On trouve sur les côtes de l’estuaire du Saint-Laurent des vestiges de quai dont la ressemblance mutuelle suggère leur contemporanéité. Les vestiges de ces «quais du gouvernement » relatent une importante conjoncture (1870-1930) caractérisée par l'intégration des localités côtières dans une économie interrégionale. Le quai, autrefois lieu d'interface entre la ruralité et le cabotage, devient pour l'archéologue une occasion de retracer les éléments entrant dans sa conception et sa réalisation. L’observation des éléments architecturaux permet de distinguer les traits architecturaux associés aux quais du gouvernement parmi l’ensemble des techniques de construction déjà employées dans l’estuaire au XIXe siècle. / In the St. Lawrence estuary, there are many ancient wharves whose mutual resemblance of their remains suggests they are contemporaneous. The remains of the “government wharves” relate an important conjecture (1870-1930) formed by the integration of the coastal localities in an interregional economic network. The wharf, formerly an interface between the rural land and the estuarial cabotage, presents an opportunity for the archaeologist to recognize the architectural character of the conception and the realization of the wharves. The examination of their frame construction allows us to distinguish the architectural character of the government wharves among the techniques already employed in the estuary in the 19th century.

This study presents the results of an analysis of three Late Neolithic pottery assemblages from Wadi Ziqlab, northern Jordan. These sites were occupied during the 6th millennium BC (calibrated) and are therefore contemporary with sites in other parts of the southern Levant that are attributed to the Wadi Rabah culture. The assemblages are analyzed from a stylistic perspective, broadly defined, which includes an examination of technological style in addition to a more traditional examination of vessel form and surface treatment. Different stages in the pottery production sequence are investigated using a range of analytical techniques, including thin-section petrography and xeroradiography. While there are some similarities between the assemblages, there are also some noticeable differences. The results of the pottery analysis are used to explore the nature of community in the context of the Late Neolithic. A critique of more traditional archaeological approaches to prehistoric communities leads to a re-conceptualization of community that combines interactional and ideational perspectives. Similarities in pottery among the sites, especially technological similarities, suggest that pottery producers may have comprised a dispersed community of practice. At the same time, pottery may have also been a symbolic marker of community boundaries. Differences in pottery among the sites, including surface treatment, may reflect the flexibility of these boundaries as different parts of the dispersed community negotiated their place in it. The presence of variation among contemporary pottery assemblages in a localized area suggests that social organization during the 6th millennium may have been more complex than is normally assumed for the Late Neolithic in the southern Levant. A dispersed community, with its members spread throughout the wadi, would require a sufficiently complex and flexible system of relationships to maintain it. Failing to acknowledge this has contributed to the difficulties archaeologists have encountered when trying to understand the culture-history of the 6th millennium BC in and east of the Jordan Valley.

The present study was intended as a new approach to the study of the military equipment of the Late Assyrian period which has traditionally relied upon the pictorial representations of the palace reliefs. By examining extant artifacts from the first millennium in their own right, with the reliefs merely serving to contextualize them, a truer understanding of Assyrian arms and armour can be gathered. This is necessary because the artwork only provides us with a filtered view of the real world, the reliefs are as much works of propaganda as of history. The approach taken here is to first examine the existing weapons typologically, and then to evaluate whether such weapon types appear to be accurately represented in contemporary artwork. Textual sources are also used where they can aid in the discussion. Five categories of arms and armour were studied: swords and daggers, spearpoints, shields, armour and helmets. The quality and quantity of the items in these categories varied significantly, providing for a much better representative sample of some items than others. Further questions concerning the possible ritual, rather than military, use of some of the existing artifacts were raised. However, the main conclusions reached were that the reliefs suffer not only from a propagandistic viewpoint which sometimes obscures the reality of Assyrian warfare, but that they also suffer from artistic license and spatial restraints, the difficulties in representing three-dimensional objects in a two-dimensional manner, the possible unfamiliarity of the artists with changing military technology and methods of construction, and finally, our inability to understand artistic short-hand for what were commonplace objects to the contemporary viewer. These have led to misunderstanding both as to the dating and chronological changes in weaponry, and also to the tactics used by the Late Assyrian military. This study of the artifacts themselves reveals a more mundane, utilitarian, and conservative military force which shows both a basic homogeneousness throughout the empire, and the myriad tiny variables of an army on the move drawing weapons and troops from many regions.

