Denna rapport sammanfattar resultat av ett examensarbete på en högskoleingenjörsutbildningsom utfördes av två studenter på Malmö högskola.Arbetets syfte var att genomföra en mängd olika experiment med accelerometer, barometeroch GPS i en modern smarttelefon. Ett antal scenarier för en tänkbar sensoranvändning i applikationerformulerades för att vägleda olika experiment. Experimentdata dokumenterades noggrantoch analyserades med avsikten att skapa en databank med information för framtida studier.Analys av data inkluderar höjdbestämning i naturen och i byggnader med hjälp av barometersensor,geografisk position med hjälp av GPS, hastighet och acceleration under en hissfärdmed hjälp av accelerometer.Rapporten innehåller en omfattande litteraturstudie om användning av sensorer vid inomhuspositionering.Från analys av mätdata, kom vi fram till slutsatsen att är möjligt att beräkna höjdenfrån barometerdata med bra noggrannhet under optimala omständigheter. GPS höjdenfrån mätningarna har stor felmarginal jämfört med den verkliga höjden samt när den jämförsmed den beräknade höjden från barometern.Genom att utföra en numerisk integration på accelerometer-data kom vi fram till att det är möjligtatt beräkna ungefär hur långt man har färdats med en hiss, dock att vissa detaljer måste tasi beaktning. / This report summarizes the results of a degree Bachelor of engineering in Computer Scienceconducted by two students at Malmo University.Work aim was to conduct a variety of experiments with accelerometer, barometer and GPS in amodern smartphone. A number of scenarios for a possible sensor use in applications formulatedto guided experiments. Data is carefully documented and analyzed, with the intention tocreate a database of information for future studies. Analysis of the data includes the altitudedetermination in nature and in buildings using barometric sensor, geographic location usingGPS, speed and acceleration during an elevator journey with the help of accelerometer.The report contains a comprehensive literature review on the use of sensors for indoorpositioning.From our analysis of the measurement data, we conclude that it is possible to calculate thealtitude from barometric- information but good accuracy if there are optimum circumstances.GPS altitude from our measurements show faulty height by a large margin compared with theactual height and when it is compared with the calculated height of the barometer the barometricheight is closer to the actual height.By performing a numerical integration of the accelerometer data, the results show that it ispossible to calculate approximately how far you have traveled in meters in an elevator, howeverthere are some things that must be taken into consideration.

Das römische Ägypten am Ende des zweiten und zu Beginn des dritten nachchristlichen Jahrhunderts ist eine sehr abwechslungsreiche Zeit. Doch in wieweit lassen sich historische Begebenheiten auch auf den Prägungen des Nillandes nachweisen? Die alexandrinischen Münzen sind eine Besonderheit der kaiserlichen Domäne Ägypten, schon weil sie aufgrund ihrer Materialzusammensetzung einen geringeren Wert haben und ausschließlich für den Umlauf in dieser bestimmt sind. In einem Typenkatalog sind zunächst mehr als siebentausend alexandrinische Münzen aus öffentlichen wie auch privaten Sammlungen, aber auch aus dem Münzhandel erfasst worden, um angemessene Informationen zu den severischen Prägungen zu erhalten. Dieser ermöglicht nun einen ersten Gesamtüberblick über die Münzprägung der severischen Zeit, die ebenso abwechslungsreich ist wie die Epoche selbst. Der Hauptfokus liegt dabei auf den ikonographischen Aspekten der Münzrückseiten, wobei geldgeschichtliche Entwicklungen eine ebenso große Rolle spielen, um einen Gesamteindruck vom Bildprogramm jedes einzelnen römischen Kaisers der severischen Dynastie zu bekommen. Einen Ausblick auf die anschließende Zeit der Soldatenkaiser gibt ein Appendix, der die alexandrinischen Prägungen des Maximinus Thrax kurz umreißt. / The history of Egypt during the severan period is a time rich in variety. This epoch is examined on the local coins of the mint of Alexandria which are unique because they were assigned just for the circulation at the Nile. To get an overview about the severan coinage in Egypt more than 7000 alexandrian coins were recorded in different collections and ordered in a typology which should be the basis of the iconographical examimations to get a picture from the iconographic programm of each severan emperor. Following this is an appendix of the coinage of Maximinus Thrax to get a prospect to the following time.

