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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
351

帶心靈身軀意義成語中民族文化特性

柯瓊鎣 Unknown Date (has links)
語言-文化-人種之間的相互關係,至今尚未被探究殆盡。此一學門的主要研究方向,在於試圖重建「世界圖景」(картина мира)。世界圖景的產生,與人對現實情況所形成的概念息息相關。一個人所有生活經驗的總結,以及他對週遭的認知的累積,深刻影響其民族對於世界的觀感。因此,語言成為挖掘深藏於民族內心的思維之重要工具。而成語作為語言單位,綜合地傳達一個民族的歷史、地理、氣候、生活型態及內心世界;藉由成語的研究,可更加透徹地了解民族文化根源。本論文即以俄語成語為語料,嘗試了解俄羅斯民族之「世界圖景」,以及該民族的文化特性。本研究旨在探討俄語中具有文化特點的「心」及與其相關之「靈」、「身」、「軀」等概念,並試圖在現代俄語成語的架構下重現語言中的世界圖景。
352

電腦輔助簡易刑事判決技術之探討 / An Exploration of Computer Assisted Criminal Summary Judgments

張正宗, Cheng-Tsung Chang Unknown Date (has links)
我們以機器學習(Machine Learning)的方法,建立rule-based與case-based的instances,再藉由這些 instances來判斷起訴書的案由和法條,其最好的正確率只比人工建立的rules與cases所判斷的結果低7%而已。由於在我們最基本的方法中,一個判例就會被建立成一個instance,如此,我們將需要大量的空間來儲存instances,針對這個問題,我們也提出了instances clustering與刪除部份較不重要詞這兩個方法,來降低instances所佔的空間,經過簡化的系統的正確率不但與原本未刪減instances時差不多,還可以減少將近一半左右的儲存空間;而且如果我們將這兩個刪減instances的方法混合使用,甚致可以找到一個更好的解,不但能些微提升正確率,還可以把儲存instances所需的空間,降低為原本的四分之一左右。 / I apply machine learning techniques to constructing rule-based and case-based reasoning systems. These systems determine the prosecution reasons and applicable articles of lawsuits, and may achieve an accuracy that is just 7% lower than that achieved by a manually-built system. The baseline method constructs one instance for each prior lawsuit, so it takes much space to store all instances. To reduce the storage space, I propose two methods – clustering instance and removing some less important words in instances. The effects of these methods not only maintain the original accuracy, but also reduce the storage space by half. When I integrated all proposed methods, I can even improve the accuracy slightly and reduce the storage space by three quarters.
353

一個有延展性的動畫劇本描述語言 / A Scripting Language for Extensible Animation

廖茂詠, Liao,Mao-Yung Unknown Date (has links)
在目前3D虛擬環境中,虛擬人物的動作多半是以動作抓取等離線方式錄製後,再以罐裝動作的方式呈現。該動作經過編碼後會以固定的格式進行傳送,然後由客戶端撥放該動畫內容。通常而言,固定的格式規範會限制電腦動畫表現與延展的能力。這篇論文我們提出了一套以XML為基礎的動畫語言,稱為eXtensible Animation Markup Language(XAML)來解決這樣的問題。這套語言設計的目的是為了讓開發者能夠彈性地選擇不同層次的指定方式來產生虛擬演員的動畫;同時使用者可以藉由已經定義好的動畫合成新的動畫內容,或是更改已定義動畫的部分內容來產生一套新的動畫。除此之外,XAML為客製化腳本語言提供延展擴充的機制,開發者可以透過plug-in、內嵌XAML引擎或轉換腳本等方式達到擴充XAML的目的。我們同時使用JAVA實作了一套能夠解譯XAML的動畫引擎,使用者不但可以利用XAML腳本命令產生相對應的3D動畫顯示,也可以透過該動畫引擎所提供的函式庫對場景中的3D物件進行控制。另外,我們也設計了一個具語音對話功能的多人虛擬環境系統,以驗證XAML語言的可行性及有效性。 / Character animations on most virtual environment systems are canned motions created off-line through motion capture techniques. The motions are then en-coded and transmitted with a fixed format and played at the client side. The rigid specification format for computer animation and multimedia presentation in general has greatly affected the development of 3D contents. In this thesis, we propose an XML-based scripting language, called eXtensible Animation Markup Language (XAML). The language is designed to describe character animations at various command levels and to compose a new animation from existing ani-mation clips. Furthermore, one can use plug-in, embeding or translation to in-corporate other customized scripting languages or new functions into XAML. We have implemented an animation engine in Java that can interpret the script-ing language and render 3D animations based on the user’s interactive XAML commands or the provided application programming interface. In addition, we have designed a speech-enabled multi-user virtual environment system based on XAML to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of such a language.
354

