University of Macau / Faculty of Education

本論文目的在於調查大學生修習「商用英語聽力訓練」之動機及需求，並對教師的教學活動及學習者之策略習得進行深入探討。該課程係以專業英語（English for Specific Purposes）之理論為依據，設計為應用於商業場合之課程。本研究以國立政治大學商學院學生為受試者進行個案研究，藉以探討「商用英語聽力訓練」課程現況及可供改進之方向。 受試者修習「商用英語聽力訓練」之動機與需求係由期初、期末兩次問卷填答得知，並經由英語程度不同之學習者反映出其不同之學習需求，可提供授課教師作為規畫課程及選擇教材時之參考重點，藉以提高學習者之學習興趣，達到有效學習的目標。 本論文的另一重點在於「商用英語聽力訓練」中聽力策略之訓練與習得，聽力策略的分類乃依Oxford（1990）提出之理論為根據，探討有助於該課程之聽力策略及技巧為何。本研究藉由二十八小時之課堂觀察，進而分析授課教師如何進行策略訓練；另外，經由問卷、測驗兩方法測知受試者對於該課程中策略訓練的反應及策略習得之實際情況。由此結果歸納出可提高學生學習效果的聽力策略。 由以上的研究結果，本論文針對於學習需求及策略訓練方法歸納出改進「商用英語聽力訓練」課程之具體建議，以期日後對相關課程之學習者及授課教師都能有所助益。 / This thesis aims to explore the current situation of an “English Lab Course for Occupational Purposes” in college and to provide suggestions for further improvement. This study focuses on two aspects：one is the motivations and needs analysis of the students who take this course; the other is the training and acquiring of listening strategies in this course. This course is based on the theory of “English for Specific Purposes” and is designed for Business majors. All the subjects of this research are sophomores and seniors of the College of Commerce at NCCU. The subjects’motivations and needs are investigated through a questionnaire survey at the beginning and the end of the semester. This research reveals the different motivations and needs for efficient and less-efficient learners. The results may provide some helpful perspectives to assist teachers in selecting effective teaching materials and designing appropriate courses. The other emphasis of this study is on the training and acquiring of listening strategies in this course. The definitions and categories of listening strategies are based on Oxford’s theory (1990). The author sits in on the classes for 28 hours to observe and record the actual teaching and learning situations. In addition, both questionnaires and tests (pre-test & post-test) are utilized to examine the actual strategies the subjects employ. With reference to the results of the observation, questionnaires and tests, the author presents the most effective listening strategies of this course. Based on the conclusions of this thesis, some possible applications are proposed for an “English Lab Course for Occupational Purposes”. The author hopes these suggestions can enhance the development of relevant courses in the future.

根據Koster、De Lissnyder、Derakshan及De Raedt（2011）的注意力轉移困難假說，憂鬱者因注意力控制能力受損，而難以從負向訊息中轉移注意力，進而引發反芻，並再度強化憂鬱症狀。雖然反芻可再細分為深思反省與苦惱自責式反芻，但Koster等人未探究注意力轉移困難對苦惱自責式反芻的影響。此外，過往注意力訓練研究作業眾多且效果不一，又偏重改善個體注意力投入以減緩憂鬱。然而，卻鮮少探討注意力訓練對注意力轉移困難的介入，能否改善個體的苦惱自責式反芻程度。因此，本研究將同時探討注意力訓練能否改變高苦惱自責式反芻者對負向訊息的注意力偏誤（含注意力投入與轉移困難），進而降低苦惱自責式反芻程度。本研究以點偵測作業為注意力訓練作業，將高、低苦惱自責式反芻者隨機分派至注意力訓練組或注意力訓練控制組，接受為期兩週、共四次的注意力訓練，並於前、後測階段注意力測量作業中，檢驗對負向訊息的注意力偏誤與三階段中苦惱自責式反芻程度。本研究結果發現高苦惱自責式反芻者對負向訊息無明顯注意力偏誤，注意力訓練作業對高苦惱自責式反芻者的注意力歷程未有明顯影響，乃至苦惱自責式反芻程度的時序變化與接受注意力訓練與否無明顯關聯。本研究結果不支持原先假設、注意力困難假說及過去研究結果。然而，過往學者多強調個體高度負向認知與憂鬱情緒對注意力偏誤的影響，故本研究事後同時納入憂鬱與苦惱自責式反芻程度，欲探討憂鬱苦惱自責式反芻者對負向訊息有無注意力偏誤，乃至注意力訓練對憂鬱苦惱自責式反芻者注意力偏誤的訓練效果。本研究結果僅發現在修正版Posner作業中，憂鬱苦惱自責式反芻者更容易將注意力從負向訊息中轉移開來；在點偵測作業中，未有組間效果；在注意力訓練中，未有訓練效果。最後，本研究將於討論中，探討研究結果的可能原因，並提出本研究限制與未來研究上的建議。 / According to the impaired disengagement hypothesis (Koster, De Lissnyder, Derakshan, & De Raedt, 2011), the dysphoric that are difficult to disengage from negative stimuli due to low attentional control tend to ruminate, and then even worsen their depressive symptoms. Actually, rumination can be differentiated into two components: reflective pondering and brooding, but the core tenet of impaired disengagement hypothesis only puts the emphasis on rumination rather than brooding. Besides, there are many studies investigating the attention-training effects on depressive symptoms rather than rumination. To date, no studies even have investigated the training effects on impaired disengagement and brooding. Therefore, we aimed to examine the effects of attention training on attention bias toward negative stimuli, impaired disengagement from negative stimuli and brooding level in brooders. We investigated the training effect in brooding and non-psychiatric control participants via dot-probe task. During a two-week period, all of the participants were randomly assigned to complete 4 sessions of either attention training or no training. Also, participants completed two attentional tasks examined attention bias at baseline and post-training, and self-reported questionnaires of brooding and depressive symptoms at baseline, post-training, and follow-up. Overall, results indicate that brooders didn’t show attention bias to negative stimuli. Also, no beneficial effects of attention training on attention bias and brooding level were found in brooders. The previous hypothesis, impaired disengagement hypothesis and studies in the past were not supported. However, many cognitive models of depression have postulated that individuals with high levels of negative cognition and depressive affect tend to maintain their attention toward negative information. Therefore, we took levels of depression and brooding into account, and aimed to examine the effects of attention training on both attention bias toward negative stimuli and impaired disengagement from negative stimuli in depressive brooders. Results indicate that depressive brooders tend to disengage from negative stimuli in modified Posner task. No other findings in dot-probe task and attention-training task. Implications of these findings in depressive brooders are discussed and directions for future research are advanced.

面對近年來恐怖主義持續壯大及ISIS恐怖組織，由其面對孤狼恐怖主義(lone wolf terrorism)攻擊頻繁發生在世界各地，如挪威槍擊事件、波士頓馬拉松爆炸案、國內高鐵行李爆裂物及法國查理週刊等事件中，就可以看出恐怖主義在全球漫延。在2016年美國恐怖主義報告中提到，「東亞國家積極參與打擊恐怖主義，以澳大利亞、日本、馬來西亞、紐西蘭、南韓、新加坡及臺灣是全球打擊ISIS聯盟的合作夥伴。」可見我國面對恐怖主義已是美國盟友之一，並不能置身事外，需要面對未知的恐怖攻擊並想辦法應對，只有做好萬全的準備才能在發生恐攻時迅速解決。目前我國已制定初步的反恐怖行動策略，雖然在中華民國尚未發生重大的恐怖行動，我們還是必須做準備，瞭解自己有多大能量能因應能恐怖攻擊，在機制上如何上下通聯及左右協調，確保整個機制能正常運作。 國軍依行政院指導，就部隊能力及恐怖攻擊行動性質，完成反恐任務部隊整備，依令執行反恐應援任務。當國內發生恐怖攻擊事件時，依行政院國土安全應變中心任務需求，由國軍聯合作戰指揮中心派遣專責、專業、地區應變部隊，協力反恐應援任務。為防止恐怖主義對國家的威脅，必須建立相關機制及應變單位，我國國軍主要反恐任務部隊，主要為憲兵特勤隊、陸軍航特部特勤中隊及海軍陸戰隊特勤中隊等三支特勤隊，而憲兵特勤隊成立之初就是因反恐而編成，所以不論在裝備、人員、武器及訓練上都可做為國內反恐的指標。但在解嚴後的執行面漸漸被警察及海巡特勤隊取代其任務，若在恐攻發生時要如何執行反恐任務，在國家及國防部反恐機制中能否運作，憲兵本就具有軍司法警察身分，擔負協力維護治安的重任，更是國家元首的鐵衛軍，在實際上執行任務有法可依循，在國軍精減後繼續朝向「量少、質精、戰力強」的目標邁進，要如何應證憲兵特勤隊的能力，一方面需要法規及制度的配合，另一方面要完備反恐各整備，才能在關鍵時刻完成任務。 / The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate and study the role of MPSSC in the chain of command within the anti-terrorism mechanism system. Faced with escalating threat of international terrorism and ISIS regime in recent years, lone wolf terrorism attacks have frequently occurred around the globe, to name a few: the 2011 Norway attacks, Boston Marathon bombings, Taiwan high-speed rail baggage bursts and French Charlie Weekly and other events. In the 2016 United States Terrorism Report, “East Asian countries have been actively involved in the fight against terrorism, with Australia, Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan as partners in the global fight against ISIS.” ROC (Taiwan) has been taking important role as one of the American allies and cannot be left out of the fight. The island country is ought to be prepared for an unknown yet possible terrorist attack. Though thus far no major terrorism activities had burst out in Taiwan, the government has already proposed a preliminary strategy for anti-terrorism action, in the event of possible terrorist actions on the island. The island country must be prepared and understand how much energy it can produce to deal with terrorist attacks, as well as efficient internal coordination in the chain of command within the anti-terrorism mechanism. The ROC (Taiwan) Executive Yuan commands The island country’s National Army. The Army formulates a counter-terrorism task force in terms of its military capability and the nature of a terrorist attacks. In the event of a terrorist attacks, the Executive Yuan Homeland Security Response Center issues mission statement and the National Army Joint Operations Command Center is responsible to compose and deploy a dedicated, professional, contingency local forces. In order to prevent the threat, relevant mechanisms and contingency units are required to establish. The island country`s main anti-terrorism task force: MPSSC, the Airborne Special Service Company (ASSC) and the Chinese Marine Corps Special Service Company (CMC.SSC). The MPSSC was initially founded to fight against terrorism, therefore in terms of equipment, personnel, weapons and training can be demonstrated as a domestic anti-terrorism indicators. Yet starting in the 80s, post Martial-Law period, Wei-An Police Special Services Commando (WAPSSC) and Coast Guard Administration Special Task Unit (CGA-STU) has gradually took over in importance. In the event of a terrorist attack, the role of the MPSSC and its frame of operation within the Ministry of Defense mechanism are still not clear. The MPSSC is the military police, by its nature and the law; it is committed to the task of maintaining law and order. The MPSSC is also the iron guard of the president. After the streamline of the National Army, the goal strive to a “less, quality, strong fighting” forces is still in process. In order to prove and account for the ability of the MPSSC, a clear, regulated law and institutional cooperation in required on one hand, and a combat -ready preparation status is also required on the other hand.