Present organic carbon fluxes from an upland peat catchment were quantified through measurement of in-situ direct and indirect greenhouse gas fluxes. To predict future greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes, peat from eroded (E) and uneroded (U) site of an upland peat catchment was characterized.Composition of peat from E and U sites at the Crowden Great Brook catchment, Peak District Nation Park, UK that was characterized by Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) at 700 oC. Pyrolysis products of the peat were then classified using the Vancampenhout classification into 6 compound classes - viz. aromatic and polyaromatic (Ar), phenols (Ph), lignin compounds (Lg), soil lipids (Lp), polysaccharide compounds (Ps) and N-compounds (N). There was no significant difference in the composition between the eroded and uneroded sites within the study area or between peats from different depths within each site. Nevertheless, there was a significant difference between sites in the proportions of Sphagnum that had contributed to the peat. Pyrolysis products of the peat were also classified into pedogenic (Pd) and aquagenic (Aq) OC – the mean percentage of Pd in both eroded and uneroded peats was 43.93 ± 4.30 % with the balance of the OC classified as Aq.Greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes were quantified directly by in-situ continuous measurement of GHG was carried out at the E and U sites of the catchment using a GasClam: mean in-situ gas concentrations of CH4 (1.30 ± 0.04 % v/v (E), 0.59 ± 0.05 % v/v (U) and CO2 (8.83 ± 0.22 % v/v (E), 1.77 ± 0.03 % v/v (U)) were observed, with both the CH4 and CO2 concentrations apparently unrelated to atmospheric pressure and temperature changes. Laboratory measurements of ex-situ gas production - for both CH4 and CO2 this was higher for U site soils than for E site soils. At the U site, maximum production rates of both CH4 (46.11±1.47 mMol t-1 day-1) and CO2 (45.56 ± 10.19 mMol t-1 day-1) were observed for 0-50 cm depth in soils. Increased temperature did not affect gas production, whilst increased oxygen increased gas production. The CH4/CO2 ratios observed in-situ are not similar to those observed in the ex-situ laboratory experiments; suggest that some caution is advised in interpreting the latter. However, the maximum OC loss of 2.3 wt. % observed after 20 weeks of ex-situ incubation is nevertheless consistent with the long-term degradation noted by Bellamy et al (1985) from organic-rich UK soils. Indirect greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes were quantified through the mass flux of suspended organic carbon (SsOC) drained from studied catchments. The SsOC was quantified by interpolating and rating methods. Unfiltered (UF) organic carbon (OC) fluxes in 2010 were calculated to be 8.86 t/km2/yr for the eroded sub-catchment and 6.74 t/km2/yr for the uneroded sub-catchment. All the rating relationships have a large amount of scatter. Both UF OC and <0.2 µm fraction OC are positively correlated with discharge at the eroded site, whilst there is no discernable relationship with discharge at the uneroded site. SsOC is dominated by Pd type OC (95.23 ± 10.20 % from E; 92.84 ± 5.38 % from U) far more so than in sources of the peats, suggesting slower oxidation of Pd (cf. Aq) OC.

