由實驗所得之雙向分類的反應值，常因人為記錄的疏忽，或是儀器設備的測量誤差，也可能是某些潛在因素，帶來了一些有問題的觀察值，這些問題點的存在，可能會與其他資料點有明顯的距離差異或位置偏離，同時亦可能會影響模型之參數估計，導致研究者選擇了不當的模型，為了避免此缺憾，本文乃針對雙向分類之反應值被刪去一個或二個的情況下，導出AP及Cook統計量的公式，在進行模式選擇之前，利用這二個統計量，先對所蒐集到的資料做一番診斷，以便找出離群值或是對參數估計有影響力的觀察值。當然，本文診斷雙向分類中有影響力觀察值的探測工作是屬於先驅工作中的一小部分，其目的不在於確認有那些不尋常的點，而是在懷擬那些點可能會有問題，以提供往後分析工作更多的資訊。

本研究的動機在整合攝影測量與網際網路技術，主旨為研究經由網路瀏覽立體影像之分析。為製作地物之立體影像，研究中使用非量度性數位相機，於地面垂直拍攝二棟建物，以補色原理製成數值像對，接著建置研究區之導覽網站，並將立體影像連結上網，提供立體觀察。本研究亦以Java程式設計立體浮測標，提供觀察者瞭解地物之遠近或高低。 　　實驗呈現若以柯達DC280數位相機進行近景攝影測量，前方交會地物檢核點之空間位置可達像空間上次像元之精度，像比例尺為1/1680時，相對精度可達物距之1/8400。研究結果顯示：結合攝影測量與網際網路可充分展現影像之三維空間。 / The ideal of this study is to put together the knowledge of Photogrammetry and web technology and then provide the 3D pictures for web browsers. 　　A non-metric digital camera is used in this research to shoot two building on the ground vertically. The color-contracting theory is applied to construct the website and create a stereoscopic viewing on the targets within the experimental range. In addition to color-contracting theory, floating mark designed with Java program is also used to help the web users better understand the distance and altitude in proportional to the surrounding objects. 　　According to the experiment in this research, pictures taken with Kodak digital camera model #DC280 together with help of close-range photogrammetry. turn out to beas accutate as those taken with sub-pixel standard (1:1680 proportion versus 1:8400 accuracy). Photogrammetry joins with Internet will successfully disclose the 3D concept and will promote the idea of Photogrammetry.

工具變數為處理非隨機試驗所面臨問題的方法之一，近來廣泛應用於計量經濟及流行病學領域；其主要目的在於控制不可觀測的干擾因素，使資料經過調整後「近似」於隨機試驗所得的資料，進而求出處理效果的一致估計值。由於先前研究大多探討連續型變數的情形，本篇論文將透過模擬與實證分析，針對二元之工具變數、反應變數及處理變數，比較一階段廣義線性估計量，two-stage predictor substitution (2SPS)，two-stage residual inclusion (2SRI)，及two-stage residual inclusion-Taylor expansion (2SRI-T) 這四種估計方法。 模擬結果顯示，當偏誤為主要考量時，2SPS與2SRI有較好的表現；然而，同時考慮偏誤及變異的情況下，2SRI-T則為較適合的估計方法。值得注意的是，模擬試驗所得出的結果與Terza等(2008)不同，2SRI並未優於2SPS。另外，將此四種方法套用至探討有小孩與否對生活的滿意度的影響之實際資料，其表現結果與模擬試驗結果一致。 / Instrumental variable (IV) analysis, one of the techniques to solve problems generated from non-random experiments, has been increasingly applied in many fields such as econometrics and epidemiology. Its utility stems from the belief that IV, if correctly selected, can potentially mimic randomization by adjusting for unmeasured confounders. However, because of less concern about IV analysis on categorical data, we center our discussion on binary outcome, treatment, and IV in this study. Four methods are compared: the one-stage generalized linear model (GLM), two-stage predictor substitution (2SPS), two-stage residual inclusion (2SRI), and two-stage residual inclusion considering Taylor expansion (2SRI-T). We conduct both the simulation and the empirical study to evaluate the performances of these four estimators. The simulation results indicate that, while 2SPS and 2SRI have better performances than the other two estimators with respect to the bias, they suffer from larger variability. On the other hand, 2SRI-T generally has smaller standard error than 2SPS and 2SRI, and hence might be preferred if MSE is the main concern. Noticeably, it also suggests that 2SRI does not outperform 2SPS which was inversely shown in Terza et al. (2008). The same conclusion is also found when implementing these methods on a real dataset to investigate whether having children has significant effect on one’s life satisfaction.