This thesis undertakes a complete reinvestigation of the archaeology of a large Early Bronze Age cemetery at İkiztepe in northern Turkey, by utilizing oxygen and strontium isotope analysis of human remains in combination with spatial and biodistance analysis and various dating techniques to identify potential immigrants to the site and to examine larger issues of residential mobility and social organization. The occupation of the Northern Anatolian site of İkiztepe is traditionally assigned to the Late Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Ages. However, the site’s chronological framework has been challenged in recent years. These chronological issues have been addressed by applying fluoride and AMS radiocarbon dating to the skeletal remains from the İkiztepe cemetery, to develop an absolute and relative chronology for the burials. These results have shown that the cemetery dates at least a millennium earlier than previously supposed. Oxygen and strontium isotope analyses allowed the identification of individuals whose bone chemistry suggests that they were possible long distance immigrants to the site of İkiztepe, as well as suggesting the existence of a group of mobile individuals who may represent a transhumant segment of the İkiztepe population. Spatial and biodistance analyses suggest that principles of cemetery organization in this period were highly complex. Immigrant individuals and nomadic or semi-nomadic segments of the population do not appear to have been distinguished in any observable way from their sedentary local counterparts, displaying similar burial types, grave goods and spatial locations. Furthermore, burial within the İkiztepe cemetery does not appear to have been kin structured. These results suggest that assumptions about funerary practices as important indicators of cultural identity and lineage affiliation may represent an over-simplification of complex patterns of interaction and integration among and within populations and cultural groups.

No description available.

La période Archaïque, longue de 7000 ans, reste peu connue dans la moyenne vallée des Outaouais malgré son importance. Le site Pointe-Gatineau, à proximité du delta de la rivière Gatineau, a le potentiel d’accroître notre connaissance de cette période. Les nombreuses datations radiocarbones qui y ont été réalisées indiquent que le site abrite des occupations se succédant pendant presque toute la période Archaïque. Le site contient d’ailleurs une accumulation impressionnante de vestiges difficile à associer à des occupations distinctes. Cette complexité non résolue limite les interprétations qui ont pu être tirées jusqu’à maintenant. Ainsi, je propose une analyse spatiale fine des vestiges de manière à démêler les diverses occupations de Pointe-Gatineau. Je préconise une méthode quantitative pour distinguer des ensembles contemporains de vestiges et les assigner à des horizons temporels grâce à leur association à des structures datées. Ce travail initial me permet ensuite de réaliser une analyse comparative des périodes d’occupation du site. J’étends enfin cette analyse comparative à des sites contemporains de la région immédiate : les sites BiFw-20 et BiFw-26 de Kabeshinàn (le nom algonquien du secteur du parc du Lac-Leamy), ainsi que les sites de Rockcliffe Portage-1 (BiFw-91), de l’île aux Allumettes (BkGg-11), de l’île Morrison (BkGg-12) et du parc national de Plaisance (BjFs-23). Ces analyses comparatives s’attardent à l’utilisation de l’espace, aux restes fauniques, au débitage et à l’outillage lithique. En guise d’intégration des connaissances, je tente de qualifier les transitions et distinctions qui s’observent à Pointe-Gatineau au fil des occupations successives et de mieux cerner la place de Pointe-Gatineau dans la moyenne vallée des Outaouais. Je conclus que l’occupation du site se concentre de la fin de l’Archaïque moyen au début de l’Archaïque supérieur, tandis que l’occupation du site à l’Archaïque terminale apparait de moindre importance. Je reconnais une transition progressive d’une période à l’autre plutôt que des changements abrupts au plan des schèmes d’établissement et des modes de subsistance. / The Archaic period lasts for 7 millennia yet remains largely unknown despite its importance. Pointe-Gatineau, an archaeological site near the Gatineau River delta, can increase our knowledge of the Archaic period. Radiocarbon dating suggests that the site was occupied during most of the period. These successive occupations result in an accumulation of archaeological deposits, which are difficult to link to a single occupation. This unresolved confusion restricts the interpretation that has been proposed so far. I put forward a spatial analysis approach with the aim of untangling Pointe-Gatineau’s many occupations. I favour a quantitative method to create groups of objects and attribute them to a temporal horizon through their association to a dated structure. This first step leads me to compare the site’s multiple occupational periods. I attempt a second comparative analysis with contemporary sites in the region: BiFw-20 and BiFw-26 in Kabeshinàn (Leamy Lake Park) as well as Rockcliffe Portage-1 (BiFw-91), Allumette Island (BkGg-11), Morrison Island (BkGg-12) and the parc national de Plaisance (BjFs-23). These comparative analyses focus on usage of space, faunal remains, debitage and lithic tools. This research project leads me to describe the transitions and gaps that are visible throughout Pointe-Gatineau’s long occupation and to better understand the site’s place in the middle Ottawa Valley. I conclude that the occupation is concentrated at the end of the Middle Archaic through the beginning of the Late Archaic. Pointe-Gatineau’s Terminal Archaic occupation appears marginal. I qualify the transition as gradual rather than abrupt in terms of subsistence and settlement patterns.