美國聯邦最高法院廣達v.LG案的判決結果，再次確認「專利權耗盡原則」之適用原則及標準。被告廣達電腦乃為台灣資訊代工產業的龍頭，該判決除了限制專利權人對產業鏈的不當控制外，也將影響整個產業供應鏈對於專利風險的承擔及專利授權策略。廣達案除了建立「未完成品足以體現專利物之必要特徵，且唯一用途係該專利物」及「方法權利項」適用專利權耗盡的重要標準，但也留下「附條件銷售或授權」合法性的爭議。在廣達案後續判決，對「專利權耗盡原則」的詮釋及適用，更值得加以重視。台灣資訊產業在產業供應鏈多居於「製造或組裝」角色，卻受制於上游關鍵元件的強勢及品牌客戶的訂單壓力，而被迫必須承擔產品引發的所有專利侵權的風險。如何善用廣達案及後續各國相關判決，將有助於台灣資訊代工廠商處理國際專利爭訟、專利授權等議題，並做為專利侵權抗辯手段的參考。 本論文首先從經營策略及代工模式，探討台灣資訊代工產業發展與面臨的困境。其次，從專利權與專利侵害的法律規範，到專利權耗盡原則的法理基礎做一完整論述，加以美國先前相關案例的整理及類型分析，對「專利權耗盡原則」的理論與發展做一完整的探討。更進而整理廣達案判決後美國、中國大陸及台灣重要案例，探討「專利權耗盡原則」在其專利法制及實務案例的適用及影響。接著，探討在「契約自由原則」與「專利權耗盡原則」的衝突與調和下，其對於專利授權實務的操作及影響。最後，整理台灣資訊代工產業的代工類型化與廣達案前後美國、中國大陸及台灣權利耗盡重要判決之關聯性，並提出看法及建議。本文初步結論，美國法院案例可初步解析侵權風險及專利權耗盡的適用，並在專利授權談判可提出有效因應條款。廣達案後，美國各級法院均大致遵守此一判決先例，惟中國大陸及台灣法院實務判決仍未完全採取美國的判斷原則。對於後續的研究建議，新興3D列印科技發展及應用，其引發的複雜智慧財產權及「專利權耗盡原則」適用的爭議，確實值得重視。 / Quanta v. LG reaffirmed the applicable principles and standards of the "patent exhaustion principle". As the Quanta plays the lead role in Taiwan’s Information ODM/OEM industry, this US Supreme court’s decision not only limits the patent holder improper control of the industrial chain, but also affects the entire supply chain face the risks and patent license strategies. Quanta establishes the index that "unfinished finished enough to reflect the essential features of the patent and the sole purpose thereof " and "method claim" apply to patent exhaustion. However, "conditional sale or license" is still controversial. Therefore, the Post-Quanta interpretation is worthy of attention. Taiwan's IT Industries most account for the role of "manufacture or assembly" in the supply chain. Subject to the upstream suppliers of the key components or downstream brand customers, they bear all risks caused by infringement of patented products. The Quanta case and its post development will help Taiwan Information foundries to deal with international patent litigation, patent license and etc., and take it as a means to defend against patent infringement claim. Firstly, this thesis explores the development of Taiwan's information ODM/OEM industry and the difficulties of its business strategies and ODM/OEM models. Secondly, it turns to discuss the development of the "patent exhaustion doctrine", and then reviews US critical cases of "patent exhaustion doctrine". In addition, it analyzes post-Quanta cases of the United State, China and Taiwan to discuss the application and impact of the "patent exhaustion doctrine". Furthermore it explores its operation and effect on patent license practice under the conflict and reconciliation of "freedom of contract" and "patent exhaustion doctrine". Then, it identifies Taiwan’s information OEM/OEM industry in a variety of models and associates the models with the important cases of the United States, China and Taiwan regarding patent exhaustion, and makes remarks and suggestions. Finally, this thesis preliminarily concludes that US court cases basically resolve the risk of infringement and patent exhaustion application, and patent license negotiation may be made to respond effectively to the situation. After Quanta, US courts are substantially in compliance with this precedent judgment, but not for China and Taiwan. For subsequent study suggestion, it is worth attention about dispute of the emerging 3D printing technology development and application, which link complex intellectual property rights and the application of "patent exhaustion doctrine".

本論文では、急成長を遂げているインド家電市場を取り上げ、同市場に進出した多国籍企業の競争戦略について多国籍企業論の視点から理論的かつ実証的に考察を行った。主にLG電子インド法人が行った市場参入戦略はじめ、各戦略行動について明らかにした。多国籍企業の現地化とグローバル統合化戦略は多次元的な要素を持っており、現地国の環境要素、産業の特性及び、企業の状況に合わせて現地化のレベルを決定する必要があるという含意が得られた。 / In this paper I have taken up the India consumer electronics market, which has achieved rapid growth, and theoretically and empirically examined the competitive strategies of multinational corporations, which have advanced into said market from the point of view of multinational corporation theory. I have expounded upon various strategic activities centrally including the market entry strategy conducted by LG Electronics India Pvt. Ltd. The localization and global integration strategies of multinational corporations include many multidimensional factors, and I have established the implication that it is necessary to establish the level of localization to fit the environmental factors of the country in question as well as the features of the industry and state of the company. / 博士(商学) / Doctor of Commerce / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