本文的題目為「經濟發展與勞動思想之探討－－勞動者經社地位的歷史觀察」，就 整體而言，其基本對象是：在整個經濟歷史發展的過程中，勞動者的經濟社會地位 為何？亦即本文之目的，在於探討從資本主義發達前的經濟社會結構到目前經濟體 制的發展歷史過程中，所衍生的勞動定位，研析其境遇與影響。 關於各章的內容與大要如下： 第壹章 緒論。包括：導言、人類社會、人類社會的經濟機能，以及研究目的、研 究範圍與研究方法。 第貳章 經濟發展與勞動思想關聯之基本概念。包括：資本主義精神、經濟發展、 勞動思想定位等基本定義與探討。 第參章 資本主義發達前之社會經濟結構與勞動者定位。關於中古時期的社會經濟 結構與勞動者定位。 第肆章 資本主義前期之社會經濟結構與勞動者定位。關於西元十六世紀至十八世 紀的社會經濟結構與勞動者定位。 第伍章 資本主義中期之社會經濟結構與勞動者定位。關於工業革命時代至二十世 紀初的社會經濟結構與勞動者定位。 第陸章 現代資本主義之社會經濟結構與勞動者定位。自俄羅斯十月革命起迄今， 當今的社會經濟結構與勞動者定位。 第柒章 經濟發展與勞動思想。首先，就資本主義、社會主義及馬克思主義的「勞 動觀」，加以闡述、比較；其次，則針對當今資本主義社會的「勞動」概 念，陳述個人見解：最後，針對台灣：一個「類同」資本主義社會的「勞 動」狀況，做一觀察與解構。 第捌章 結論。

在本論文中，我們設計了一個以運動計畫演算法為基礎的自動導覽系統，讓使用者能透過計畫程式的輔助輕鬆地瀏覽虛擬場景。這系統包括一個我們稱之為智慧型觀察者的照相機模組，而這個模組便是本論文的研究焦點。其包含了三個主要功能：第一、追蹤導覽員（目標物），在任何時刻都要看到移動中的導覽員；第二、當使用者對照相機（觀察者）的路徑不滿意時，可以線上進行即時修改，而系統能保證其不與障礙物碰撞；第三、允許設定慣用動作(Idiom)，以豐富導覽活動。我們實作了這個自動導覽系統，並且根據二維以及三維空間的特性，提出有效率的搜尋演算法，以解決智慧型觀察者追蹤目標物的問題，並讓搜尋的時間能符合線上計算的需求。另外針對線上即時修改路徑和設定慣用動作的部分，我們也提出了線上累進的搜尋方法以及內插權重參數的方式，並以實驗證明了這些設計的有效性。我們相信此類智慧型觀察者的研究，能有效地應用在自動導覽系統或其他應用中，提供使用者以方便的介面瀏覽虛擬環境。 / In this thesis, we have designed an automatic tour-guiding system based on motion planning algorithms to assist users in navigating a virtual environment. This system includes a camera module that was called intelligent observer, which is the focus of this thesis. This module includes three main functions as follows. First, the camera must be able to track the moving tour guide (target) at any time. Second, when a user is not satisfied with the camera’s (observer’s) path, he/she can choose to modify the path on-the-fly without letting the camera collide with the environmental obstacles. Third, it incorporates Cinematographic idioms to enrich tour activities. We have proposed and implemented efficient search algorithms in this system to solve the motion-tracking problem according to the characteristics of the 2D and 3D workspaces. Our experiments show that the performance of this planning system is satisfactory for our on-line application. Moreover, for the parts of modifying paths on-line and

