本研究探討漢語動補結構在語料庫中的使用情況，透過語料庫研究方法，辨析動詞「用X」及「弄X」與動補結構的關係，並探究動補結構中「用X」及「弄X」相互替代的使用現象，最後由詞彙語意及語義韻律的角度提出說明。 本研究利用中文詞彙網路（Chinese Wordnet）、《平衡語料庫》（Sinica Corpus 4.0）以及《批踢踢語料庫》（PTT Corpus），觀察語料庫中動詞「用」、動詞「弄」、動補結構「用X」及動補結構「弄X」的語料分布，以及語料與動詞義項的互動情況。研究發現，在語料庫中，動詞「用」的主要語義是「利用特定對象的特定功能」，而動詞「弄」的主要語義則是以「造成特定結果」和「代動詞，做」，且在語料庫中，「用X」結構的分布集中、「弄X」分布廣泛。研究亦發現，《平衡語料庫》中的動補結構語料相對來說較《批踢踢語料庫》中的語料組合穩定，此一現象是由於不同語料庫中的語料結合緊密程度不同所致。 藉由動詞代換檢測及動詞義項的比對，可知在動結式動補結構這個特定的環境下，動詞「用」和「弄」顯示了與近義詞相似的特質，甚至展現出詞彙語意關係中的上下位（hyponymy）或者蘊含關係（entailment）。研究最後透過觀察「用X」和「弄X」動補結構的語義韻律，探究動詞「用」和「弄」在動詞義項以外的異同之處，並發現語料庫中的動補結構「用X」及「弄X」在語義韻律的分布上有相似的表現。 / This paper aims to explore the cause of the mutual substitution of verbs yòng(用) and nòng(弄) in verb-complement structure in Taiwan Mandarin. The study adopts a semantic corpus-based approach to examine this phenomenon. To find out the resemblance of meanings shared by the verbs yòng and nòng, this study first retrieved their senses by using Chinese Wordnet and analyzed the sentences from the Sinica Corpus. Three hundred instances of yòng and 240 instances for nòng were analyzed and classified according to their corresponding verb senses. The results showed that yòng and nòng both contain the concept of “utilize certain tool/method/means to fulfill particular purposes”, proving that they could possibly form a synonymous set of verb. The analysis then focused on the behavior of the verbs in verb-complement structures. The verb-complement structures of yòng and nòng from the Sinica Corpus and the PTT Corpus were further inspected: 14 entries of ‘yòng-complement’ (179 instances) and 32 entries of ‘nòng-complement’ (157 instances) were found in Sinica Corpus, while 21 entries of ‘yòng-complement’ (82 instances) and 97 entries of ‘nòng-complement’ (781 instances) were found in the PTT Corpus. The distributions showed that the verb-complement structures in Sinica Corpus were relatively more stable than those in the PTT Corpus, and the phenomenon was inferred to be caused by the distinct degree of the structure combination. In order to examine the possibility of the mutual substitution of yòng and nòng, a verb-substitution test was conducted. The results were further examined by comparing with the verb-complement structures found in the PTT Corpus. In addition, introspective survey of native speakers of Mandarin was also added to re-confirm the substitution test result. Lastly, the verb senses and the semantic prosody of the verb-complement structures were also analyzed. The study showed that the verbs yòng and nòng have shared senses when they appear in resultive verb-complement structures, and the mutual substitution patterns were also discovered. As for the analysis of semantic prosody of the verb-complement structures, the result showed that yòng-complement and nòng-complement have identical distribution tendency: structures with neutral semantic prosody occupied the greatest proportion, followed by the negative ones and the positive ones, which also proved the synonymous relationship between the verbs yòng and nòng in the verb-complement structures.

因應近年來數位典藏的趨勢日漸發展，越來越多珍貴中文歷史文本 選擇進行數保存，而保存的同時會面對文本的作者遺失或從缺，進而 影響文本的完整性，而本論文提出了一個適用於中文史料文本作者分 析的方法，主要是透過語言模型的建構，為每一位潛在的作者訓練出 一個專屬的語言模型，而搭配不同的平滑方法能避免掉某一受測文本 單詞出現的機率為零的機率進而造成計算上的錯誤，而本論文主要採 用改良式 Kneser–Ney 平滑方法，該平滑方法因其會同時考慮到 N 詞彙 語言模型的高低頻詞的影響，而使其成為建構語言模型普遍選擇的平 滑方式。 若僅將每一位潛在作者的所有文章進行合併訓練成單一的語言模型 會忽略掉許多特性，所以本篇論文在取得附有價值的歷史文本之外， 又加入後設資料 (Metadata) 進行綜合分析，包括人工標記的主題分類 的統計資訊，使建構出來的語言模型更適配受測文本，增加預測結果 的準確性。和加入額外的自定義的字詞以符合文本專有名詞的用詞習 慣，還會在一般建構語言模型的基礎上，加入長字詞的權重，以確定 字詞長度對預測準確度的關係。最後還會採用遞歸神經網路 (Recursive neural networks) 結合語言模型進行作者預測，與傳統的語言模型分析 作進一步的比較。 / In recent years, the trend of digital collections has been developing day by day, and more and more precious Chinese historical corpora have been selected for preservation. The preservation of the corpora at the same time will face the loss or lack of the authors, thus affecting the integrity of the corpora. A method for analyzing the author of the Chinese historical text is mainly through the construction of the language model, for each potential author to train a specific language model, and with a different smoothing method can be avoided zero probability of words and the error is caused by the calculation. This paper mainly adopts the Interpolated Modified Kneser-Ney smoothing method, which will take into account the influence of higher order and lower order n-grams string frequency. So, Interpolated Modified Kneser-Ney smoothing is become a very popular way to construct a general choice of language models. The combination of all the articles of each potential author into a single language model will ignore many of the features, so this paper in addition to the value of the historical corpora, but also to add the metadata to integrate analysis, including the statistical information of the subject matter classification of the artificial mark, so that the constructed language model is more suitable for the measured text, increase the accuracy of the forecast results, add additional custom words to match the language of the proper nouns, in addition. But also on the basis of the general construction language model, the weight of the long word to join, to determine the length of the word on the relationship between the accuracy of prediction. Finally, recursive neural networks language models are also used to predict the authors and to make further comparisons with the traditional language model analysis.

