本研究旨在探討台灣英文教科書與學生英文作文佳作中，敘述文與說明文中的因果關係使用。因為因果關係在閱讀與寫作中很常見，所以對學生來說，學會如何正確使用因果關係是件極為重要的事。根據李(2003)的研究，她發現因果關係對學生來說是最難學好的因果關係。因此，本研究希望能了解教科書中的敘述文與說明文是如何介紹因果關係給學生。同時，本研究亦希望能得知學生如何在不同文體的英文作文中，使用因果關係。 本研究選用三個版本的高中英文教科書來進行研究，之所以選擇此三版本教科書的原因在於，此三個版本在台灣高中英文課本的市占率最高。而又因為敘述文和說明文在學測和指考的英文作文考試中是最常要測驗學生的文體，因此本研究進一步挑選課本中的敘述文和說明文來進行分析與探討。此外，本研究亦研究民國100年到105年的學測、指考英文作文佳作，舉凡是敘述文和說明文中所使用的因果關係都進行分析與探討。 研究結果顯示在三個版本中，敘述文和說明文的分布無明顯差異。此外，本文發現年級越高的高中生會接觸到愈多的敘述文，但愈少的說明文。研究結果亦顯示文體會影響因果關係的使用情形。相較於敘述文中的因果關係使用，我們發現教科書作者在說明文中使用較多因果關係。 而我們也發現在不同文體中的不同文章結構，因果關係使用的情形不同。在敘述文中，因果關係主要被使用於Complications和Resolutions中。在說明文中，因果關係則主要被使用於Arguments supported by evidence 和Summing up the position中。除此之外，本文亦發現在四類因果連接詞中，Reason和Result這兩類的因果連接詞最常被使用於敘述文和說明文中。 為了清楚看出因果關係，本文針對包含因果關係的句子皆進行了句法、時間及邏輯順序的分析。結果發現幾乎所有因果關係中的時間順序皆與邏輯順序一致。同時，本文亦歸納出教科書中的因果關係的七種使用形式，並提供教科書中的例句來進行討論。 最後，透過學生英文作文佳作的分析，我們發現在因果關係的使用量方面，這群學生與教科書作者相似。而本研究亦歸納出學生在佳作中的四個因果關係誤用的問題。 希望本研究的發現及所提供的建議可供台灣高中英文科教師、教科書作者以及高中生參考。 / The purpose of the study is to investigate the variations of causal relations in narrations and expositions in Taiwan senior high school's English textbooks, and high performance students’compositions. Since causal relations are common in reading and writing, it is important for students to learn to use it. According to Lee (2003), causal relations are the most difficult logical relations for students to master. The present study wants to know how causal relations are introduced to learners in the narrations and expositions from textbooks. Besides, the present study also wants to know how students use causal relations in different genres of compositions. In the study, three series of textbooks are selected for the examination. These three textbooks were chosen as they are commonly used textbooks in Taiwan senior high schools. The selected texts for examination are the texts of two genres: narration and exposition, for these two genres are frequently tested in College Entrance Exams. Moreover, the causal relations in narrations and expositions among the high-scoring essays in years of 2011 to 2016College Entrance Exams were examined as well. The results showed that three series of textbooks in have no significant differences in the distributions of narrations and expositions. Besides, senior high school students expose more narrations but fewer expositions in the higher grades. Furthermore, the result revealed that genres do influence the uses of causal relations, for expositions in the textbooks applied more causal relations than the narrations in the textbooks. Moreover, different usages among different text organizations in both narrations and expositions were found. In the text organizations of narrations, causal relations were mainly used in complications and resolutions.In the text organizations of expositions, causal relations were mainly used in Arguments supported by evidence and Summing up the position. The types of causal relations which are frequently used in textbooks were also found as well. The results showed that Reason and Result type of causal logical connectors were mainly used in both narrations and expositions. Analyses of casual relations’sequences were conducted to clearly see the syntactic sequences, temporal sequences, and logical sequences of the sentences with causal relations. It was found that almost all the causal relations in the textbooks had the temporal sequences equaled to the logical sequences. Moreover, six usages of causal logical connectors were categorized and presented with example sentences. Last but not least, through the analyses of causal relations in students’high-scoring essays, the result showed that high performance students used the similar amounts of causal relations in their compositions with the textbooks’ writers. The present study also categorizes the errors of misusing the causal relations into four problems. It is hoped that this study can provide insights for the senior high school English teachers, textbook publishers, and students to follow.