拒絕策略:台灣國中生英語語言行為研究 / A Cross-cultural Study on the Refusal Behavior of the Junior High School Students in Taiwan

潘莉敏, Pan, Li-min Unknown Date (has links)
本研究旨在探討台灣以英文為外語的國中生在拒絕時所採取的策略。資料收集由每組40位的青少年,共三組所組成。分為:以中文為母語的受試者 (NC),以英文為外語的學習者 (EFL),和以英文為母語的受試者 (NA)。實驗經由設計好的8個不同情境 ( 2個請求,2個建議,2個邀請,2個提供 ),分別為4種不同的拒絕的「完成對話問卷」(DCT) 來達成。距離和性別是二個控制的變項。120 位受試者的回答根據直接拒絕、間接拒絕、不拒絕、沒有回應四種拒絕策略分類。卡方檢定用來分析三組間是否有統計上的顯著差異。 結論顯示,以中文為母語的,以英文為外語的,和以英文為母語的這三組在表達拒絕時,確實有顯著差異。以中文為母語的 (NC) 和以英文為外語的 (EFL) 二組比較喜愛使用間接拒絕策略;而以英文為母語的 (NA) 這一組傾向選擇直接拒絕策略。此外,以英文為外語的 (EFL) 這組的表現常出現遵循他們母語 (L1) 的模式,雖然他們有些行為表現顯示出受到外語文化 (L2) 的影響。此外,或許由於缺乏足夠的語言能力,以英文為外語 (EFL) 的一組,在拒絕時,傾向表達過多的道歉。因此本研究建議,教師在教學上應幫助學生學習多使用綜合的拒絕策略來取代過多或不必要的道歉。根據以上的發現,本研究也提出一些在英語教學上的啟示和應用,以及對未來研究的建議。 / The purpose of the study was to investigate what strategies were employed when EFL junior high school students in Taiwan performed a refusal. The data collected from three groups of forty teenagers in each group: native Chinese speakers (NC), EFL learners (EFL), and native American English speakers (NA). The experiment was carried out through the Discourse Completion Task (DCT), which was designed to eight situations: 2 requests, 2 suggestions, 2 invitations, and 2 offers to elicit four types of refusal. Two social variables, distance and gender, were controlled. Responses from 120 participants were categorized according to refusal strategies including direct refusal, indirect refusal, non-refusal, and no response. The chi-square was employed to test the presence of statistically significant difference existing across the three groups. Results revealed that the Chinese, the EFL, and the American groups were virtually different in expressing refusals. The Chinese and EFL groups preferred to employ indirect refusal strategies, while the American group tended to select direct ones. Moreover, the performance of the EFL group frequently followed their L1's norms, although some of their behaviors were influenced by the L2's culture. Besides, perhaps due to a lack of sufficient pragmatic knowledge and vocabulary, the EFL group tended to express more regret when performing a refusal. Therefore, the present study suggests that the instructors may help learners acquire the usage of combination strategies to decline rather than utilizing verbose or unnecessary regret. Based on the findings, the study also proposed some pedagogical implications and suggestions for future research.
355

利用詞組檢索中文訴訟文書之研究 / An Exploration of Indexing Chinese Judicial Documents with Term Pairs

