建 四、 關於他者與共同體：多元並存也力求溝通 五、 自我認同與鄉土認同的永恆辯證 六、 自我肯定、共創願景的鄉土教育 最後第三節以「歷史與理論的交會」，談鄉土教育問題和相關論述的發展脈絡，及與本研究的關係。並分析鄉土教育由熱烈討論到逐漸沈澱的過程。希望鄉土教育一詞的熱潮消退之後，教育對自我認同的基礎仍能持續關心與重視。讓鄉土教育最初的關懷：學習者主體性的追求，能夠落實。

台灣國內市場小，出口是台灣產業重要發展方向，故全球市場是台灣發展經濟重要的舞台。然而，台灣企業無論是全球主流型企業或是全球利基型企業都鮮少做到在尖端基礎科學、科技領域擁有領先的核心技術，成為該產業的領導者。 在全球激烈的競爭下，台灣企業經營者思維停留在只要繼續獲得大量的訂單，即可以保住獲利，但是台灣企業無法根本性地壓低成本，維持產品價格競爭力，去面對全球性的競爭。 本研究試圖探討京瓷、日本航空、艾訊、研華科技、崇友實業與歐洲三間公司的阿米巴經營管理實施情境，進行台灣企業導入阿米巴經營管理的可行性分析，並參照京瓷打造阿米巴組織的方式與稻盛和夫導入阿米巴經營管理至日本航空的成功案例，從中剖析導入阿米巴經營管理的台灣企業應用上產生之問題並提出適合導入阿米巴經營管理制度的台灣企業特性。 研究發現台灣企業應用上產生問題的原因有兩點，第一點為台灣企業對於阿米巴經營管理運作方式的理解程度較不足，才會產生類阿米巴的運作方式以及將阿米巴組織變動的特性視為矩陣式組織的現象；第二點為台灣的國家文化導致台灣企業長久存在的經營現象，企業認為設立較多組織階層有助於主管指揮與控制員工行為，故阿米巴領導者容易由中高階主管擔任，企業對於財務資訊的揭露仍顯得保守，因此導入阿米巴經營管理容易產生無法讓員工了解公司經營現況。 依據上述問題，分析出適合導入阿米巴經營管理的企業特性——企業領導者能將利他與為了達成崇高目標不斷地努力工作直到成功之想法注入員工思維之台灣企業、內部能精準實施阿米巴經營管理會計制度之台灣企業、資訊系統的運作能導入市場機制的台灣企業及給予員工優於勞動市場薪酬之台灣企業。 然而，真正使阿米巴經營運作得以成功的先決條件還是在於企業本身是否重視員工價值以及企業是否給予能解決艱困挑戰的員工高額薪資，員工在物質條件與心靈精神受到滿足後，為了報答公司而努力工作，才能讓企業在尖端技術領域不斷地進行攻堅與突破、在營運流程中降低不必要的費用。 / Due to the small size of Taiwan’s domestic market, exports play an important role in Taiwan’s economy. However, with limited access to core technologies, Taiwanese enterprises that excel in developing business overseas as global mainstream or niche companies rarely become top players in their respective industries. Moreover, owners of these Taiwanese enterprises tend to rely on bulk orders from overseas clients to gain corporate profits and sustain global competitiveness, but are unlikely to maintain product or service competitiveness in the global market because of failure in fundamental cost reduction. This study investigates the practice of the Amoeba Management System (AMS) when applied to Axiomtek, Advantech, Golden Friends Corporation, and three European companies. By comparing the scenario of Kazuo Inamori’s AMS in Kyocera Corporation and how he applied it to Japan Airlines with the scenario of implementing the AMS in the said Taiwanese (i.e., Axiomtek, Advantech, and Golden Friends Corporation) and European companies while analyzing the problems arising from the implementation in these companies, the study finally identifies the characteristics of Taiwanese companies that are suitable for adopting the AMS. The study findings reveal that the implementation of AMS is effective in four types of Taiwanese enterprises: (1) enterprises whose owners motivate employees toward achieving corporate goals, (2) enterprises that adequately apply the AMS to their accounting management systems, (3) enterprises that apply a market-based approach to developing their enterprise resource planning systems, and (4) enterprises that provide employees with competitive salaries and benefits packages.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(法学) / 甲第22214号 / 法博第247号 / 新制||法||168(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院法学研究科法政理論専攻 / (主査)教授 濵本 正太郎, 教授 淺田 正彦, 教授 酒井 啓亘 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Laws / Kyoto University / DFAM

In this dissertation, BaTiO3 nanocrystals, Bi4Ti3O12 nanostructured microspheres, and cosubstituted Bi4Ti3O12 nanoparticles and ceramics were prepared using solvothermal, hydrothermal and citrate-gel methods. The ferroelectric properties of the prepared cosubstituted Bi4Ti3O12 ceramics were studied using P–E hysteresis loop, leakage, and polarization fatigue measurements. A two-phase solvothermal synthesis approach for the preparation of hydrophobic BaTiO3 nanocrystals was developed. The two-phase method is based on the growth of nanocrystals at the oil/water interface by the reaction between metal surfactant complexes in the oil phase and a mineralizer in the water phase. Three kind of organic solvents, hexadecene, toluene, and heptane were used as the oil phase and compared to each other with respect to the product quality. The BaTiO3 particles are crystalline with a mean size of 3.7 nm and can be dispersed in a variety of organic solvents forming highly transparent dispersions. A hydrothermal method was developed for the synthesis of Bi4Ti3O12 nanostructured microspheres consisting of granular nanoparticles and nano-platelets. The precursor powder was prepared using a diethylene glycol mediated coprecipitation method. Tailoring of the morphology was achieved by changing the precursor quantity, sodium hydroxide concentration, and reaction time. The formation mechanism of the nanostructured microspheres probably involves aggregation, followed by dissolution and recrystallization. Bi3.25Pr0.75Ti2.97V0.03O12 (BPTV) and Bi3.25La0.75Ti3-xMxO12, (BLTMx, M = Mo, W, Nb, V, x = 0.0–0.12) ferroelectric nanoparticles and ceramics were synthesized using a modified citrate-gel method that has a crystallization temperature as low as 450 °C. The synthesized nanoparticles were spherical ranging from 30 to 100 nm. Except Nb5+, other donor cations were introduced using the corresponding oxides that have advantages in terms of high purity, low cost, and availability. The Bi3.25Pr0.75Ti2.97V0.03O12 ceramic is orthorhombic and its 2Pr and 2Ec values measured at 300 kV/cm were 35 μC/cm2 and 148 kV/cm respectively. The texture, microstructure, and ferroelectric properties of the prepared Bi3.25La0.75Ti3-xMxO12, (BLTMx, M = Mo, W, Nb, V, x = 0.0–0.12) ceramics depend on x. The maximum 2Pr (30–32 μC cm−2) was achieved at an optimum cosubstitution level (x = 0.025 for M6+, x = 0.03 for M5+). The high remanent polarization, low leakage current, and low polarization fatigue render the prepared ceramics promising for practical applications.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(経済学) / 甲第19216号 / 経博第519号 / 新制||経||274(附属図書館) / 32215 / 京都大学大学院経済学研究科経済学専攻 / (主査)教授 久本 憲夫, 教授 宇仁 宏幸, 教授 岡田 知弘 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Economics / Kyoto University / DFAM