L’impact du port de chaussures sur la morphologie du pied a déjà été démontré et on sait que le port d’une chaussure constrictive et rigide augmente la prévalence de pathologie osseuse au niveau du pied. Dans le cadre de cette recherche, nous examinerons dans quelle mesure la rigidité de la chaussure influence le développement de 20 pathologies métatarsiennes. L’échantillon est constitué de 128 individus provenant de cinq sites archéologiques d’origine Euro-canadienne et Anglo-saxonne, comprenant 60 femmes, 54 hommes et 14 individus de sexe indéterminé. L’échantillon a été séparé en deux groupes analytiques (trois populations par groupe), selon le type de chaussures portées. Les individus de Sainte-Marie-de-Beauce, de Saint-Antoine et les immigrants néerlandais de Black Gate forment le groupe nommé Rigide et les individus de Barbican, de Warwick, ainsi que le reste des individus de Black Gate forment le groupe nommé Souple. Les résultats ont démontré que la fréquence de chaque pathologie dans les populations est généralement similaire et varie peu, sauf pour six des pathologies à l’étude qui ont démontré des résultats significatifs : les lésions lytiques, les fractures, les cals osseux, l’arthrose, les ostéophytes sur la base métatarsienne et les lésions poreuses sur les épiphyses. Seule l’arthrose était plus présente dans les populations du groupe Rigide. Outre cela, la plupart des pathologies n’ont pas démontré de lien fort entre le niveau de rigidité de la chaussure et le développement de pathologie. Ces résultats viennent partiellement supporter l’hypothèse qu’une chaussure plus rigide est néfaste pour la santé osseuse au niveau du pied, car d’autres facteurs (ex. génétique, climat, alimentation) entrent aussi en jeu. / The impact of shoes on foot morphology has already been demonstrated and we know that wearing constrictive and rigid shoes increase the prevalence of bone pathologies in the foot. In this study, we examine to what extent the rigidity of the shoe influences the development of 20 metatarsals pathologies. The sample for this study consists of 128 individuals from five archeological sites of Euro-Canadian and Anglo-Saxon descent, including 60 women, 54 men and 14 individuals of indetermined sex. The sample was separated into two analytical groups (three populations per group), depending on the type of shoes. Individuals from the population of Sainte-Marie-de-Beauce, Saint-Antoine and the Dutch immigrants from the population of Black Gate are considered to have worn rigid shoes. Individuals from the population of The Barbican and Warwick, as well as the reminder of the individuals from the population of Black Gate are considered to have worn soft shoes. The results demonstrate that the frequency of each pathology in the populations is similar and varies little, except for six pathologies that show significant differences: lytic lesions, fracture, bone callus, osteoarthritis, osteophytes of the base and porosity lesions of the head. Only osteoarthritis was most common in the populations forming the Rigid group. Besides this, most pathologies did not show a strong link between the rigidity of the shoes and the development of pathologies. These results partially support the hypothesis that a rigid shoe is harmful for bone health in the foot because other factors (ex. genetic, climate, alimentation) are also at play.