謝淳達, Hsieh,Chwen-Dar Unknown Date (has links)
本文將針對相似訴訟文書之搜尋進行研究與探討。在這裡所說的「相似案件」指的是有著相同犯罪行為的案件。判例是法院對於訴訟案件所作的確定判決的先例。在法律案件審判的過程中,對法官和律師而言,與目前的新案件案情相似的過去判例有時是有參考價值的。這意味著我們可以透過判例來推測新的訴訟案件可能的判決方向,因此搜尋過去判例是有其價值的。與一般常用的資訊檢索方法中以單一詞彙作為索引不同的是,我們嘗試以案件事實段中的詞組(兩個詞彙的組合)集合為基礎,由於詞組所包含的資訊比詞彙還多,我們希望透過詞組集合的比對,能夠更精確地找出類似於新案件的過去判例,藉此幫助一般人搜尋過去的相似判例,並能夠從過去判例中自行推測所遇上的法律糾紛可能的判決方向。然而,由於既有的電子詞典並未包含所有可能的詞彙,尤其是訴訟文件中常出現的一些特定詞彙,因此我們提出了一個可以從文件中自動擷取可能的中文詞彙的方法,並且利用這些擷取而得的詞彙協助我們分析判決書的事實段文字。此外我們將相似案件搜尋系統應用在實作「案件分類器」上,用以猜測新案件可能的案件類型。在我們的實驗中,我們提出的中文詞彙擷取方法TermSpotter所擷取出來的詞彙中,詞頻為30次以上的擷取正確率(人工判定為有用的詞彙數量╱程式輸出詞彙數量)為56.3%,而且這些詞彙經過人工過濾後,有三分之一的詞彙(953個)是HowNet電子詞典中所沒有的詞彙。而我們實作的案件分類器,在竊盜、搶奪、強盜、贓物、恐嚇、傷害、賭博七大類型案件的案由分類實驗有89.3%的正確率,而賭博罪的法條分類實驗也有81.9%的正確率。至於相似案件搜尋實驗中,我們以人工判斷其效果,目前所搜尋到的過去判例只有42%是值得參考的,未來仍有空間需要繼續嘗試改進。 / I study information retrieval methods for retrieving similar judicial documents. Here “similar judicial documents” refers to “cases that have a similar process of criminal violation”. For judges and lawyers, it is sometimes worth referring to prior cases which are similar to the new case in the process of judgment. Information about the judgments of the similar prior cases helps people to obtain a rough picture about how the new cases might be judged. In this work, I use phrases, rather than individual words as indices of Chinese judicial documents. Phrases provide a better foundation for indexing and retrieving documents than individual words. Constituents of phrases make other component words in the phrase less unambiguous than when the words appear separately. I expect the system could help anyone who is not a legal expert to retrieve similar prior cases on their own. The existing electronic dictionary does not collect all the possible words, especially the words that appear in specific-domain documents. Hence, I put forth an algorithm to automatically retrieve possible words in the corpus, and we will use these words as the basis to construct phrases in our system. Moreover, I implement the case classifier to automatically classify new cases into several different prosecution categories. I put forth the algorithm “TermSpotter” to automatically retrieve possible words that occur more than 30 times. In the experiments, 56.3% of the retrieved words are considered as useful words after manual filtration. Among these useful words, about one third of the words are not included in HowNet, and some of them are legal-domain-specific words. The implemented case classifier categorizes new cases into seven different prosecution categories: larceny, robbery, robbery by threatening or disabling the victims, receiving stolen property, causing bodily harm, intimidation, and gambling. It reaches 89.3% in accuracy. The classifier can also categorize cases based on what criminal articles are violated. In the experiment of classifying gambling cases into four combinations of three articles, it reaches 81.9% in accuracy. In the experiment of retrieving prior cases which are similar to the new case, it only reaches 42% in accuracy judged by a practicing judge, so there is a lot of work to do to improve the classifier.
356

