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霍布斯的權利與義務觀念之研究楊慧玲 Unknown Date (has links)
本論文主旨在於對霍布斯的權利與義務觀念做一番分析與討論。首先,本論文要說明自然權利就是霍布斯所談論的權利,但是在自然狀態與市民社會中,自然權利有何不同與變化。其次,研究各學者如何從義務的角度來探討霍布斯的權利與義務之間的關係,以及眾學者的觀點有何不同,並予以歸納和比較。說明權利與義務之間有何關連,並提出作者本人的看法。基本上,作者認為可以從權利的角度,來思考權利與義務之間的關係。最後,因為自由主義的思潮的帶動,再度興起學者們認為應該從權利的角度來思考人在政治體制和社會中的價值。在本篇論文中,作者主要想強調,可以從交互利益的取向,來考量人與人之間的關係。研究霍布斯的學者們,常常因為由義務著手,致使人在整個政治體制中處於一種被動的地位。當代的自由主義學者則又因為是從一種反動的態度,抗拒統治者的立場來強調個人所具有的權利。這兩種觀點似乎都有偏頗之處,因此本人在此提出交互利益的看法,以作為解決權利與義務的關係所呈現的問題。
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霍布斯主權論的理論基礎鄭曉時, Zheng, Xiao-Shi Unknown Date (has links)
第一章 導論。簡略比較布丹與霍布斯的主權理論,藉以說明探討主權論論理基礎
的重要性;其次,說明研究的範圍和目的;最後,說明內戰與方法對霍布斯主權論
的影響。
第二章 建立主權的必要性。討論缺乏主權的人類咩體生活,會造成那些弊害;進
而說明,建立主權的目的,是在保障人民的生命、財產與自由;最後說明,人性與
功利是需要建立主權的原因。
第三章 主權的特質與條件。霍布斯所說的主權,是一種最高政治權威,具有絕對
、不可分、不受限制三個特質,是一種強大的權威。但是,主權卻有一個基本的條
件,它必須要能維持和平。
第四章 建立主權的方式。霍布斯認為合法的權威才能成為強大的權威,而合法的
權威即是主權者必須經過人民的同意與授權。其次,依據同意與授權的原則,來檢
驗霍布斯所說的兩種主權和三種政體。
第五章 結論。歸納上述討論,說明霍布斯主權論的論理基礎,並評估霍布斯的主
權理論是否成功。
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霍布斯與洛克的神學政治觀 / Theological Politics of Hobbes and Locke鍾立文, Chung, Li Wen Unknown Date (has links)
本文檢閱霍布斯與洛克兩人政治理論的政治與宗教背景,以幫助理解他們的政治理論與神學教義之間的相互影響。在當時的智識脈絡中,兩人各自擁有對於自然狀態和自然法的不同看法。對於自然法的看法與盟約神學結合,影響到兩位的盟約論或契約論。本文的核心則是這些神學議題如何影響他們對於主權者或是政府的看法。最後,討論兩人所密切關懷的宗教容忍議題,以及往後學者所延伸出的現代性議題。
身為一位虔誠的安立甘宗教徒,霍布斯使用《聖經》以及神學教義來補充並闡明其政治理論。他使用該隱的《聖經》例子說明自然狀態的意義。霍布斯的自然法理論繼承唯意志論傳統,而非唯理智論傳統。這說明他的自然狀態與自然法都與希臘哲學的自然概念大相逕庭。此外,唯意志論也說明自然權利出自於上帝的命令,即自然法。唯意志論和盟約論神學一起塑造出霍布斯的主權者概念。因為主權者具有政治的身體,所以他是人世間的中保,也是國家意志的代表。霍布斯強調得救唯一所需的是相信耶穌是基督,但是他也強調基督的王國不在此世。主權者必須同時作為國家與教會的元首,以避免因神學爭執所引發對於和平與秩序的威脅。
身為一個清教徒,洛克結合他的信仰發展出一種為人民主權和革命權利辯護的政治理論。這造就了他獨特的神學政治觀。首先,他藉由基督教神學家的自然法理論說明人的天(神)賦政治權利。而且為了避免唯意志論和唯理智論的極端,他採取一種中間路線的托瑪斯主義。第二,洛克的盟約神學和奧體概念強調人民的「同意」。人民同意組成一個「政治的身體」。洛克認為律法和恩典具有同等重要性,相應地,他也主張政治體的法律體現了形塑政治體的契約。最後,洛克的宗教寬容觀念以及政教關係理論也支持著人民的天賦政治權利理論。
霍布斯與洛克都示範了:如何能夠獨立思考《聖經》,並且以一套神學政治論述來同時實現屬世與屬靈的美好生活。每個人都必須同時面對自己的政治身份,也要思考自己在宗教中的生命意義。當兩者和諧地結合時,一個人才能真正獲得和平與幸福。霍布斯和洛克的神學政治觀值得我們參考與借鏡。 / This paper reviews the political and religious background of theory introduced by Thomas Hobbes and Locke, to realize the interplay between their political theory and theological doctrine. They hold distinct viewpoints upon state of nature and natural law in the intellectual context at that time, and the combinations of natural law concepts and covenant theology influenced their covenant theory and contract theory. The focus of this paper is how these theological issues influenced their viewpoints about sovereign or the government. At last, this paper discusses the issue of religious tolerance they both concern closely, and the issue of modernity extended by the successive scholars.
