公共政策需要經由政府間的行動來達成，特別是許多情況下，中央政府的政策並非由 本身去執行，而是透過各層級的政府來完成。我國的政治制度採均權利度，在此制度 下地方政府具有雙重資格：一方面以公法人資格，基於地方特殊需要處理地方公共事 務；一方面以國家官署的資格，執行中央或上級政府的法令，處理國家性質的事務。 因此，地方政府在政策執行過程中扮演重要角色，地方政策執行良窳，影響國家整體 政策一致性。地方政府與其他參與者在地方執行環境下的互動，實為研究整個執行過 程不可或缺的一部分。 然而對地方政治的忽略，主要是因為對於地方的政治參與者（包括地方官員、政治人 物、派系、利益團體等等）、政治制度以及政治衝突缺乏了解。本文試圖以高屏溪違 法魚塭拆除事件的做為個案，探討地方政治運作與公共政策執行間的關係。 本文共計六章：第一章為結論，說明本文之研究動機、範圍和目的，以及研究方法和 限制；第二章為理論架構，檢視目前有關政策執行的研究途徑以建構適合本國案的分 析架構；第三章為高屏溪違法魚塭拆除過程的詳細描述，以為理論印證的前引；第四 、五兩章為理論對個案的解釋；第六章為結論，摘要本研究的發現，並提出建議。

二次世界大戰後，隨著工業化和現代化的發展，帶動全球「新經濟」市場之發展，建構出「新民主」之理念，弱化傳統國家之主權觀念，也對行政權運作產生實質而具體之衝擊。行政法人化則是行政組織變革之新興議題。本研究包含六章節： 第一章說明研究動機、目的、研究方法與架構以及重要文獻回顧。 第二章釐析各國政府改造之基礎理念－新公共管理論，並概述思潮所及，美英德日及我國依循著效率精神組織變革各有風貌，包括組織結構、營運效能、監督機制等各面向。 第三章從傳統公法人之理論作出發，以比較法觀點探討先進國家公法人及類似組織體之機制。德法規劃公法人，英國建構Agency與NDPB提升效率，取代傳統政府功能；日本創立獨立行政法人強化效能，以及其他類似組織體如美國政府法人。 第四章闡明我國行政法人制度建置理念，並敘明我國行政法人法草案之開展。 第五章運用案例分析介紹國立中正文化中心、科學工業園區及國家教育研究院之行政法人化，並以美國公立學校董事會與日本國立大學法人制度為背景，說明我國國立大學法人化之歷程，以及比較分析政大、成大之法人化構思。 第六章綜合前揭剖析，筆者最後提出結論及建議。 / Following the realization and Through the industrialization and modernization of the post World War II era, the global economic market was led into a “new economy” epoch. This development not only established the new concept of the democracy, but also weakened the traditional acknowledge of the national sovereignty. Furthermore, this phenomenon also affect substantially on the existing administrative powers and operation. Administrative Incorporation, herein, become a new current and issue for the reform of administrative organization. This research consists of six chapters： Chapter One demonstrates the motivation, objectives, approaches, the literature review, and the outlined structure of this study. Chapter Two aims at analyzing the basis perspective of government reform－the New Public Management (NPM) theorem. Here will also describe how the United States, the United Kingdom, German, Japan and Republic of China (Taiwan), under the flows of the NPM, undertake their administration reformation for more efficiency in different scenario. The issues involve with organization structure, operation efficiency, and the performance evaluation etc. Chapter Three starts from the research of the traditional public incorporation theory. It provides a comparative approach on the public incorporation system and other quasi organizations in developed countries. Secondary, here will quote some examples to illustrate the theory. For instance, how the German and France designed their public cooperation as a correspondence intermediary to deal with the getting complicated public affairs. How the U.K set up Agency and Non-departmental Public Body (NDPB) to improve the efficiency and to take over the traditional government enforcement function. And, then, discuss how Japan enhances administrative efficiency through the establishment of the Independent Administrative Cooperation systems. Here will also give some other Government Bodies as illustrations such as the Government Cooperation of the U.S.A. Chapter Four explains the basic concept on the establishment of the administrative incorporation in R.O.C., and offers a proposal on the draft Bill of the Administrative Incorporation. Chapter Five chiefly takes cases study. Here will focuses on the introduction of administrative incorporations of the national Chiang Kai-Shek Culture Center, Science Park Administration, and the National Education Yuan. Furthermore, base on the implementation of the board of public schools in U.S. and the national universities in Japan, this study will delineates the history processes of Taiwan national universities on about how are they incorporated. Then will analyze and compare the corporation ideas between National Cheng Chi University and National Cheng Kung University . In the Chapter Six, based on the research results and the analysis mentioned above, it will conclude the research, and will offer recommendations on the relevant issues.