原住民族語振興運動--環繞族語能力認證考試的分析

陳誼誠 Unknown Date (has links)
教育部為因應族語師資恐將不足的窘況,在2001年委託行政院原住民族委員會負責原住民族語師資的甄選工作。雖然,以族語師資的甄選為起初的目的,不過,在行政院原民會欲振興族語的積極行動,以及政大原住民族語言教育文化推展中心朝族語運動的規劃企圖之下,首屆的原住民族語能力認證考試,不僅促使了近三千名考生投入此號召,也讓族語的體質進行了一次徹底的檢視,並鼓動原住民社會開始重視族語的風潮。本論文即在檢視此次的族與運動,究竟對原住民族及族語造成了何種改變,而其影響之程度與層面又為何? 筆者以參與觀察為主要研究途徑,輔以第一手取得的試務文件、會議記錄及考生資料等,試圖以認證之命題、達成族語書寫系統之共識、三種認證管道之考生表現、小族語言振興之狀況等面向,於資料中耙梳出相關的討論片段;並整理龐大的考生資料,據統計所呈現的數據來探討考生表現的趨向,作為檢證振興運動表現,以及進一步論證的有力基礎。同時也針對族語認證委員,進行深度訪談,以參與者、宣傳者、抑或懷抱振興族語使命者等等人物的訪談,累積平實而生動的素材,是為論述的重要佐證基礎。 第一章的撰寫軸線,乃先針對語言政策的背景進行討論,由政策面切入,陳述國家語言政策形成語言強弱不平的現象,並對原住民族語使用情形加以描述,檢討國語政策所造成的族語流失狀況。第二章則是具體呈現族語振興運動的展開過程,由認證委員的參與即討論是提的經過,深度的呈現出推動認證考試的前置作業如何改造族語的體質,促使族語進入標準化、統一化、文字化的階段。第三章擬以認證執行後的成果,亦即考生的取向、成績表現,討論族語的振興是否有出現正向的效應。藉由通過狀況與考生背景分析,觀察小族語言在認證前後的變化,並試圖提供證據上的支持。在第四章,則是統計四屆考生通過的情形,並比較各屆參與人數的漲跌狀況,以各族語的參與程度與書寫系統的問題,作為本章討論的基礎。 在歸納本論四章的論述之後,筆者以為政大在推動族語認證考試的行動策略,是促使族語振興的理念得以實踐的重要關鍵,無論是對於族語的文字化、統一化、標準化等條件的建立、將原住民族語分類成38種話的考量、建議補助召開族語研習班進行書寫系統的教學、認證海報繪製的創意、考試管道與模式的建制、書寫系統達成共識、考前提供族語練習題等,皆為一場成功的考試建立穩固的基礎。在本論文中筆者也發現,經過一次大型的族語能力的檢測,不僅赤裸展現出來小族語言瀕危的現象,但也因此看出小族人士們是如何為振興族語付出行動;然而,藉由年齡層、居住地、職業等面向的資料分析,也再次的驗證了族語往低年齡弱化的情形,以及完整的分析了考生的取向分布,讓我們能夠更深一層的了解考生的狀況。 族語認證考試共辦理了四屆,為了能將四屆考試的成就與差異也併入討論,筆者嘗試藉由歷屆考生人數的統計,希望能在數字呈現上,提供一個整貌來探討此一政策的推動成效。 第五屆的族語能力認證考試並未如期辦理,也可能表示著族語能力認證的階段性任務已告一個階段,本論文的出爐,希望能讓此項視為族語振興運動的核心工程,提供一個深入觀察紀錄與研究分析論述。而首屆族語認證在民族學式的思考與規劃之下,不負期待的為族語振興運動立下一個里程碑,其所建立的初步成果,也帶動運動的風潮,為之後的三屆建立起穩固的基礎,不過,如何讓此波行動能持續加溫,是未來應再努力的方向。
357

閩南語雙賓式共時與歷時研究 / Ditransitive Constructions in Southern Min:A Synchronic and Diachronic Perspective