As a devout Anglican, Thomas Hobbes supplements and clarifies his political theory by the Bible and theological doctrine. He cites the story about Cain in the Bible to explain the state of nature. Rather than intellectualism, the theoretical basis of Hobbes’ natural law follows that of conventional voluntarism, which implies that the state of nature and natural law are widely distinct from the concept of nature in Greek philosophy. In addition, voluntarism proposes that natural right comes from the command of God, i.e.,natural law. Voluntarism and covenant theology together constitute Hobbes’ conceptualization of sovereign. Since the sovereign possesses “body politic”, he is the “mediator” of the world and the representative of state will. Hobbes emphasizes the unum necessarium (sole necessity) of salvation is to believe in that “Jesus is the Christ”, but also that “the kingdom of Christ is not of this world.” The sovereign serves as the head both of church and state in order to avoid the threat against peace due to theological controversy.
As a Puritan, Locke intends to develop a political theory apologized by popular sovereignty and right of revolution, which forms his unique viewpoint of theological politics. He firstly illustrates the inborn political right of human beings through the natural law theory, and to avoid the extremes of voluntarism or intellectualism, he adopts the hybrid Thomism with compromise. In addition, the concept of covenant theology and mystical body introduced by Locke emphasizes the “consent” of the people that sets the basis for body politic. Locke considers that the law and grace of the God are equivalently important, accordingly, he suggests that the law of body politic concretizes the contract shaping the body politic as well. Furthermore, the concept of religious tolerance and theory of relationship between religion and politics support the inborn political right of the people.
Hobbes and Locke demonstrate: How to independently reflect on “Bible”, and simultaneously actualize the beautiful life of worldliness and spiritualism by the discourse of theological politics. Everyone has to think of the political identity, and the meaning of life in religions as well. When the two parts combine harmoniously, one can truly gain sense of peace and happiness. The viewpoints of theological politics done by Hobbes and Locke are worth to be referred.
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此世立約與彼世救贖──霍布斯政治思想中的理性與啟示林浩懿, Lin, Hao-i Unknown Date (has links)
本論文試圖從霍布斯在形上學的立場,關聯至他政治思想中的相關討論。霍布斯同時兼有決定論以及懷疑論的哲學思維,他藉此劃出理性與啟示之間的界線。本論文認為霍布斯藉由「事實存在」(de facto)主權的論證方式,消解了代表論的弔詭以及第一履約者的弔詭。再者,霍布斯藉由獨特的末世歷史觀,使人對於啟示領域的焦慮與盼望,轉為支持塵世和平的重要助力。
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財產權與統一性─康德社會契約論之研究 / Property and Unity:A Study of Kant's Social Contract Theory周家瑜 Unknown Date (has links)
本文主旨是要說明:就《道德形上學》的論述而言,康德在何種意義上能夠被視為一個契約論思想家。本文將從兩條線索出發來理解康德所提出的契約論,這兩條線索分別是:康德的財產權理論、以及契約論中處理政治權威正當性時所必須面對的統一性問題。
本文認為:康德所提出的作為理念的原初契約,是一種提供給已處身在政治社會之下的個人,去設想當下所面對的法律強制力之正當性的方式。藉由康德在《純粹理性批判》之中對於「理念」的界定,可以將賦予原初契約一個確實的契約作用:人民的同意。儘管是一個被想像的同意,但康德賦予它積極的意義即形塑公民為一個自主、自律的主體,因此,在這個面向上,本文認為康德提出了儘管與霍布斯、洛克、盧梭迥異但卻仍然極富意義的契約論。 / The purpose of this thesis is that Kant should be seen as a theorist of the social contract theory in the discourse of the Metaphysics of Morals. This thesis will perceive the social contract theory provided by Kant in accordance to two clues, including the theory of property and the problem of unity.