本研究主要目的，為透過操弄自我聚焦注意來探討高社交焦慮者在社交評估情境中的心像反應，並釐清心像內涵與形成視野以及對焦慮情緒的影響。過去對於高社會焦慮者的負向自我心像，究竟是在社會威脅情境下，就會自發性的發生；還是只有在高社會焦慮者具有自我聚焦注意時，才會發生，目前尚未有實徵研究的探討，此為本研究最主要的研究目的。 本研究篩選出高社交焦慮組37人與低社交焦慮組36人參加實驗，受試者在接受所分派的自我聚焦注意操弄後，進行社交評估作業，並針對內在心像的內容進行進一步的調查。 研究結果發現，接受自我聚焦注意操弄的高社交焦慮者，其心像內容明顯充滿較高比例的負向訊息，且在實驗前後的焦慮情緒改變也相對較高，而未接受自我聚焦注意操弄的高社交焦慮組，以及兩組低社交焦慮組皆未觀察到較高的負向心像內容，在呈現形式以及焦慮情緒上亦無顯著的差別。 高社交焦慮者的自我心像會受到當下注意力投注狀態的影響，當越處於自我聚焦的狀態下，其心像的內容也充滿越多的負面訊息，心像呈現的方式也越傾向以被他人所觀察的形式。由於自我聚焦注意在社交焦慮症狀發展與維持上扮演相當重要的角色，故在釐清高社交焦慮者在自我聚焦注意下的心像內容，有助於選擇適當的治療策略，協助高社交焦慮者因應環境中的威脅。 / This study aimed to explore the imagery of high social anxious individuals in the social-evaluative context by manipulating self-focused attention , and also attempted to clarify the content of the imagery, the perspective formed by the context, and the influence on the anxiety emotion. The past studies on the issues of whether the negative self-imagery of high social anxious individuals spontaneously occurred in a social threat context or only occurred in the self-focused attention have not carried out any empirical research so far, and thus it is the main research purpose of this study. In this study, 37 high and 36 low social anxious individuals were selected to conduct the experiment. After being manipulated the self-focused attention according to the groups to which they had been assigned, the participants had to engage in a social evaluation task, and a further investigation would be undertaken according to their content of inner imagery obtained in the task. The research results showed that high social anxious individuals being manipulated the self-focused attention apparently had a higher proportion of negative messages in their content of imagery and also had a relatively higher change in their anxiety emotion before and after the experiment. On the contrast, no higher proportion of negative messages in the content of imagery was observed in the group of high social anxious individuals that were not being manipulated the self-focused attention and in other two groups of low social anxious individuals. Similarly, there were no significant differences in the forms presented and the anxiety emotion in those groups as well. The inner imagery of high social anxious individuals would be influenced by the present status of the focus of attention. While in a higher self-focused attention, the content of imagery tends to be more negative, and tends to be observer perspective.

生活中許多決策情境是「不確定下的決策（decisions under uncertainty）」，只瞭解選項的結果，不知道結果發生的機率。人們會累積經驗，以學習到適當的決策。許多證據支持，自身會透過增強學習（reinforcement learning）機制學習，根據每次獲得的經驗，調整對於選項的期望，之後選擇期望最大的選項，幫助做出適當的決策。經驗可以透過自身決策或觀察他人決策所獲得，然而，過去較少研究探討觀察學習。因此，本研究欲探討決策中的觀察學習，並釐清同理心對於觀察學習的調節作用。實驗一中，改善過去了研究限制，量測膚電反應、學習速率與行為表現，讓參與者在自身學習、觀察他人與觀察電腦情境進行作業，並透過同理心問卷測量參與者的同理心特質。結果顯示，觀察學習在正向學習與負向學習不同，正向學習為趨向優勢選項，負向學習為避開劣勢選項。正向學習在三種學習情境中無任何差異，負向學習在觀察他人學習時，會受到同理心的調節作用。同理心分數越高，觀察他人的負向行為表現越好，觀察他人負向回饋的膚電反應越大。實驗一只透過問卷測量同理心，無法推論因果關係，因此實驗二直接操弄了不同的同理程度。回饋呈現的同時，呈現他人的情緒或中性臉孔圖片，以引發參與者的同理程度高或低。實驗中，量測回饋相關負波（Feedback-Related Negativity，FRN）、學習速率與行為表現。如同實驗一，只有負向學習受到同理程度不同的影響。同理程度高時，負向學習表現較好。FRN則顯示了同理程度與預期性的交互作用，同理程度低時，與過去研究一致，非預期FRN比預期FRN更加負向；同理程度高時，則無此預期性效果。雖然FRN無預期性差異，但依然能學習到符號機率，行為表現不受影響，推測可能有其他系統參與決策學習。綜上所述，本研究顯示，只有負向學習中，觀察學習會受到同理心的調節，同理心越高，行為表現越好。 / In daily life, we made many decisions under uncertainty. In each decision, we know only the outcome but no probabilities of the outcome. We have to accumulate the experience to learn adaptive decisions. Bunches of studies have shown that people may learn adaptive decisions by reinforcement learning. People modified the expectation for each option according to decision feedbacks, and, in the next time, chose the option with the maximum expectation. People can receive feedback from decisions making by self or others. However, fewer studies examined observational learning in decision making. Therefore, present research would clarify observational learning in decision making, and examine how empathy modulated observational learning. In experiment 1, skin conductance response, learning rate and behavioral performance were recorded and analyzed. Participants would learning decisions in different situations of self learning, observing others and observing computer. The questionnaire of empathy was also measured to examine its modulation in observational learning. The results showed that there were difference in positive learning and negative learning. Positive learning is to approach to the advantageous option, while negative learning is to avoid from the disadvantageous option. In positive learning, there were no difference among the three learning situations, but, in negative learning, empathy would modulate learning by observing others. The higher the empathy score was, the better the behavioral performance of negative learning was. Moreover, the skin conductance response when participants observing others’ negative feedback positively correlated with the empathy score. In experiment 2, the empathy level was manipulated by display pictures of others faces with feedback. Displaying the emotional faces or neutral faces would induce high or low empathy level for others, respectively. The feedback-related negativity (FRN), learning rate and behavioral performance were recorded and analyzed. Similar to experiment 1, only the negative learning was modulated by the empathy level. When participants were induced high empathy level, the behavioral performance was better. The results of FRN showed the interaction between empathy levels and expectancy of feedback. When participant’s empathy level was low, unexpected FRN was more negative than expected FRN. This result was consistent with previous studies. Nevertheless, when participant’s empathy level was high, there was no difference between unexpected FRN and expected FRN. Although FRN didn't show the effect of expectancy, participants could still learn the probabilities of each signs and made adaptive decisions. This result may result from other systems involved in observational learning. From the results of experiment 1 and 2, present research showed that, only in negative learning, observational learning was modulated by empathy, and the higher the empathy level was, the better the behavioral performance was.