國立大學法人化議題之提出，始自77年至83年大學法於立法院修法期間，從當時的公法人，演變至92年行政院通過大學法修正草案的行政法人類型，惟因各界對大學法人化議題仍有爭議，94年12月新修正公布之大學法，並未通過國立大學公法人化相關條文。然隨著全球化、市場化及後WTO時代之來臨，各大學終要面臨國際大學之競爭，為賦予大學更多自治權及避免政治及行政干預，使其在人事及經費運用上更自主彈性，藉以提昇國際競爭力及追求學術卓越，國立大學公法人化，幾已確立為政府推動高等教育改革方法之一。 本研究主要目的係以92年大學法修正草案有關行政法人國立大學之組織為藍本，探討董事會、校長、校務會議及學術評議委員會等組織之設計，配合公私立大學組織運作及參酌德、美及日本國立大學公法人實施先例及國內學者專家訪談結果，主要研究發現分述如下： 一、國立大學法人化雖參採國外大學法人制度經驗並應能因地制宜。 二、國立大學法人化目的應是確保大學自治，而非行政效能考量。 三、國立大學法人不宜限定單一行政法人類型，設置董事會；其或採公法人、法人或教育法人類型，採理事會或首長制之治理模式，應允大學自主。 四、國立大學法人校長若由董事會遴選，校內董事成員應過半。 五、國立大學若設董事會，應多元並有義務規範及評鑑機制。 六、國立大學校務會議規模應小，定位於參與及諮詢功能。 七、國立大學學術評議委員會應是校內最高學術事項之決定單位。 八、校長、董事會、校務會議與學術評議委員會間的權責關係應予釐清。 本文最後依研究結果提出建議，對政府言，國立大學法人化之立法及配套應力求周延；大學法人化之組織設計應符合大學需要；法人化後，政府仍不能免除對大學基本財政資源需求之責任。對教職員言，大學法人化，雖非唯一最佳選擇，但對確保大學自治卻是可行途徑；各大學得依據本身規模特性、發展設計法人型態。 關鍵字：國立大學、公法人、行政法人 / The transformation of national universities into public corporations was first proposed in the University Law during the amendment sessions of the Legislative Yuan from 1988 to 1994. In 2003, the University Law amendment draft passed by the Executive Yuan included the transformation of national universities into administrative corporations, but because of disputes regarding the incorporation of national universities, articles related to the transformation of national universities into public corporations were not passed in the new University Law amendment of December 2005. However, due to globalization, marketization, and the coming of the post-WTO era, domestic universities must eventually compete with foreign universities. In order to allow universities to gain more autonomy and receive less political or administrative interference so as to have better flexibility in terms of personnel management and fund utilization, thereby increase global competitiveness and pursue higher academic goals, the government is sure to consider national university corporations as a means of higher education reform. Based on the organization design of administrative national university corporations as described in the University Law amendment draft of 2003, this study discusses the organization design of boards of trustees, presidents, academic affairs meetings, and academic review committees, and also takes into consideration the operation of public and private universities, examples of national university corporations in Germany, the United States, and Japan, as well as interviews of domestic scholars and experts. The main results of this study are as follows: 1. Borrowing from the experiences of foreign national university corporations, domestic incorporation should still be tailored to the environment in Taiwan. 2. The purpose incorporation should be to ensure the autonomy of universities, and not to improve administrative efficiency. 3. Incorporation should not be limited to a single form, and boards of directors should be established. Forms of corporations may include public corporations, corporations, and education corporations. Board or leadership management systems should be adopted, and universities should be given autonomy. 4. In the case that the president of a national university corporation is elected by the board of trustees, the number of faculty board members should exceed half the total number of board members. 5. In the case that a board of trustees is established, the members should be diverse. Obligations, rules, and evaluation mechanisms should also be established. 6. Academic affairs meetings of national university corporations should be small in scale, and focus on participation and consultation. 7. Academic review committees should be the final decision-makers regarding academic issues in national university corporations. 8. The roles and responsibilities Presidents, boards of trustees, academic affairs meetings, and academic review committees should be clearly defined. Lastly, the results of this study showed that: the government should aim to provide a comprehensive legislation and associated measures for the incorporation of national universities; organization design of national university corporations should be tailored to the needs of the universities; after incorporation, the government should still be responsible for the basic financial needs of universities. For faculty, incorporation may not be the best or only choice, but is nevertheless a way to autonomy; and universities can plan the form of incorporation according to their characteristics and visions. Keywords: national universities, public corporation, administrative corporation