The main point of the thesis is that the original social contract as an idea of reason is the method providing for the individual existing in the civil society of constructing the legitimacy of the political authority. By definition of “Idea” in Critique of Pure reason, Kant gives the original social contract a meaningful function: the consent of people. Though the consent is a concept imagined by the people, Kant gives it a positive meaning of forming the people to the independent subject in politics.
In conclusion, this thesis claims that Kant provided a meaningful social contract theory different from other theorists in the social contract tradition, such as Hobbes, Locke and Rousseau.
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現實主義國際關係理論之傳統 / Traditions in realist international relations theory劉金讓, Liu, Chin Jang Unknown Date (has links)
當今現實主義理論學派正面臨著一種淺碟化的危機,伴隨而來的是現實主義深遠的傳統根基遭受簡化以及忽視。本文企圖藉由重新檢驗現實主義傳統的古典文獻,提出在現實主義中的許多被忽略的問題。本文重新定位與評析現實主義之主要理論傳統,包括修昔底德傳統、奧古斯丁傳統、馬基維利傳統、以及霍布斯傳統等四大傳統。此外,本文亦將討論上述四項傳統理論的遺緒。吾人以為,當今現實主義學派的主流理論途徑,存在著嚴重的內在邏輯問題,同時這些問題影響著當代的國關研究。主流學者過度關注於特定版本的霍布斯傳統,因而輕視其它於此理論學派中同等重要的途徑之可能性。同時,透過本文對於現實主義理論傳統多元性與豐富性之展現,本文也指出部分擁簇常識現實主義(commonsense Realism)的學者們,事實上已模糊化現實主義的理論本質。針對上述各種內在的理論問題,作者冀望以本文採一種重新詮釋、重新定位現實主義理論根基的途徑來展現並反省。 / Political Realism is suffering from a crisis of superficialization. The profound traditional roots of Political Realism are being simplified or ignored. This thesis attempts to re-examine the classical texts of Political Realism’s traditions and thus raise questions about some problems in this theoretical programme. Four major traditions which are the Thucydidesian, the Augustinian, the Machiavellian, and the Hobbesian tradition will be re-envisioned and re-appreciated, and their legacies to modern Realists will also be expounded. As this thesis would show, serious inherent logical problems exist in the dominant theoretical approach to Political Realism, which has become pertinent to international relations theory study. Mainstream scholars put too much undue attention on a certain version of the Hobbesian tradition and thus overlook other possibilities which are equally important in formatting this vast theoretical school. By showing the richness and diversity of Political Realism’s tradition, this thesis also suggests that the nature of this theoretical programme is being obfuscated by commonsense scholars. All these inherent theoretical problems will be exhibited in this thesis with an approach to re-appreciate and re-envision the traditional roots of Political Realism.
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傳統、改變、與僵局:渥雷‧索因卡《死亡與國王的侍衛長》劇中社會變革的勢在必行 / Tradition, change, and impasse: inevitability of social transformation in Wole Soyinka's Death and the King's Horseman吳嘉玲, Wu, Chia Ling Unknown Date (has links)