本研究的主要目的有二：其一，驗證經過修改後的「句詞關聯作業」此一實驗派典，是否可以成為一套能有效區辨高、低社交焦慮者解釋性認知偏誤的測量工具。其二，驗證以「句詞關聯作業」作為解釋性認知偏誤修正工具時，是否能夠有效且持續地改善高社交焦慮者不適應的解釋性偏誤情形與社交焦慮症狀。為達到上述兩個研究目的，分為研究一與研究二進行。研究一選取86名高社交焦慮與59名低社交焦慮之非臨床大學校內學生，施予社交焦慮與情緒相關量表、句詞關聯作業以及解釋性偏誤相關問卷。研究一的結果顯示，相較於低社交焦慮者，高社交焦慮者同時具有較高程度的威脅解釋偏誤，以及較低程度的非威脅解釋偏誤。當執行組內比較時，則進一步發現並非高社交焦慮者具備某種解釋性的偏誤，反而是低社交焦慮者的解釋傾向展現出某些特殊性。此外，藉由相關分析，發現解釋性偏誤的在線與離線歷程、威脅與非威脅解釋偏誤之間具有緊密關聯，而句詞關聯作業與其他相關的測量工具彼此具備聚斂性。研究二邀請研究一之80名高社交焦慮者繼續參與實驗，隨機分派為改善訓練組與中性訓練組。受試者根據所屬組別接受相對應的訓練程序，為期四週共八次。訓練結束後再度施予社交焦慮與情緒相關量表、句詞關聯作業以及解釋性偏誤相關問卷，並於一個月後進行追蹤評估。研究二的結果顯示，改善訓練程序的確可有效地降低高社交焦慮者的威脅解釋偏誤，並且提升其非威脅解釋偏誤。細究此療效之所以發生的機制，主要在於促使高社交焦慮者形成與低社交焦慮者相似的解釋偏誤特性。然而，在降低社交焦慮症狀上，本研究並未看見明顯效果，內文將對此非預期結果進行討論。總體而言，針對社交焦慮者的解釋性偏誤情形，「句詞關聯作業」的確具備成為輔助性評估與介入工具之潛力。 / The purpose of the present study was twofold. First, it aimed to examine if the modified paradigm, sentence word association paradigm (SWAP), can differentiate interpretation between high and low social anxious individuals. Second, it tried to investigate the effects of interpretational training, using the training version of SWAP as cognitive bias modification program, in modifying interpretative bias and in reducing social anxiety symptoms in high social anxious individuals. In study 1, a total of 86 high social anxious and 59 low social anxious participants completed seven questionnaires and SWAP. The results showed that high social anxious individuals had greater threat interpretative bias and smaller benign interpretative bias compared to low social anxious individuals. Further, it was important to note that when comparing within group, actually not high but low social anxious individuals showed some special interpretation patterns. In addition, the statistics revealed significant correlations between on-line and off-line data, threat and benign interpretative bias. The current study also had found the consistency between SWAP and questionnaires measurements. In study 2, eighty high social anxious participants from study 1 were assigned randomly into modification training and neutral control group. All participants completed eight interpretaional training sessions delivered over four weeks (twice a week). Participants were also required to complete postassessments and follow-up assessments. The results indicated that the modification training program successfully increased the benign interpretative bias and decreased the threat interpretative bias, compared to the neutral control condition. When exploring the training mechanism, the current study discovered that modification training program helped high social anxious individuals gain the same interpretation patterns as low social anxious individuals had. However, the modification training program didn’t reduce social anxiety symptoms in high social anxious individuals. This unexpected finding were discussed. In conclusion, SWAP may have clinical utility when applied as assessment and intervention.