為提升國家競爭力，各先進國家莫不積極進行組織改造，政府在面對此一潮流及國內外政經壓力下，亟思有所變革，行政院遂成立「行政院組織改造推動委員會」致力於政府組織與職能的通盤檢討，以期建立具高效能與競爭力的活力政府。組改會係以「四化」－去任務化、地方化、行政法人化、委外辦理，作為政府組織塑身之原則，其中「行政法人」的創設，更是我國行政組織有史以來最大的變革。 我國職業訓練制度隨著國內產業結構轉型及高科技產業的發展，以致職業訓練職類亦配合調整，職訓局自九十一年起著力於提昇公共訓練機構的績效，進行所屬職訓中心功能角色的調整與轉型，從單純的職業訓練提供者，轉型為小而能的「區域職業訓練運籌中心」，這項轉型計畫雖獲得行政院的肯定，惟因仍是在現有組織架構下進行調整，爰建議職訓中心的轉型應配合政府改造方向加以檢討。因此，本研究即試圖從政府改造「四化」之「行政法人化」進行探討。 本研究係以「行政法人法」草案為架構，瞭解行政法人制度的內涵，並參考德國公法人制度、日本獨立行政法人制度的實施情形及我國行政法人首例－國立中正文化中心，據以瞭解該制度是否適用於職訓中心。此外，也試圖針對行政法人的政策制定機關、政策執行機關及學者專家等，進行深度訪談，實地瞭解渠等對於職訓中心行政法人化的看法，進而綜合分析職訓中心行政法人化的可行性。 最後，作者認為行政法人制度在人事、會計及採購上具有自主性，有利經營績效的提升，對於現職人員的權益保障係秉「保留身分、權益不變」的原則，以減少人員的反彈，此為職訓中心採行行政法人化的優勢，但過於保障現有人員權益是否會對組織改造效能打折，及中正文化中心的實施成果則可作為後續的行政法人化機關的參考。 關鍵詞： 職業訓練、四化、行政法人法草案、德國公法人、日本獨立行政法人

行政機關因撤銷違法授益之行政處分，導致原來依據該違法授益行政處分而受有的利益形成無法律上原因之財產損益，即公法上不當得利之情形。又法律為了平衡利益，制定一利益衡平制度，賦予利益受有損害之一方請求權，稱為公法上不當得利返還請求權，又稱公法上之返還義務；權利受有損害之一方，得向受益之他方行使返還請求權，而他方具有返還義務。 實務上常見案例如核課稅額有誤、行政機關誤發給與或薪資核給錯誤等情形，態樣多元不一，且因行政機關須遵循依法行政原則及法治國原則，須依法進行追繳，以符法治，導致實務上常見諸多爭議案件。 至於該違法授益行政處分得否撤銷？授益行政處分撤銷並涉及除斥期間等因素；以及撤銷後失其效力之日期是否溯及既往？抑或撤銷機關得另訂失效日期？而撤銷授益行政處分後形成公法上不當得利所生之請求權，其公法上不當得利返還請求權之效力、時效、範圍為何？學說及實務上亦有爭議，請求權人若為行政機關且他方若為人民者，人民是否得主張信賴保護之適用，其亦影響執行機關之行政作為，本文將研議近年實務與學說相關法律問題並嘗試予以釐清。

大學發展的歷史，即是一部大學爭取學術自由之歷史。德國最早將學術自由納入憲法以基本權保護，並推演大學自治為學術自由制度性保障，賦予大學公法社團之獨立法人格，建立學術自由圍籬，法人化遂成為學術自由落實之主要途徑。 只是，隨著外在知識經濟、全球化競爭等環境變遷，大學除教學與研究基本功能，同時具有知識工廠、文化傳承、提昇國家國際競爭力、服務社會等多元功能。而經濟衰退，使政府對大學預算減少，在經費窘迫下，大學組織運營面臨經費與資源有效運用等議題。如何有效運用資源、發揮大學被期待之多元功能？成為各國大學改革重要議題。 我國大學法制改革，1994年以學術自由、大學自治為主張，期建立德國「學者共和國」，防止國家政治干預，擬將國立大學法人化，賦予大學獨立法人格地位。2002年配合政府改造，提出講求效能與效率的行政法人制度，並擬改制國立大學為獨立行政法人，在立法院審查修訂大學法時，將行政法人化專章刪除，委由未來制定專法，形成我國大學法人化似又退回原點。 本篇論文以時間（中世紀迄今）、與空間（德國、日本、美國）雙軸向形成之環境，進行有關學術自由理念、大學自治制度發展歷程等文獻整理，釐清學術自由對大學理念與組織法制之定位及其影響（第二章及第三章）；及現代環境變遷導致大學功能多元，加以政府預算緊縮，使大學需面臨營運成效議題，而公共管理理論對各國政府改造實務經驗對大學組織變革之啟發與影響（第四章）；取法近代德國大學組織型態鬆綁（第五章）、日本國立大學法人化等改革經驗（第六章）；重新審視我國大學法人化追求時，如何在兼顧學術自由理念價值與組織營運效能下，建構大學外部組織型態與內部組織法制（第七章）