本論文研究渥雷‧索因卡《死亡與國王的侍衛長》一劇,以及本劇對約魯巴(Yoruba)人孤注一擲抵制西化卻徒勞無功的境遇所做的關注。本劇改編真實歷史,重演一九四五年在奈及利亞奧約(Oyo)城發生的動亂。當時應舉行侍衛長(Horseman)自殺儀式,然而英國殖民者以武力中斷。本劇一方面解釋這個儀式在約魯巴社會的重要性,另一方面揭露侍衛長心不甘情不願了結生命,並斷言活人獻祭這類殘忍的傳統必然要革除,特別是在因英國殖民而致的動盪時刻。 / 論文分為四個章節,依據米哈依爾‧巴赫汀(Mikhail Bakhtin)的時空型(chronotope)理論,探究《死亡與國王的侍衛長》其社會歷史背景與戲劇表演手法。第一章介紹作者和劇本,並回顧評論,以及說明接下來討論的議題和理論架構。第二章分析文本與現實世界相互輝映的關係。艾瑞克‧霍布斯邦(Eric Hobsbawm)在〈發明傳統〉("Inventing Traditions")的見解用以闡明傳統是因時制宜的產物。比爾‧阿希克洛夫特(Bill Ashcroft)等三人提出的後殖民典型,有助於瞭解約魯巴人為了阻擋外來影響竭力奮戰,儘管殖民政府的干預相當強勢。第三章詮釋劇中人物的性格特徵,以弗朗茲‧法農(Frantz Fanon)告誡不可畫地自限的觀點為鑑。無法順應社會變異因此冥頑不靈的人,失去了看世界的洞察力。而那些猶豫不決者,為了遵從老一套的價值觀,受煎熬得筋疲力盡。第四章總結本文,認為本劇主張靈活性和果斷力以進行改變。 / This thesis studies Wole Soyinka's Death and the King's Horseman and its concerns for the Yoruba people's desperate but futile resistance to Westernization. Adapted from a real historical event, this play reenacts the disturbance in the Oyo city of Nigeria in 1945, when the ritual of the Horseman's suicide was interrupted by the British colonial force. While the play explains the importance of the ritual in the Yoruba society, it reveals the Horseman's reluctance to end his life and asserts that cruel tradition like human immolation must be reformed especially at the fluctuating moment caused by the British colonization. / Consisting of four chapters, this thesis relies on Mikhail Bakhtin's chronotope to explore the socio-historical context and theatrical representation of Death and the King's Horseman. Chapter one introduces the dramatist and the play, reviews critical opinions, and illustrates the purpose and theoretical framework of the following discussion. Chapter Two, which analyzes the interrelationship between textual and actual worlds, adopts Eric Hobsbawm's "Inventing Traditions" to clarify tradition as produced according to specific circumstances. The postcolonial models proposed by Ashcroft et al helps understand the Yoruba people's struggle for no foreign impact despite powerful intervention by the colonial government. Chapter Three interprets the roles' characterization with the aid of Frantz Fanon's warning of self-confinement. Unable to adjust to social variances, the obstinate people blind their vision of the world, while those procrastinating become dead exhausted by difficult conformity to old values. Chapter Four concludes that this play argues for resilience and resolution to make difference.
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論外來政權現象-從政治權威的角度分析閻亢宗 Unknown Date (has links)
對於「外來政權」的研究,首先遇到的難題是如何避免各自以褊狹角度詮釋的困境,為超脫此一困境,最適宜的作法是採取不同立場者都可以接受的觀點,這是本文採用政治權威途徑研究「外來政權」現象的主要原因。這一方面,漢娜.鄂蘭(Hannah Arendt)對於政治權威演進的描述,提供了有用的切入點,鄂蘭指出「政治權威」觀念起源自柏拉圖(Plato),到古羅馬時期到達概念上的完全發展,但迄馬基維里(Niccolo Machiavelli)權威概念卻出現詮釋上的改變,這個過程給與「外來政權」研究一個有用的啟發。
柏拉圖洞穴論是古希臘權威觀念最充份的說明,他對Idea的置重,及如何將Idea引入洞穴過程的敘述,無異是對外來意識形態進入本土社群遭遇的狀況,及如何克服此一困境的描述,從柏拉圖的進路中,顯示Idea外來意識形態具有靜止性、回溯性與統一性,而要完成外來意識形態在本土社群生根的轉化,最重要的媒介是一個以哲君領導的政權,這個政權就是「外來政權」。為了鞏固政權,柏拉圖主張從教育著手,並利用政治神話強化階級統治,但柏拉圖晚年重新發現法律的整合功能,法律因此也成為外來意識型態統治的有用工具。
相對於外來政權參照對象的柏拉圖,馬基維里則是對於古典傳統與外來意識進行反叛,馬基維里代表的是「本土政權」的觀點,他要創建新的國家,開創新的歷史,也就是將國家視為最高價質的「國家理性」,他將建國與治國重責大任交給了新君主和創建者,但這兩種不同的角色卻可能引發矛盾與衝突。在建國階段,馬基維里雖然訴求除舊佈新式的恐怖統治,但在治國階段,他卻主張共和政體,由此也凸顯出政治的自主性。另外值得注意的是馬基維里對外來意識形態的利用,顯示與外來政權的鬥爭並非只有零和的結局。
柏拉圖與馬基維里的進路,提供台灣「外來政權」現象極有啟發性的反思,包括:一、無論是外來政權或是本土政權的歷史觀都是製造出來的;二、意識形態與烏托邦的互動可以產生正面效果;三、外來政權與本土政權都有英雄崇拜的心理;四、主體性的追求應以個體自主作為國家主體的前提;五、外來與本土的對立造成了一國之內的兩個國家。上述五點正是台灣「外來政權」現象的問題所在。歸結而言,無論外來或本土政權皆只關注「誰來統治」的問題,這一方面,霍布斯對「外來政權」角色的特殊界定與對個體價值的重視等見解,或許提供了可望解決此一困境的出路。
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