雇主基於一定之經濟上目的，常與勞工在不定期勞動契約中，約定勞工於一定之期間內，必須繼續為雇主提供勞務，不得提前離職。此種最低服務年限約定條款，常見於各行各業之中，且類型繁多，也增加了問題研究的複雜性；因此，本文首重整理歸納實務上已經出現之案例類型，藉以釐清最低服務年限約定條款之定義與性質，作為研究之基礎。 有關最低服務年限約定條款的效力，涉及勞工職業自由與雇主經濟自由之衝突，本文認為應以利益權衡的方式，來判斷最低服務年限約定條款的效力。實務上，基於契約自由原則，率多承認此等條款的法律上效力，並慣於以違約金酌減之方式，來控制最低服務年限約定條款的合理性。不過，本文並不贊同實務通說之見解，另行提出「必要性」與「合理性」的二階段理論，作為最低服務年限約定條款效力的判斷依據。 實務上，最低服務年限約定條款常伴隨一些問題，譬如定型化勞動契約、終止權之限制、違約金約定條款、補償措施返還條款、訓練費用償還條款、選派進修關係等，本文也將在適當之處就此些問題加以論述。 文末，將對於最低服務年限約定條款在我國實務上的現況，作一回顧式的整理，並就相關的議題提出具有展望性的立法建議。

本研究係以訓練移轉之理論來檢驗行政院哈佛菁英領導班之實施成效。蓋訓練移轉係受訓者在接受訓練課程後，將從課程中所學的知識與技術，應用在實際業務中問題解決之動態過程，其著重的是訓練後對所學知識技術之消化，及對職場工作之回饋，是最有效的內隱知識外顯化的展現。故訓練移轉之成功與否，可作為評估訓練課程是否有助工作的最佳方式。而哈佛菁英領導班係行政院為有系統培育具有前瞻國際視野之全觀型新世代中高階領導人員，強化其政策統合、規劃及領導管理能力並激發其內在潛能，促使我國公務部門整體人力素質提升，以提升我國國家競爭力，自94年起，與美國哈佛大學甘迺迪政府學院合作，規劃辦理菁英領導班，參加人員係由全國中央及地方機關遴選出年輕具發展潛力之科長級以上人員，因開辦不易且所費不貲，故從規劃初期即透過課程內容安排、學員推薦及遴選過程及賡續培訓措施等設計來確保訓練效益。基此，本研究參考以往訓練移轉研究文獻後，建構研究架構與自變項及依變項，並針對該班第一屆及第二屆之學員施以問卷調查後，進行因素分析，此外，並隨機挑選各10名學員之主管及同事進行深度訪談，以作為量化研究之輔助佐證資料。

本研究之目的在於從學習型組織、文化、與領導，探討個人學習與組織訓練對績效、競爭力的影響，並藉由研究結果發展出「組織學習之競爭力模式」與問卷，以協助台灣企業進行組織診斷，進而有助於提昇個人、組織、與國家整體之績效、競爭力。 本研究運用文獻探討與問卷施測的方式，進行變項之間關聯性的探討，以國內企業作為研究對象，採立意抽樣方式共蒐集有效樣本153份。經過實證分析後，顯示本研究所使用之量表在內部一致性信度(.919~.973)與標準化迴歸係數(.469~.853)等檢驗指標上，皆達顯著的效果。 最後，根據路徑分析之結果顯示：1.「領導者學習型文化形塑能力」確實會對「學習型組織文化」之形塑，以及「組織績效」產生正向影響，2.「學習型組織文化」與「學習型組織」則分別對「個人競爭力」與「組織競爭力」產生正向影響，3.「組織訓練流程」對「組織競爭力」，以及「組織競爭力」對「組織績效」亦分別產生正向影響，因此本研究所建構之理論模式大致獲得支持，同時在各變項上的研究假設亦大多獲得驗證。最後研究者則針對學術研究與實務應用提出具體的討論與建議。 關鍵詞：領導者學習型文化形塑能力、學習型組織、學習型組織文化、個人學習技巧、組織訓練流程、個人競爭力、組織競爭力、組織績效 / The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of the organizational competitiveness and performance from the learning organization, leadership, organizational culture, personal learning, and organizational training, and try to develop the ‘competitiveness model of organizational learning’, and questionnaires. At the same time, the author hopes the questionnaires can help the organizations of Taiwan, diagnose their organization and improve the competitiveness and performance of personal, organizational, and country. This study adopted literature review and questionnaire survey to collect research data. The sample of this study is 153 workers from organizations of Taiwan. Through the empirical data analysis, it showed that the questionnaires of this study have high reliability (.919~.973) and standard regression coefficient (.469~.853). According to the result of the path analysis: (1) ‘the ability of develop a learning organizational culture of leader’ has significant and positive influence of ‘learning organizational culture’ and ‘organizational performance’, (2) ’learning organizational culture’ has significant and positive influence of ‘personal competitiveness’, while ‘learning organization’ has significant and positive influence of ‘organizational competitiveness’, (3) ‘organizational training procedures’ has significant and positive influence of ‘organizational competitiveness’, and ‘organizational competitiveness’ has significant and positive influence of ‘organizational performance’. Moreover, the research data support the developed model and confirm most hypotheses of this study. Finally, substantial suggestions were proposed for follow-up academic studies and practical applications. Keywords: ability of develop learning organizational culture of leader, learning organization, learning organizational culture, personal learning skills, organizational training procedure, personal competitiveness, organizational competitiveness, organizational performance.