Le site archéologique de Las Mercedes est situé sur le versant atlantique du Costa Rica. Ce site monumental est considéré comme le haut lieu d'une société hiérarchisée ayant une organisation sociopolitique complexe. Las Mercedes semble avoir été un centre administratif et cérémoniel dont l'apogée se situe entre 1000 et 1500 ans de notre ère. Notre mémoire porte sur la documentation d'assemblages céramiques extraits de contextes archéologiques stratigraphiques provenant notamment de deux monticules architecturaux. Notre projet se veut une contribution à une meilleure connaissance de Las Mercedes, selon une perspective diachronique d'affiliation culturelle et de séquences d'occupation. Les datations radiométriques provenant de l'assise des monticules convergent aux alentours de l'an 1000 de notre ère. D'autre part, les assemblages céramiques correspondant aux styles culturels El Bosque (500 avant notre ère à 500 de notre ère), La Selva (500-1000) et La Cabana (1000-1500) représentant une séquence temporelle d'environ deux millénaires. La présente étude vise à comprendre ce phénomène à l'aide des données provenant de l'intervention archéologique conduite, en 2005, conjointement par le Museo Nacional du Costa Rica et l'Université de Montréal. Les assemblages sont décrits selon des attributs technologiques, morphologiques et stylistiques en vue d'en faire une étude comparative et interprétative. Les résultats de notre recherche suggèrent qu'indépendamment des contextes archéologiques, les assemblages ont un composition hétérogène formée des trois styles culturels. Par ailleurs, le modèle présente un certain caractère homogène. Ainsi, les assemblages se composent de façon récurrente de 12% de céramique El Bosque, 55 % La Selva et 33 % La Cabana. Une interprétation parcellaire peut être soutirée de ce mélange céramique. L'amalgame des styles culturels témoignent que Las Mercedes a connu une longue occupation, toutefois les résultats ne permettent pas de confirmer ou d'infirmer nos hypothèses de travail. / The archaeological site of Las Mercedes is located on the Atlantic slope of Costa Rica. This monumental site is regarded as the center of a hierarchical society with a complex sociopolitical organization. Las Mercedes represented an administrative and ceremonial center between 1000 and 1500 CE. This thesis documents the ceramic assemblages excavated from stratified archaeological contexts at two architectural mounds. The project aims at understanding and sequencing the cultural affiliations reported at the site from a diachronic perspective. Radiometric measurements from the foundations of the mound structures cluster around 1000 CE. In addition, the ceramic assemblages corresponding to the cultural styles El Bosque (500 BCE-500 CE), La Selva (500-1000 CE)and La Cabana (1000-1500 CE) suggest an occupational sequence of approximately two millennia. Our study aim to understand this phenomenon. The data analysed in this study were collected during archaeological fieldwork in 2005, carried out jointly by the Museo Nacional of the Costa Rica and the Université de Montréal. The ceramic analyses focuses on technological, morphological and stylistic attributes. Results are interpreted from a comparative perspective. They suggest that independently of the archaeological contexts, ceramic assemblages exhibit heterogeneous stylistic compositions and include all three cultural styles : El Bosque, La Selva and La Cabana. However, a model of deposition reveals a certain character of homogeneity. Thus, the assemblages are composed in a recurring way of 12% of ceramics El Bosque, 55% La Selva and 33% La Cabana. This research leads to a premiliary interpretation of this mixture of ceramic styles. Tha amalgam of the ceramic styles indicates that Las Mercedes was occupied over a long period, however the results of our analyses have not being sufficient to confirm or to inform our working hypotheses.