Bislang galt die Theorie, dass die gesamte griechische Kleidung auf einem einfachen System der Herstellung beruhe. Das heißt, ohne komplizierte handwerkliche Prozesse sowie Schneidertechniken sei es möglich, aus einer oder zwei rechteckigen Stoffbahnen verschieden aussehende Gewänder bzw. Kleidungsstücke insbesondere durch Drapierung und Hilfsmittel zu erzeugen. Dies gilt auch für das als Chiton benannte Kleid, das nur an bestimmten Stellen zusammengenäht sein soll. Bisher wurden alle als Chiton bezeichneten Kleider-Darstellungen aus höchstens zwei möglichen Grundformen hergeleitet. Ziel meiner Forschung war es herauszufinden, inwieweit die Theorie plausibel ist, dass die verschieden aussehenden Phänotypen des Chitons, die allgemein als Trageweisen und Varianten aufgefasst sind, alle aus dieser hypothetischen Grundform in so vielfältiger Weise herstellbar sind. Ebenso sollte auch die mögliche Existenz anderer Schnittkonzepte berücksichtigt und diskutiert werden. Abhängig vom Ergebnis gestaltet sich dann die Frage, ob die wiedergegebenen Kleiderformen in ein bestimmtes System eingeordnet werden können und inwieweit ihre frühere Einteilung und Benennung in der Form noch anwendbar ist. In dieser Arbeit hat sich herausgestellt, dass die abgebildeten Kleider nicht allein aus einer rechteckigen Basisform hergestellt sind und ihre Konstruktion sowie Anfertigung sich facettenreicher gestaltet als bisher angenommen. Neben abwechslungsreichen Schnittkonzepten, die auch unterschiedlich getragen werden konnten, scheinen einige sogar Kleiderkombinationen wiederzugeben, die sich aus mehreren Kleidern und einzelnen Kleidungsstücken zusammensetzen können, die aber noch im Detail erschlossen werden müssen. Aus diesen Gründen konnte die Diskussion hinsichtlich einer potenziellen Zuordnung nicht mehr als angerissen werden, denn der Versuch einer systematischen Einteilung der Kleider nach bestimmten Kriterien ist nur bedingt möglich und nicht als absolut zu betrachten. / Until now, it is assumed that ancient Greek clothing was based on a simple construction system. That means most garments were made by draping rectangular cloth panels around the body that could be closed by pins, seams, or a combination of both. For doing so, no complicated production process seems necessary, and no special tailoring techniques are needed. It also applies to the dress known as a chiton, which should be sewn together only at certain points. So far, all dress renderings identified as chitons have derived from a maximum of two possible basic patterns. My research aimed to explore if the theory is plausible that the different-looking phenotypes of Greek chiton, most commonly understood as ways of wearing and variations, can all be created from the same hypothetical basic form in various ways. Also, the potential existence of other concepts for making the represented dresses that differ in form, design, measures, and fabric structure should be discussed. Depending on the outcome, the question will be raised whether the depicted dresses can be classified into a specific system (due to construction, form, measures, etc.) and to what extent the former classification and naming are still applicable. This study has demonstrated that the dresses in the pictorial sources are not created exclusively from a rectangular shape and just one basic pattern. Moreover, not only their construction but also their making is more complex than previously assumed. They also contain a variety of construction concepts, which could also be worn in many ways. Furthermore, some dresses appear to represent dress combinations, which may consist of several dresses and single items of clothing, but this has yet to be investigated in detail. The discussion regarding a potential classification could not be more than scratched, as the attempt to systematically classify the dresses according to certain criteria is limited and cannot be seen as absolute.

No description available.

本文將以Quanta v. LG電子案判決中尚留解釋空間及適用疑義的「契約自由」與「專利權耗盡理論」的關係為探討標的，從公法角度（我國憲法與經濟公法角度）探求專利制度中『追求公私利益衡平』的本質著手，探討專利權耗盡理論的理論基礎及其存在的合理性，然後分析美國專利權耗盡理論及Quanta v. LG電子案判決建構出的「契約自由」與「專利權耗盡理論」的關係之妥適性，並在「在知識專用權和知識共用權之間進行利益平衡，確保專用權的授予能換來知識共用的最大利益，並最大限度地增進社會的整體福利」精神下，重新省思Quanta v. LG電子案判決的未決爭點，分析契約約定與專利權耗盡理論應有的界限，看專利行使應如何受契約的限制（或者契約自由應受到限制），以對我國專利權耗盡理論提出解釋與適用上之建議。