本研究旨在針對電子連接器產業進行探索性研究，期能發現占據相當重要關鍵零組件地位的連接器，其產業態勢與競爭條件。本研究固然與傳統的研究方法相同，運用Aaker的策略分析架構進行探討，但亦頗多創新之處，譬如納進Porter的國家競爭力分析模型，討論產業與政府等因素間的相互依賴狀況，又納入司徒達賢的策略矩陣分析構面，討論個案公司與其他同業之間的競爭模型。本研究雖以個案公司為研究對象，但旁及其他競爭性公司共同討論，以了解個案公司的產業定位與遭遇的挑戰。 / This study is exploring the advantage of competition in Connector industry. It adopted Aaker’s model, which designed by strategic method to depict a SWOT to overall analysis of connector industry as well as Case Study Company. The main contribution is to offer a position within industry where has a vital network can help others to sustain the strong power. However, the environment is not as good as past, the trend will bring a move to mainland China, and the new competitors will appear, the Industry ought to encounter more challenge than have been met in Taiwan. This study has some characters involve in the National competitive model and the strategic matrix analysis method from Dr. Seeto. There are many persons were called on to the Case interview, However, only certain firms would be selected as delegation out of this industry.

隨著台灣經濟的高度成長，國民所得大幅提升，人們對物質需求相對提高，連接器的用途愈來愈廣泛，需求愈來愈大。因此連接器工業之發展確實有加以研究之價值。連接器產業如一般產業有其產業生命週期，在經歷環境的變遷，產銷方式也起了相當程度的變化，就全球連接器廠商來看，國內除了鴻海相關廠商外，國內廠商多屬於10億以下的中小規模廠商，國內中小型連接器廠商面對全球大者恆大與整體產業成長趨緩之下，需找出相關因應之道以求生存，本論文研究的目的在藉由產業的分析，瞭解台灣連接器產業的現況與產業趨勢，經由產業競爭力分析與SWOT分析歸納出連接器產業可採行的因應策略，以提供廠商在經營上的參考。 台灣連接器產業正面臨產業升級的壓力與日愈艱難的產業經營環境，必須面對中國大陸強大的磁吸效應，國內勞動成本居高不下，若不改變現行之一般產業競爭策略，提出創新策略來因應於未來環境的挑戰，勢必無法與世界各國競爭。因此連接器產業的轉型及多角化經營相形重要，加強研發新產品及走向輕巧高附加價值產品成為台灣連接器業永續發展的必要條件。 本研究以電子連接器產業為研究對象，由於國內目前連接器產商多屬於資本額10億新台幣以下中小企業。因此針對中小規模企業為出發點，就目前電子連接器廠商的內外部環境，並以一間中小規模廠商為樣本，進行深入訪談，以了解目前中小型規模廠商所存在經營上的問題。最後，本研究提出小中型連接器廠商因應策略以供作參考。 (一)中小型連接器廠商，應該利用靈活生產優勢，往利基型應用市場發展，避免於傳統PC市場與大廠殺價競爭。 (二)中小型連接器廠商，應該加強研發能力，與國際大廠進行專案合作，或參與各制定規格之協會共同參與制定產品規格，以儘早得知未來市場脈動。 (三)中小型連接器廠商，應透過與不同領域之同業合併或策略結盟，以增加產品應用領域，或相同領域內藉由聯合產、銷、採購，增強對供應商之議價能力，降低原物料成本及達到規模經濟以降低生產成本，並可將現有產品拓展更廣之客戶群。 (四)中小型連接器廠商，應透過資本市場募資或同業合併的方式，增加公司規模，一方面充足法務人才，避免專利權威脅，一方面充足產能或產品應用面，方能提供客戶Total Solution及訂單需求 關鍵字：連接器、產業競爭力分析、SWOT分析、競爭策略、創新策略、同業合併、策略結盟。

本研究旨在探討如何將漢語中詞彙的產出，建構在過去的語言生成模型(speech production model)之上。 在過去文獻中，語言生成模型主要有兩大流派：序列模型(serial-ordering model)主張各階段的激活過程只能單向進行，而連接模型(connectionist model)則允許各階段之間有雙向互動。此外，兩大模型闡述綜合性詞誤 (同時在語意及語音方面相關的詞誤)的生成也略有不同：序列模型認為綜合性詞誤起因於功能層次(functional level)與位置層次(positional level)同時發生錯誤，但若綜合性語誤的比例顯著高於機率，則較不支持此說法；連接模型則認為綜合性詞誤來自音系層(phonological stage)和詞條層(lemma stage)間的交互作用，倘若大部分的縱向聚合詞誤(paradigmatic errors)皆具有語音相似度，此說法較能得到驗證。 因此，為估算漢語詞彙選擇中語音的相似度，本研究分析了421個在自然語境中收集的單音節縱向聚合詞誤，結果發現綜合性語誤所佔的比例顯著偏高，此外，所有詞誤在字首、語音特徵、韻母、音節結構和聲調各方面的效應都達到顯著，這說明了語音和語意的確會同時影響詞彙的選擇，這也表示連接模型可能較接近中文的語言生成過程。 另外，語料分析的結果也顯示出漢語詞彙產出的特性。第一、在詞彙提取的過程中，字首比語音特徵和韻母扮演了更重要的角色，這同時也支持音節結構應以字首(C)和韻母劃分(CV/CVC)的假設；第二、聲調效應的顯著顯示聲調應存在於字彙的底層結構，因此聲調的促發應先於詞彙結的激化；第三、目標詞彙(target)的音節結構應在音系層的初期就已指定，因此有相同音節結構的詞彙結容易勝出。綜合以上可知，漢語的生成過程較傾向連接模型的架構，唯聲調和音節結構等語言特色宜納入模型討論。 / This study aims to investigate the process of word production in Mandarin, to see how it can be structured in previous models. Speech production models have two primary sects—the serial-ordering model versus the connectionist model—arguing for uni-directional and bi-directional activation respectively. Besides, between these two models, the generation of both semantically- and phonologically-related lexical errors (mixed errors) is different. On the one hand, the serial-ordering model (Garrett, 1988) interpreted mixed errors as malfunctions occur at both functional and positional level. It may not be favored if mixed errors occur more than chance in the corpus. On the other hand, the connectionist model (Dell, 1986) explained it as the feedback activation from the phonological level back to the lemma level. It would be supported if most paradigmatic substitutions show phonological similarities. Therefore, in order to facilitate the phonological similarities in lexical substitutions, 421 single-syllable paradigmatic (non-contextual) lexical errors collected in natural settings are examined. It is found that the percentage of mixed errors is significantly higher. Moreover, in the corpus the initialness, similarity, rhyme, syllable structure and tone effects are all prominent, which proves the joint effect of semantic and phonology in word selection. In other words, the connectionist network might better account for the processing of Mandarin. In addition, the analysis reveals certain issues of word-production in Mandarin. First, initials are primary activation units in word retrieval, rather than phonetic features or rhymes. It also supports the division of hierarchical syllable structure as an onset (C) and rhyme (VC/CVC). Secondly, the significance of tone effect suggests that tone may be stored in the underlying phonological organization of lexicons and thus is prior in word-activation. Thirdly, the syllable structure of the target is assigned at the beginning of phonological stage and thus lexical nodes with the same syllable structure tend to be selected. In conclusion, the analysis proves that the connectionist model could be applied to Mandarin Chinese if the status of tone and syllable structure is included.

本研究旨在探討台灣高中生副詞子句的使用，並且探究台灣高中生在副詞子句使用上所產生的錯誤。此外，為更進一步了解台灣高中生對於副詞子句的認知，本研究亦檢視了目前國內高中生普遍所使用的英語教科書，以了解英語副詞子句的呈現方式以及內容的編排。本研究受試者為兩班高二學生，一共43位。研究工具為學生高二上學期三篇指定英文作文寫作。 研究結果顯示，副詞子句為一高中生作文中常出現之句型結構。受試者能夠使用不同語意種類的副詞子句來補充說明主要子句的訊息。在各式不同種類副詞子句當中，時間副詞子句出現頻率最高。限定副詞子句(finite adverbial clauses)使用的頻率遠多於非限定副詞子句(non-finite adverbial clauses)。限定副詞子句使用當中，時間副詞子句、因果副詞子句、條件副詞子句、目的副詞子句以及讓步副詞子句，依序為最常使用的副詞子句；非限定副詞子句使用當中，目的副詞子句以及時間副詞子句為使用頻率最高的副詞子句。 雖然副詞子句是基本句型，但經錯誤分析的結果顯示，學生對於副詞子句沒有完整的了解，仍有不正確的使用。整體而言，句子不完整( sentence fragment)以及使用錯誤（不恰當）副詞連接詞使用(illogical subordinate conjunction)為最常發生的錯誤。在限定副詞子句使用上，最常犯的錯誤為不完整句子、錯誤或不恰當的副詞連接詞使用、重複連接詞標記(double marking)以及無主語(null subject)。在非限定副詞子句使用上，不連結修飾語(dangling modifier)為最常出現之錯誤。這些錯誤很可能是因為中文以及英文之間的差異以及對副詞子句沒有充分的理解所導致。 而教科書當中對副詞子句的介紹，也可以解釋學生學習使用副詞子句所犯的錯誤及遭遇的問題。從檢視教科書以及教師手冊當中的句型以及寫作兩個單元發現，在句型呈現上，副詞子句的介紹以及呈現主要著重在單句句型結構以及語意相近的句型結構替換。副詞子句的篇章功能以及副詞連接詞的使用則較被忽略。句型練習中，也較少有情境式的真實語言呈現。在寫作單元上，副詞子句也多半侷限於其句型結構上，而忽略了其詳細語用以及篇章功能概念。綜合研究結果，本研究提出較完善的教學建議，以幫助教學工作者以及學習者對副詞子句在教學上及學習上有更進一步的了解。 / The purpose of the present study is to investigate how adverbial clauses are used in Taiwanese senior high school students’ written production and what kinds of difficulties students encounter in employing the structure. In addition, to understand how Taiwanese EFL learners construct their knowledge of adverbial clauses, senior high school students’ English textbooks and teachers’ manuals are also examined to find out the presentation of adverbial clauses. Forty-three senior high school students from two different classes in their second year participated in the research. Three assigned compositions in one semester were collected for data analysis. The result showed that adverbial clauses are commonly utilized to express various types of circumstantial meanings in the learners’ writing. Temporal adverbial clauses are of the most use among different kinds of adverbial clauses. Adverbial clauses are further categorized into two types: finite and non-finite adverbial clauses. The use of finite adverbial clauses is far more frequent than the use of non-finite adverbial clauses. This may attribute to the amount of exposure to the finite adverbial clauses and syntactic complexities of non-finite clauses. In finite clauses, temporal adverbial clauses are the most frequently used, followed by causal, conditional, purpose and concessive adverbial clauses respectively. In non-finite adverbial clauses, adverbial clauses of purpose are the most used, then clauses of time. To identify Taiwanese senior high school students’ difficulties in using adverbial clauses, an error analysis was conducted. It was found that adverbial clauses are problematic to the learners. Overall, sentence fragment and illogical subordinate conjunction are the two main error types. Most of the errors occur in finite clauses, including sentence fragment, illogical subordinate conjunction, double marking and null subject. In non-finite clauses, error type is exclusively dangling modifier. The reasons for the errors may be due to learners’ incomprehensive understanding toward the use of adverbial clauses and the differences between Chinese and English. In addition, learners’ textbooks were evaluated to see how adverbial clauses were generally introduced and presented. An examination of grammar (sentence patterns) and writing sections revealed that in grammar section, the emphasis is mainly on the introduction of various linguistic forms of adverbial clauses and syntactic structures that bear similar semantic meanings. Moreover, they are presented mostly in isolation without meaningful and contextual presentations. The functional aspect of adverbial clauses and the contextual presentation of subordinate conjunctions are quite neglected. Likewise, in writing section, the focus is mostly limited to the introduction of various types of adverbial clauses and subordinate conjunctions. Clearer explanations of the conjunctions and the functional role of adverbial clauses in writing are relatively overlooked. Concluding from the previous findings, it is suggested that more explicit and contextual presentations are needed to help learners to develop a more complete understanding of the use of adverbial clauses.