Kabazi II est un site de plein air, situé sur la deuxième rangée des Monts de Crimée. Après sa découverte en 1986, les investigations archéologiques effectuées entre 1987 et le milieu des années 90 ont établi que Kabazi II avait auparavant servi de lieu de chasse et d’abattage pour les groupes néanderthaliens de la région. Les études archéozoologiques antérieures (Patou-Mathis 2003, 1999, 2005, 2006a, 2006b) ont déterminé que les stratégies de subsistance des Néanderthaliens du Kabazi II étaient très spécialisées et principalement axées sur la chasse des petits groupes de Equus hydruntinus mais aussi, à l’occasion, sur la chasse d’autres espèces. Ces comportements ont persisté malgré les changements climatiques et technologiques à travers l’histoire d’occupation du site. Cette étude présente l’analyse des assemblages fauniques encore inédits des niveaux II/1,II/2-1, II/2, II/3, II/4, II/5, II/7, II/8, II/9, II/13, II/13A de Kabazi II. Nos résultats sont en accord avec ceux obtenus parles d’études antérieures ; cependant, des différences par rapport à la fonction du site ont été constatées et un lien possible avec Kabazi V, un abri sur roche tout près de Kabazi II, a été établi. On croit que la persistance des activités de subsistance des Néanderthaliens de Kabazi II pendant presque 100 000 ans de présence est due à la polyvalence des ânes asiatiques tels que Equus hydruntinus, au contexte géographique et géologique de la région ainsi qu’aux caractéristiques du site elles-mêmes. / Kabazi II is an open-air site situated within the second chain of the Crimean Mountains. Discovered in 1986, and intensively excavated from 1987 to the mid 1990’s, Kabazi II served as a kill and butchery site for Neanderthal groups in the area. Previous faunal analyses at Kabazi II (Patou-Mathis 2003, 1999, 2005, 2006a,2006b) indicate that the subsistence strategies of the Neanderthals at Kabazi II were highly specialized and were primarily focused on hunting small groups of Equus hydruntinus as well as occasional encounter-based hunting of other mammal species. This practice had apparently remained unchanged in spite of changes in lithic industry, climate, and local vegetation cover. This study presents the analysis of previously unexamined faunal assemblages from Levels II/1, II/2-1, II/2, II/3, II/4, II/5, II/7, II/8, II/9, II/13, II/13A. The results obtained here concur with those of the previous analyses however differences in the use of Kabazi II have been observed and a possible link with the nearby rock-shelter, Kabazi V has been determined. It is believed that the persistence of the hunting practices of the Neanderthals at Kabazi II throughout its nearly 100 000 year sequence of occupations is due to the versatility of wild asses such as Equus hydruntinus, the geography and geology of the study area, in addition to characteristics of Kabazi II itself.

Ce mémoire prend la forme d’une réflexion critique sur le modèle proposé par Hosler afin d’expliquer les taux quantifiés d’étain et d’arsénique dans des objets de statut métalliques Mésoaméricains provenant principalement de l’Occident mésoaméricain et couvrant les deux phases de développement de la métallurgie mésoaméricaine. Ces objets font partie de la collection du Museo Regional de Guadalajara. Plus particulièrement, ce mémoire s’intéresse aux grelots mésoaméricains puisqu’ils représentent un élément important de la métallurgie préhispanique en Mésoamérique. Cette réflexion critique soulève plusieurs considérations techniques, méthodologiques, étymologiques, iconographiques, ethnohistoriques et logiques du modèle de Hosler relativement à la couleur des alliages constituant les grelots mésoaméricains. Les paramètres sur lesquels Hosler base son modèle sont questionnables à plusieurs niveaux. Ainsi, le fait que les niveaux d’arsenic ou d’étain observés dans les alliages cupriques de biens utilitaires sont généralement inférieurs à ceux quantifiés dans les alliages cupriques usités pour la fabrication de biens de statut de la Période 2 pourrait s’expliquer par le fait qu’il s’agit de deux méthodes de fabrication distinctes ayant des contraintes techniques différentes ou que ces artéfacts ont des paramètres et des fonctions distinctes. Les limites de l’association soleil-or, lune-argent y sont également exposées et un chapitre est consacré à la sonorité. / This thesis takes the form of a critical reflection on the model proposed by Hosler to explain the levels of tin and arsenic in metallic Mesoamerican status objects coming mainly from the western part of Mesoamerica and covering both phases of the development of Mesoamerican metallurgy. These objects are part of the collection of Museo Regional de Guadalajara. In particular, this thesis focuses on Mesoamerican bells since they represent an important element of the development of pre-Hispanic metallurgy.This critical reflection raises several technical, methodological, etymological iconographic, ethnohistorical and logical concerns regarding Hosler’s model relating to the colour of the alloys making up Mesoamerican bells. The desire to obtain certain colours can not be proven based solely on the results of composition analysis. Furthermore, the parameters on which Hosler bases her model are questionable on several levels. For example, the fact that the levels of arsenic or tin observed in copper based alloys used for the fabrication of utilitarian goods are generally lower than those measured in copper alloys used for status goods from Period 2 could be explained by the differing technical constraints of two distinct fabrication methods or by the contrasting parameters and functions of the two types of artifact. The limits of the association between sun-gold and moon-silver are also exposed. A chapter is also dedicated to the sonority of the bells.