台灣英語教育多以考試取向為主，許多教師進行英語字彙指導時採用填鴨式教學，致使學生無法於新的情境靈活使用字彙。 本研究旨在於探究以語料庫為本之教學對於台灣大學生在英語近似詞學習成效的影響，以台北市某一所大學86位英語學習背景及能力相似之大一生為研究對象。研究人數均分成兩班進行教學實驗，一班為實驗組，以資料觀察法進行教學，另一班為對照組，以傳統形式教學為主，每週一次五十分鐘，共進行十週。資料蒐集包含近似詞學習成就測驗前、後測，並且依據研究對象於實驗教學結束後接受語料觀察教學法回饋問卷，蒐集研究對象對於語料觀察法之反應與感知，進行量化分析。最後，透過訪談高分組和低分組學生，蒐集其質性資料進行研究探討哪些因素會影響不同英語能力學生對於資料觀察法的意願與需求。本研究發現如下: 一、近似詞教學有助於提升台灣大學生的英語字彙能力。兩組教學均在後測有 進步。但就後測成績來說，實驗組顯著優於控制組。資料觀察法之近似詞教學 均較傳統教學法更能有效提升學生的英語字彙能力。 二、在不同程度的學生學習成效上，高、低分組學生均在後測成績有進步。對於 高分組而言，實驗組後測成績顯著優於控制組後測。但對於控制組而言，實驗 組的與控制組的後測成績未呈顯著差異。 三、大部分的學生對於運用資料觀察法學習單字均給予正面回饋，也肯定資料觀 察學習法活動的效益。另外，根據高、低分組學生訪談結果發現，英語程度的 高低的確會影響學生對於資料觀察法的喜愛和需求。高分組的學生希望先以資 料觀察學習法為開端，再以傳統講解式方式做總結。但對低分組的學生而言， 喜歡參與小組討論。由於單字量的不足，低分組學生希望在語料庫為主的教材 旁能附上中文解釋，降低學習焦慮。 根據上述研究結果，本研究建議大學英語教師在教學現場能夠融入語料觀察學 習法並依照不同程度的學生進行教材設計，以助提升學生學習英語單字。 關鍵字:資料觀察學習法、近似詞、語料庫為本 / Corpus Linguistics has progressively become the center in different domains of language research. With such development of large corpora, the potential applications and possibilities of corpora in second language teaching and learning are extended. A discovery-based authentic learning environment is provided as well as created by such corpus-based language learning. Synonym or near-synonym learning is a difficult aspect of vocabulary learning, but a linguistic phenomenon with ubiquity. Hence, this research aims to investigate the effectiveness of the application of data-driven learning (DDL) approach in near-synonyms instruction and compare the teaching effect on the high and low achievers through the near-synonyms instruction. Participants of this study were given instruction throughout the eight-week corpus-based teaching with materials compiled by the teacher. This is a quasi-experimental study consisting of comparison between two experimental conditions, with a pre-post test and control-experimental group design, followed by qualitative method of semi-structure interviews and questionnaire provided to the experimental group of EFL university students in Taiwan. Two intact classes of 86 college students participated in this study. The quantitative analysis of the pre- and posttest scores and questionnaire were conducted through descriptive statistics and frequency analysis in order to explain the learning effects and learners’ perceptions. The results of the study revealed that: (1) participants in the experimental group made significant improvement in the posttest; (2) EFL high proficiency learners with DDL approach performed better than high achievers who were taught by the traditional method. However, low achievers may not be able to benefit from DDL approach in the form of concordance teaching materials; (3) the majority of the participants had positive feedback on DDL activities. Also, types of preferred DDL activities were strongly influenced by students’ proficiency level. Low achievers preferred activities that should involve Chinese translation as the supplementary note while as for the high achievers, they were looking for the teacher’s explanation of words’ usages and functions in the end. This study demonstrates the importance in illuminating the dynamic relationship between DDL approach and second language near-synonyms learning, as well as provides English EFL teachers with a better concept to incorporate corpus or concordance lines into vocabulary instruction. Key words: data-driven Learning, near-synonym, corpus-based approach