認知功能的提升是當今神經科學領域中的研究重點之一，但其神經機制尚有待釐清。本研究利用一種用於改善阿茲海默症臨床的非競爭型N-甲基-D-天門冬胺酸受體拮抗劑memantine，檢測其對於大白鼠在不同時距相關操作式制約行為及空間工作記憶行為之影響效果。實驗一為針對時間屬性的操作式制約行為實驗，運用大白鼠的區辯性增強低頻反應作業（DRL 10秒行為）與固定時距作業（FI 30秒行為）之行為作業，並操弄連續訓練與間歇訓練的兩種不同模式，測試memantine對前述四組受試的操作式制約行為在表現、消除與自發恢復等三階段之劑量反應。實驗二利用配對性延遲T迷津作業區分出不等基準線(表現好與表現差)之受試，再加以藥理實驗，測試memantine對於前述兩組受試之劑量反應。實驗一結果顯示，受試在兩種不同訓練模式下經十五次習得訓練後，在兩種操作式壓桿行為的壓桿反應相關指標中都有明顯的差異，這證實不同的行為訓練模式會導致學習後的表現有差異之別。memantine藥理實驗結果顯示，此藥對於上述四組受試的操作式行為之三階段的影響效果，會因為不同訓練模式與不同作業而異。實驗二結果顯示，memantine提高空間工作記憶的正確率在表現不好的組別有很顯著的藥效，這證實memantine對於空間式工作記憶行為的影響，也會因學習基準線的不同水平而異。在行為實驗後所進行的蛋白質表現量檢測中，memantine（5 mg/kg）只對五個測試腦區中的背側紋狀體中ERK1磷酸化程度有明顯上升的影響，而其對ERK2及CREB的磷酸化在所有腦組織中皆沒有顯著的影響。綜合以上結果，memantine影響時間與空間屬性的相關行為之藥理效果，會依行為的不同習得歷程(或行為背景經驗)及基準線表現程度而異，而此項行為藥理效果，可能與紋狀體中ERK1的磷酸化有關。 / The neural basis of cognitive enhancement is one of the intriguing topics in neuroscience research; however, the underlying neural mechanisms remain to be elucidated. This study examined the effects of memantine, a non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist which is used to treat Alzheimer’s disease in clinic, on operant behaviors and spatial working memory. In Experiment 1, using the differential reinforcement for low-rate-response 10 sec (DRL 10s) and the fixed-interval 30 sec (FI 30s) operant tasks, and with the manipulation of two different training regimens (continuous vs. intermittent) in the acquisition phase, the effects of memantine were evaluated in three stages of behavioral tests including the performance (right after the end of 15-day acquisition), the extinction, and the spontaneous recovery (after the extinction). In Experiment 2, memantine were tested in the subjects with different level of baseline performance (good vs. bad) on the distinctive patterns of operant responding in four different groups which received DRL 10s and FI 30s with different training regimens; indicating that behavioral task and training background are critical to the operant performance of temporal operant behaviors. Such behavioral outcomes led the dissociable effects of memantine appeared in between the four groups as tested in all three different stages. The results of Experiment 2 showed a profound improvement of the correct responses rate on spatial working memory in the low-baseline group as compared to the higher-baseline group. With a pretreatment of memantine (5 mg/kg), brain tissues in five selected areas were collected for western blot assays of ERK 1, ERK 2, and CREB. The results only revealed a significant increase of ERK 1 phosphorylation in the dorsal striatum. Together, the effects of memantine to improve cognition-associated processes in the temporal operant behaviors and the baseline of performance, and the present observation of cognition-enhancing effects of memantine may be resulted by the ERK 1 phosphorylation in the dorsal striatum.

University of Macau / Faculty of Education