陳麗雪, Chen, Li-hsueh Unknown Date (has links)
本文為針對閩南語雙賓式的共時與歷時研究,首先以熟悉的現代臺灣閩南語為先,並對十六世紀、十七世紀、十八與十九世紀的閩南語各共時面依序探討其雙賓句式與雙賓動詞。在共時研究之後,串聯此四個共時面的歷時現象與演變結果,更是本文探討主題。 此研究嘗試以「雙賓家族」的概念來觀察雙賓句式,並介紹語法學者對雙賓句衍生模式的看法,基底結構的語義內涵與表層結構的句型變化,且特別採用格式語法的觀點──即出現於同一句式中的動詞,常具備相同的語義與句法特性,這種相同特性有些是動詞內在的,有些是句式賦予的;注重表層結構的探討,認為整體句式意義大於部分構成要素之和。期待在前人對雙賓句型的描寫和規律的歸納總結之外,探討閩南語雙賓動詞與所帶論元在語義與句式之間的互動。 而閩南語之外,同時也對華語、漢語方言與古漢語雙賓式作簡要的觀察。並透過四個共時面的歷時討論,以對雙賓式相關句式的演變與轉換機制作進一步的探究。 / This is a synchronic and diachronic study of ditransitive constructions in Southern Min. It takes the most familiar modern Taiwanese Southern Min as a point of departure, and then examines Southern Min texts in the sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth century with respect to ditransitive constructions and ditransitive verbs. The main aim of this study is to map out historical phenomena and the result of evolution by putting together the four synchronic states each of which has been specified. This study tries to capture ditransitive constructions taken as a family. Its scope is therefore broader than the ditransitive constructions in English. In terms of methodology it employs the generative model, and examines the semantic content in underlying structure, and the variety of sentence pattern in surface structure. In particular, this work adopts the methodology of construction grammar in that verbs that appears in the same construction share common semantic and syntactic properties. The common features are attributable to the inherent properties of verbs in some cases, but they may be contributed by constructions in other cases. It therefore stresses the investigation of surface structure on the assumption that the meaning of a whole sentence is much bigger than the sum total of the senses of its part. This work will go beyond what is achieved by previous studies and explore in more detail the interaction between verb and its arguments with respect to meaning and construction. Brief but pertinent observations are also made of ditransitive constructions in Mandarin, Chinese dialects and Old Chinese for the purpose of a comparison with Southern Min. This study tries to generalize the mechanism of the shift and development of ditransitive constructions and other constructions by piecing together the four synchronic states.
358

多義與歧義-台灣廣告語言實例分析

徐洪宗, Hsu, Hung-tsung Unknown Date (has links)
文本的多義(polysemy)現象往往是文學閱讀樂趣產生之由來,然而具有多義性的文本卻未必侷限於純文學文本,筆者觀察30年來的廣告文本中的語言,發現具有多義性的廣告語言越來越多,廣告語言的創作手法甚有文學化的傾向。又由於文本的多義性,有時在傳播過程中便容易產生歧義(ambiguity)解讀。 基於上述理由,筆者在本文中首先釐清多義與歧義觀念上的不同,並藉用現代語言學的觀念、結構主義與後結構主義的觀點、當代漢語語法分析的方法、傳播學中的言語行為理論、傳播社會學的受播者自選性理論等等學理觀念和方法,探討近30年來較有名的廣告文本之語言的詞義、結構,以掌握廣告語言詞義、結構與語義間的關係,同時輔以語用的分析;在閱聽人的解讀反應上,則搜集報章雜誌中與該廣告語言所引起的爭議及討論的相關報導做為分析參酌之材料,進而掌握廣告語言的歧義現象產生的原因與影響。 本研究希望藉由詞義分析、語法結構分析及語義判讀掌握廣告語言與文化語境的關係,歸納出廣告語言多義與歧義產生的原因與歧義現象的影響,期望在整個廣告語言與社會文化的互動過程中,能更清楚地掌握廣告語言的可能意指及其在絢麗的語言符號背後所指涉的社會文化意涵。 由於不同結構的廣告語言各有不同的使用目的或使用之場合,在實例分析上,筆者將其分為「詞」與「詞組」、「單句」、「複句」三個單元。而筆者分析所得的大致成果是: 在「多義解讀與文本語境」方面,文本多義性的形成,除了詞語本身的多義性是歷時必然發展出的結果之外,文本語境中的修辭技巧、文本語境中的語言結構省略、文本語境中的多層次語法結構、聲音與畫面未能提供妥善限制等等都是重要因素。 在「歧義解讀與文化語境」方面,影響歧義解讀的文化語境因素可歸納為:不同文化背景的認知差異、不同性別的思考差異、不同年齡層的不同價值觀、語言禁忌的思考等四個因素,然而這四個因素有時候並不是單獨存在,造成歧義解讀的因素,有時頗單純,有時卻呈現頗為錯綜複雜的情形。 多義文本提供閱讀樂趣,自古以來是文學作品的普遍現象,然而,作為資訊閱讀的廣告語言,從多義性進而產生歧義解讀則會有如下影響: (一)愈簡短的廣告語言形式造成的歧義解讀對品牌影響愈大 (二)形成話題、達到宣傳效果 (三)影響品牌形象與商品接受度 (四)造成爭議、引起訴訟
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陸賈政治思想之研究