本研究是一個非營利組織管理研究的嘗試，筆者提出一個「以組織的認同管理為本位」的理解架構，來作為對基督教教會和非營利組織的管理模式的探索。筆者的研究出發點是，非營利組織有許多的組織特性，是和營利組織相當不同的，而且，這些差異性都與組織對「認同的管理」密切相關。整個研究的論述是由二大部份所組成︰ 第一部份，又包含3個重點︰(1)先是從「組成要素、營運循環、交換的不對稱性、事業功能與組織架構」等4方面，來對照地分析出非營利組織的組織特性，並得出「組織的認同管理」作為非營利組織的管理重心；(2)接著，再從對「組織承諾」和「團體動力」的分析中，對「組織認同」和「團體認同」有了更深入的了解；(3)然後，再從細胞小組教會的組織認同管理作法，而分析出「對內凝聚」和「向外擴張」二個主要的原則方向。 第二部份，則包含2個重點︰(1)採用個案研究的方法，並依照教會「是否採用細胞小組的模式，以及會友人數是否持續增加或減少」等二方面，來選擇4大類型的基督教教會作為個案研究的對象；(2)再以「參與觀察法」來建立教會活動的個案報告；最後以「紮根理論法」對前述的個案報告，進行進一步的具體譯碼分析，內容大致如下︰ 像教會這類非營利組織的組織認同管理，可以分為二大類型，即「教導式」和「互動式」的認同管理策略；而其各自達成認同的組織學習方式，則分別是「知識性認同」和「感受性認同」的學習方式，而共同的關鍵在於組織如管理「系統性的組織學習」的方式。 就「知識性認同」與教會管理模式的成效而言，以知識性認同來達成教導式認同管理的教會，常會把「教義的教導」視為是對成員的重點工作。因此，進一步再將「知識性認同」這個副範疇，分析出「教導的頻率」等7個性質及其構面範圍。在這7個性質以及其構面範圍上，條件、規劃和實行都很好的教會組織，會友人數容易持續增加。 就「感受性認同」與教會管理模式的成效而言，以感受性認同來達成互動式認同管理的教會，常會把「人際互動和肢體生活」視為是對成員的重點工作。因此，筆者進一步再將「感受性認同」這個副範疇，分析出「互動的頻率」等7個性質及其構面範圍。因此，採取「互動式」認同管理的教會組織，若在這7個性質以及其構面範圍上，條件、規劃和實行都很好，則其會友的人數比較容易持續增加。 於是，就獲得一個非營利組織的「組織的認同管理」的初步理論。

本研究主要利用全球創業觀察(Global Entrepreneur Monitor, 簡稱 GEM)中 之成人人口調查資料庫(Adult Population Survey, 簡稱 APS)進行台灣自 2010 年 2015 年間創業趨勢分析。 藉由敘述性統計觀察台灣自 2010 年至 2015 年的整體創業趨勢，包括民眾對創業的認知態度、整體社會對創業的觀感，以及創業行為的變化趨勢；藉由交叉分析,比較台灣各階段創業者的人口統計變數、創業態度及創業觀感之比較，以了解位於不同創業過程的受訪者的特徵;並利用卡方獨立性檢定找出在不同的創 業行為階段，創業態度、創業觀感以及人口統計變數是否與其有顯著關聯，最後整合上述分析結果，提供國家層次創業活動的政策意涵，並分別為產、官、學界提出建議，期望活絡台灣創業活動。