由於智慧型手機與各種手持裝置日漸普及，4G行動上網速度與行動支付安全性、便利性與即時性的提升，行動支付（Mobile Payment）在這幾年已然成為電信、金融、手機軟硬體製造產業之間最熱門的話題之一，多樣化之支付型態因應而生。將個人行動裝置結合金融支付工具進行交易，讓使用者不需帶錢包出門即能輕鬆完成小額支付是未來趨勢，世界各國行動支付的比例逐漸提高，邁入無現金社會。 台灣電信運營商也積極在行動支付戰場爭取一席之地，陸續推出電信運營商帳單代付（Direct Carrier Billing，DCB）及近距離無線通訊（Near Field Communication，NFC）相關行動支付應用服務，以增加創新服務體驗及客戶黏著度，最終目標為提高客戶平均貢獻度（Average Revenue Per User，ARPU）。 本研究採用質性研究方法，透過次級資料蒐集、整理及分析，瞭解國外電信運營商之成功案例從中擷取鑑往知來的想法和做法，再深入觀察目前國內電信運營商在DCB的壞帳風險過高的問題及NFC電子錢包等行動支付之發展現況與窘境。最後提出建議，建議一為推動成立「電信聯合徵信中心」以共同降低壞帳風險，同時針對DCB用戶之消費項目進行分析以精準行銷並提升ARPU；建議二為推廣以「行動號碼」為數位身份認證（Mobile Connect）之行動支付平台，不僅可增加電信運營商之營收，更能夠滿足消費者追求快速、便利、安全性的需求。 / With the increasing popularity of smart phones and handheld devices, The 4G high mobility speeds and the security, convenience and real-time of mobile payment were improved. In recent years Mobile Payments have become a hot topic between the telecommunications, financial industry, mobile hardware and software manufacturing industry, diversified payment patterns in response. It is the future trend to combine personal mobile devices with financial payments tools so that users can easily make small payment no need to bring their wallet. The proportion of the Mobile Payment by countries in the world is gradually increasing and moving towards a cashless society. Taiwan's telecom operators are also preparing to carve out a niche for themselves in the mobile payment battlefield by launching Direct Carrier Billing （DCB）and Near Field Communication（NFC）related mobile payment application service to increase innovative service experience and customer adhesion, The ultimate goal is to enhance their Average Revenue Per User（ARPU）. This research uses Qualitative Research Methods by collect, collate and analyze secondary data to understand the ideas and practices of observing the successful cases of foreign telecom operators to capture from the past to further understanding and solutions. And in-depth observation of the current domestic telecom operator’s highly bad debt risk in DCB and development situation and dilemma of the NFC related mobile payments. Finally, suggestion one is to facilitate the establishment of "Telecom’s Joint Credit Information Center" to reduce the risk of bad debts and then analyze the consumption items of DCB subscribers for precise marketing to enhance ARPU. Suggestion two is to promote “Mobile Connect” digital authentication solution with “Mobile Directory Number” in mobile payment’s platform. It not only increases the revenue of telecom operators, but also satisfy needs of consumer’s about seeking fast, convenient and safe.

現今因無線通訊技術的進步，使得人們能方便地利用智慧型裝置透過3G，4G和Wi-Fi等技術彼此溝通聊天。其中，聊天應用是最受智慧型裝置使用者歡迎的應用程式。大部分的聊天應用程式需依賴網路以達到訊息交換的目的。然而網路的頻寬是非常有限的，當使用者處在擁擠的環境中時，他們可能會面臨資源耗盡問題。此外，例如在漫遊的情況下有些使用者並沒有行動網路的存取，導致使用者無法使用聊天應用。 因此我們希望利用無線廣播傳輸的特性，開發一個應用於間歇性網路連接的聊天應用程式。然而，廣播傳輸的散播策略若沒有設計得宜，可能導致廣播風暴的問題，使得整體網路效能低落。我們研究的目標是要如何在間歇性網路增加訊息的傳輸效率。為了達成此目標，在我們的研究中考量了許多技術要求，如：訊息具有截止時間與優先權特性、多聊天室應用、傳輸效率。 我們提出了一種兩階段基於網絡編碼設計的訊息散播方法，實現在機會性社群網路中的訊息散播。網絡編碼階段，提高網路頻寬的傳輸效率，也能增加網路傳輸的可靠性；預熱階段能提升網路編碼訊息被解開的機率。最後，利用政大的真實軌跡紀錄評估我們所設計的訊息傳播方法。結果顯示，我們的方法是有效率且優於氾濫式的路由協議和一般的網絡編碼散播技術。 / Nowadays, the advancement of wireless communication technology has allowed people to use smart phones to communicate with each other more easily via 3G/4G, Wi-Fi, etc. One kind of popular mobile Apps is “chat” App. Most chat Apps rely on the Internet to exchange the messages. However, the bandwidth of network is limited in some circumstances. When users stay in the crowded environment, they will face the resource depletion problem. Besides, some people may not subscribe to any cellular network access, e.g. in roaming scenarios. Therefore, we want to develop a novel mobile Chat APP in intermittently connected networks. We utilize the characteristic of the wireless broadcast transmission. However, it may cause the broadcast storm problem without careful design. How to increase the efficiency of message delivery in such intermittently connected networks is our research goal. To achieve this, technical issues in our research involve message priority, multi-chatroom, deadline and transmission efficiency. We proposed a two-phase network coding design for message dissemination to enable the multi-hop instant messaging in Opportunistic Mobile Social Networks. The network coding phase can increase the bandwidth utility and transmission efficiency. Moreover, it can improve transmission robustness and adaptability. The warm up phase can increase the decoding probability of coded packets. Finally, we evaluated our approach with real trace data from NCCU. The results showed that our approach is effective and superior to the flooding based routing protocol and the pure network coding technique.