張偉毅 Unknown Date (has links)
本文探討陸賈政治思想,視其如何替大一統的漢帝國,提出理想的治理之道。著眼於有效統治又避免重蹈秦苛政之覆轍,在《新語》之中,陸賈由「仁義」出發,提出「德治」作為最佳之統治方式,達到儒家式「無為而治」的境界,以保國家長治久安。再者,為確保德治理想的落實,陸賈吸收道家與法家之思想與觀念,並援引陰陽家災異類應學說,充分表現出兼融各家的思想特色。 陸賈政治思想中的具體主張,圍繞「逆取順守」的基本立場,強調治天下時要「順守」與得天下之「逆取」所著重的方法不同。同時,陸賈對「士」之角色重新認知,體認士人須調整自身角色,鼓勵士人作好出仕的準備,而成為政治系統的一部份,協助統治。
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參加過全美語沉浸式教學之學童在國小英語之學習態度 ─ 以桃園一小學為例 / The Effect of English Immersion Preschools on Primary School Students' English Learning Attitude -- A Case Study in Taoyuan

明玥芳, Ming, Yueh-fan Unknown Date (has links)
在越來越重視幼兒學齡前英語教育的社會中,全美語沉浸式教學,成為父母期待子女學好英語的選擇,然而人們對全美語沉浸式教學,有正反兩極端的意見,本研究探討參加過全美語沉浸式教學之國小學童在國小英語的學習態度,以期能對全美語沉浸式教學的影響有所暸解,並對幼兒英語學習有所助益。 本研究資料分別取自於桃園ㄧ國小六年級學童及其家長的問卷與訪談。266位學生〈13位全美語和253位非全美語學童〉與220位家長〈12位全美語和208位非全美語家長〉的問卷,採四種統計方法進行分析:描述性統計、單因子變異數分析,LSD事後比較與皮爾森相關分析。而26位學生〈13位全美語和13位非全美語學童〉與10位家長〈5位全美語和5位非全美語家長〉的訪談,提供更進一步資料,反映學童對於英語學習的態度。資料分析結果如下: 1. 參加過全美語沉浸式幼稚園之國小學童比未參加過的學童,在國小英語的學習上顯示較多的學習信心。 2. 參加過全美語沉浸式幼稚園之國小學童比未參加過的學童,在國小英語的學習上顯示較高的學習興趣。 3. 參加過全美語沉浸式幼稚園之國小學童比未參加過的學童,在國小英語的學習上顯示較強的學習信念。 本研究亦發現參加過全美語沉浸式幼稚園之國小學童的家長比未參加過學童的家長,對於子女在英語學習上,顯示較高的信心、興趣與信念,與學童的資料分析結果相當一致。 / English immersion preschools, the choices for parents who expect their children to learn English well, exist in our society that values early English education. However, there are studies for and also against immersion learning. This study aims to investigate the English learning attitude of the primary school students who have attended English immersion preschools. The study is suggested to reveal the effect of the English immersion preschools in order to provide better English education for young learners in the future. This study employed questionnaires and interviews for the sixth graders and their parents of P primary school in Taoyuan. Two self-reported questionnaires respectively for 266 sixth graders (13 English immersion learners and 253 non-English immersion learners) and 220 parents (12 parents of English immersion learners and 208 parents of non-English immersion learners) were analyzed by four statistical methods: descriptive statistics, one-way ANOVA, LSD post hoc analysis, and Pearson correlation. Moreover, in-depth interviews were conducted for 26 learners (13 English immersion learners and 13 non-English immersion learners) and 10 parents (5 parents of English immersion learners and 5 parents of non-English immersion learners), which offered further information indicating learners’ English learning attitude. The results of the findings are summarized as follows. First, English immersion learners demonstrated more confidence than non-English immersion learners toward English learning in the primary school. Second, English immersion learners display more interest than non-English immersion learners toward English learning in the primary school. Third, English immersion learners hold stronger belief than non-English immersion learners toward English learning in the primary school. The results of this study also revealed that parents of the English immersion learners indicated more confidence, interest, and belief than parents of non-English immersion learners toward their children’s English learning in the primary school. The results are consistent with those of the learners.

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