公法上金錢給付義務之執行，移交由法務部行政執行署專責辦理後，迄今已十餘年，較之於傳統上之民事強制執行業務，或行政機關自力實施執行之立法例，行政執行機關具有獨特之色彩與運作模式。本文就公法上金錢給付義務之執行，自其基本面開始探討，從實務之視角，回顧相關問題並展望其發展。並分別就法源、法律原則、強制措施、制度比較、救濟途徑等面向，擇要深入研析，徵之相關學者論述與實務見解，尋求適當且符合實際之平衡觀點。 而行政執行法上之限制住居，兼具有保全與實現公法債權之雙重手段性質，其對於人民居住遷徙自由等權利，影響甚鉅。本文亦就其類型與要件分析、所涉之憲法議題、實務運作問題、與稅捐稽徵法限制出境等制度比較、救濟方法等層面，解構理論與實務之觀點，並契入相關案例，從事較細部之分析，且提出個人淺見，希冀能對於此一嚴峻且頗富爭議之執行手段，探尋妥適之操作原則，期能兼顧社會公義之落實與人民權益之保障。

University of Macau / Faculty of Law

Since 1980, a wave of new regulatory reform policies washed over the world, tightly controlled industries shrugged off their chains, and public institutions were privatized. The wellspring of regulatory reform is the global trend towards liberalization and privatization. Even so, the scope of government regulation is still wide, but the processes of this type of control changed and the administrative acts diversified. Among these administrative acts, the administrative contract is much more special than others. First of all, unlike other legal concepts that were important from German or Japan, it is a unique system in French administrative law. Secondly, the special mission of administrative contracts merits attention. Although we called it an administrative "contracts", some government privileges are attached to realize the administrative object. After the enactment of Administrative Procedures Law in 1998, the administrative contract has been recognized as a formal act in Taiwan, and it is important to know how to use it. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to find the solutions given to problems arising in our administrative law through understanding how administrative contracts work in France. To understand the notion clearly and correctly, we shall find the source of administrative contracts and then study the definition. The two basic criteria of the former are that the contract relates to a public service and the contract reserves exceptional powers to the administration (the clauses exorbitantes du droit commun). In Taiwan, the definition of administrative contracts is similar, but the criteria are quite different. To learn French experience in this regard for the purpose of the improvement of our system is the topic issue in the chapter second. However, the definition is just a basis to develop my issue in this thesis. This thesis focuses on the effect and execution of administrative contracts. At the third and the fourth chapter, I will devote more space to discuss how an administrative contract is made and the value of the intentions of the parties. Because of the France has always regarded an administrative contract as essentially an arrangement between unequal parties, public authorities have powers to redefine the character of the service to performed or the work to be done in order to meet the changing needs of the public interest. How about the administrative contracts work in Taiwan? Do we admit exceptional powers to the administration? What are the differences between the regulations in France and Taiwan? After an initial research, I find that the underlying foundations of administrative contracts in two countries are quite different, so the systems appear differently. However, identifying foreign precedents on similar problems and their possible solutions will certainly provide useful insights for local consumption. In addition, of course, I deal with a review of the concept of administrative contract in the Supreme Court Justices' decisions in the Judicial Yuan to figure out the main change of our jurisprudence. Then try to organize the judgments in the Administrative Court from 1999 when the Administrative Procedure Law and Administrative Litigation Law were significant legislated. Based on the research in this study, I examine the main categories of existing contract -B.O.T.- with the comparison between Taiwan and France. So what could we do more and learn from the experience in France is the topic issues in the fifth chapter. The final chapter is the general observations. As we know, our law on administration is far less developed than that in France. Much of it remains in the realm of practice rather than law. Nevertheless, there are increasing pressures for our law in this field to develop：changes are being made by significant legislations of the Administrative Procedure Law and Administrative Litigation Law. Our scholars as well as judges work very hard to build a modern system of administrative law .As a result, the French systematization in this area will provide a much-needed guide when we facing the same problems in the future, which will be encountered as our law develops.

本文將以Quanta v. LG電子案判決中尚留解釋空間及適用疑義的「契約自由」與「專利權耗盡理論」的關係為探討標的，從公法角度（我國憲法與經濟公法角度）探求專利制度中『追求公私利益衡平』的本質著手，探討專利權耗盡理論的理論基礎及其存在的合理性，然後分析美國專利權耗盡理論及Quanta v. LG電子案判決建構出的「契約自由」與「專利權耗盡理論」的關係之妥適性，並在「在知識專用權和知識共用權之間進行利益平衡，確保專用權的授予能換來知識共用的最大利益，並最大限度地增進社會的整體福利」精神下，重新省思Quanta v. LG電子案判決的未決爭點，分析契約約定與專利權耗盡理論應有的界限，看專利行使應如何受契約的限制（或者契約自由應受到限制），以對我國專利權耗盡理論提出解釋與適用上之建議。