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需求高度時間彈性、學習時數低的華語成年學習者漸增，對混成遠距教學的需求增加，然而網路科技輔助的工具繁多，功能多樣而混雜。本研究蒐集各種科技輔助數位教學工具，運用其平台的多媒體、計時、評分、社群互動、角色對話、語音識別等功能，針對這類學習時數少、高度需求時間彈性的華語學習者，創造出高互動性的非同步學習活動，以提升學生動機、趣味及溝通意願，與同步教學相輔相成。並以ADDIE模式，進行教學實驗，透過觀察、訪談、課程錄影以及測驗，分析此教學設計模式及活動的學習體驗，並總結最能有效鼓勵學習動機的遠距教學模式設計。 本研究結果發現，在非同步學習活動設計中，若能提升學生的自主學習願望、細部經營遠距的人際互動方式，並關注回饋機制的設計，並運用同步課程在科技問題、學習內容上輔助非同步的學習活動，如此能有效調動學習者的學習動機。提升自主學習願望的方式包含運用競爭心理、社交願望，並透過資源整合增加學生感知的活動學習效率。在遠距人際互動方面，需仔細經營互動氣氛，提供恰當的工具，在回饋機制的設計上，關注獎勵的間隔時間、及回饋的即時性。 / There are more and more adult learners who require time flexibility for Mandarin learning. The demand for distant learning has increased. There are various online technological tools to assist learning, however, the features on the various websites are often disorganized. This study collects different kinds of technology assisted digital learning websites, and applies their features - such as multimedia players, timers, scoring systems, social interaction, role playing, and speech recognition - into Mandarin teaching. It is designed for adult learners who have fewer learning hours and require time flexibility to learn Mandarin. It aims to create asynchronous learning activities, with high interaction, in order to increase students’ motivation, interest, and communication willingness along with synchronous lessons. It applies the ADDIE model for systematic instructional design and concludes with the most efficient distance lesson model that could best encourage students’ motivation. It draws conclusions from the students’ interview about their learning experience, the teacher’s observations during the lessons, and from the recordings of the experimental lessons. The study result reveals the keys to foster motivation in distance Mandarin lessons: raising learner autonomy, undertaking distant social interaction, focusing on the design of a feedback mechanism, and utilizing synchronous lessons to help solve their learning or technical problems during asynchronous self-learning time. Making good use of students’ tendency for competition, willingness to socialize, and increasing the students’ awareness of learning efficiency, effectively fosters motivation for self-learning in distance Mandarin lessons.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(文学) / 甲第22174号 / 文博第821号 / 新制||文||685(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院文学研究科行動文化学専攻 / (主査)教授 吉田 豊, 教授 定延 利之, 准教授 千田 俊太郎, 教授 遠藤 光暁 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Letters / Kyoto University / DGAM

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間・環境学) / 甲第23581号 / 人博第1013号 / 新制||人||239(附属図書館) / 2021||人博||1013(吉田南総合図書館) / 京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科共生人間学専攻 / (主査)教授 谷口 一美, 准教授 守田 貴弘, 准教授 金丸 敏幸, 教授 松本 曜 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(文学) / 甲第18719号 / 文博第677号 / 新制||文||615(附属図書館) / 31670 / 京都大学大学院文学研究科行動文化学専攻 / (主査)教授 吉田 豊, 教授 田窪 行則, 教授 吉田 和彦, 准教授 千田 俊太郎 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Letters / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(文学) / 甲第18720号 / 文博第678号 / 新制||文||616(附属図書館) / 31671 / 京都大学大学院文学研究科文献文化学専攻 / (主査)准教授 金光 桂子, 教授 大谷 雅夫, 准教授 大槻 信 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Letters / Kyoto University / DGAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間・環境学) / 甲第19080号 / 人博第733号 / 新制||人||176(附属図書館) / 26||人博||733(吉田南総合図書館) / 32031 / 京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科共生人間学専攻 / (主査)准教授 谷口 一美, 教授 東郷 雄二, 教授 須田 千里, 教授 山梨 正明 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM