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Les justes bornes de la richesse : fondements normatifs et mise en oeuvre d'une richesse maximale / Just limits of wealth : normative foundations and implementation of the idea of maximal wealthJobin, Christian 02 February 2018 (has links)
Dans cette thèse, je tente d’établir les fondements normatifs d’une richesse maximale qui comprend deux mesures complémentaires : un revenu maximal qui peut être mis en œuvre au moyen d’un impôt sur le revenu et un capital maximal, au moyen d’un impôt sur les successions, dont le taux marginal est de 100 % dans les deux cas. Je soutiens en effet qu’une telle mesure est juste, puisqu’elle respecte les principes développés au sein de trois théories principales : le libertarisme, le suffisantisme et le prioritarisme. Puis, je soutiens aussi qu’une telle mesure est efficace d’un point de vue économique, puisqu’elle permet de mieux diffuser les incitations financières, ce qui peut avoir des effets positifs sur la production et la répartition de la richesse. D’abord, je soutiens qu’une richesse maximale respecte le principe fondamental défendu par les libertariens, c’est-à-dire la propriété de soi. Pour ce faire, je m’appuie surtout sur deux arguments : le proviso et la théorie des marchés où le gagnant rafle la mise. D’abord, je montre que si l’on associe les ressources naturelles au capital, l’application d’un proviso au principe d’acquisition interdit l’appropriation illimitée des ressources naturelles, ce qui permet de justifier un capital maximal. Ensuite, je montre que si l’on associe les fruits du travail au revenu, les marchés où le gagnant rafle la mise permettent à certains individus de recevoir des revenus qui sont supérieurs aux fruits de leur travail, ce qui viole par excès le principe de la propriété de soi et permet de justifier un revenu maximal. Ensuite, je soutiens qu’une richesse maximale respecte les principes développés au sein de deux théories faisant partie de la tradition égalitariste : le suffisantisme et le prioritarisme. Pour ce faire, je montre que ces deux théories ne sont acceptables que si elles intègrent une autre théorie que l’on appelle le limitarianisme. Selon cette théorie, toute richesse supérieure à celle dont un individu a besoin pour s’épanouir pleinement dans la vie peut être qualifiée d’immorale. Par conséquent, une telle théorie permet de justifier une richesse maximale, puisqu’elle ajoute un seuil de richesse au seuil de pauvreté que défendent déjà les suffisantistes et les prioritaristes.Enfin, je réponds à l’une des principales objections qui peuvent être soulevées contre une richesse maximale et qui porte sur l’efficacité économique du plafonnement des incitations financières. Je montre en effet qu’une richesse maximale, contrairement à ce que l’on pourrait croire, pourrait avoir des effets positifs sur la production et la distribution de la richesse. Pour ce faire, je m’appuie surtout sur trois arguments. D’abord, les incitations ont une importance surestimée en sciences économiques. Ensuite, il existe plusieurs formes d’incitations qui ne se réduisent nullement aux seules incitations financières. Enfin, il est préférable de diffuser largement les incitations financières plutôt que de les concentrer exagérément auprès d’une minorité d’individus. / In this thesis, I try to establish the normative foundations for a maximum limit on wealth that includes two complementary measures: a maximum on income that can be implemented by means of an income tax, and a maximum on capital, which can be attained through a tax on inheritance; the marginal rate being 100% in both cases. Indeed, I argue that such a measure is fair, since it respects the principles developed in three main theories : libertarianism, sufficientarianism, and prioritarianism. Next, I argue that such a measure is economically efficient, since it allows to better spread financial incentives, which can have positive effects on the production and distribution of wealth. First, I maintain that a maximum limit on wealth respects the fundamental principle defended by libertarians, that is, self-ownership. To do this, I rely mainly on two arguments: the proviso and the theory of winner-takes-all markets. First, I show that if we associate natural resources with capital, the application of a proviso to the principle of acquisition prohibits the unlimited appropriation of natural resources, which justifies a maximum on capital. Then, I show that if the fruits of labor are associated with income, winner-takes-all markets allow certain individuals to receive incomes that are superior to the fruits of their labor, which violates the principle of self-ownership, and thus justifies a maximum on income. Secondly, I maintain that a maximum wealth respects the principles developed within two theories within the egalitarian tradition: those of sufficientarianism and prioritarianism. To do this, I show that these two theories are acceptable only if they integrate another theory named limitarianism. According to this theory, any wealth superior to that which an individual needs to live a flourishing life can be qualified as immoral. Consequently, such a theory makes it possible to justify a maximum wealth, since it adds a wealth threshold to the poverty threshold already defended by sufficientarians, and prioritarians. Finally, I respond to one of the main objections that can be raised against maximum wealth and which deals with the economic efficiency of the capping of financial incentives. In fact, I show that maximum wealth, contrary to what one might believe, could have positive effects on the production and distribution of wealth. To do this, I rely mainly on three arguments. First, incentives are overestimated in economics. Second, there are several forms of incentives that are not limited to financial incentives alone. Finally, it is preferable to disseminate financial incentives widely rather than to exaggeratedly concentrate them on a minority of individuals.
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La causalité chez Henri Bergson : formation d'une pensée au contact des sciences expérimentales / Causality in Henri Bergson : the formation of a thought in contact with the experimental sciences / A causalidade em Henri Bergson : formação de um pensamento em contato com as ciências experimentaisCamolezi, Marcos Daniel 20 April 2017 (has links)
Cette thèse se propose de comprendre la formation et le rôle du concept de causalité dans la philosophie d'Henri Bergson (1859-1941 ), notamment au cours de la période allant de 1889 à 1907. La première partie de ce travail porte sur la redéfinition du concept de causalité dans l'Essai sur les données immédiates de la conscience ( 1889). Dans cet ouvrage, pour que la causalité en général devienne une "causalité psychologique", Bergson interroge l'importance du concept de causalité dans la détermination de l'expérience interne du temps. Il s'agit pour nous de mettre au jour la manière dont ce changement s'opère sur des bases philosophiques fermes. Dans la deuxième partie, nous examinons comment Bergson, quittant la voie de la théorie de la connaissance, s'oriente vers une ontologie de la mémoire fondée sur des bases physiologiques hésitantes, où l'idée du corps occupe une place particulière. Nous nous pencherons dans cette partie sur les détails de cette causalité conçue comme un "sentiment de l'effort''. La troisième et dernière partie de cette thèse présente une réflexion d'ensemble sur les points de vue susmentionnés. On y met en relief l'importance des deux causalités bergsoniennes à travers l'analyse d'un cours inédit de Georges Canguilhem. La manière dont ce dernier valorise la problématique de la causalité dans la philosophie de Bergson est précisément celle que nous adoptons pour tenter de saisir une telle question. Ainsi, la discussion autour des difficultés de l'action matérielle servira de base pour comprendre la spécificité du problème de l'invention technique. / This thesis aims to understand the formation and the role of the causality concept in the philosophy of Henri Bergson (1859-1941 ), notably in the period from 1889 to 1907. Its first part is devoted to exposing the redefinition of causality concept within Time and Consciousness (1889). In this book, a set of statements were assumed by the philosopher so that causality in general becomes a sort of "psychological causality", particularly in order to question the importance of the concept of causality itself in determining the inner experience of time. It is our intent to underscore how this change is operated on a cautious philosophical basis. In the second part of this work, we try to disclose how Bergson abandons the path of the theory of knowledge on behalf of an ontology based on controversial physiological bases, notably regarding the idea of body, which the author presents in Matter and memory (1896). It is from the conceptual unfolding of a causality conceived as the "feeling of effort'' that we are concerned here. Finally, the third part of the thesis presents an overall reflection on the points of view mentioned above. In it, the relevance of the two causalities is highlighted by the analysis of an unpublished course by Georges Canguilhem, in which the problem of causality in Bergson's philosophy is valued according to the way in which we Il)' to understand and reveal it here. Thus, the discussion on the difficulties of material action may represent a prelude to the comprehension of the specificity of the problem of technical invention. / Esta tese tem por objetivo compreender a formação e o papel do conceito de causalidade na filosofia de Henri Bergson (1859-1941), notadamente no período de 1889 a 1907. Sua primeira parte é dedicada à exposição da redefinição do conceito de causalidade dentro do Ensaio sobre os dados imediatos da consciência (1889). Neste livro, para que a causalidade em geral torne-se certa “causalidade psicológica”, uma série de posicionamentos teve de ser tomada pelo filósofo no intuito de questionar a importância de tal conceito na determinação da experiência interna do tempo. É nosso propósito pôr em evidência como essa mudança é operada sobre bases filosóficas seguras. Na segunda parte deste trabalho, procuramos expor como Bergson abandona a via da teoria do conhecimento em prol de uma ontologia fundamentada em bases fisiológicas inseguras, notadamente no que concerne à ideia de corpo que o autor apresenta em Matéria e memória (1896). Do ponto de vista filosófico, sua concepção de subjetividade, definida a partir de um campo de possibilidades, deixa em aberto modo como esse campo transforma-se, em retorno, da possibilidade à realidade. Dito de outro modo, o filósofo garante a especificidade da ação metafísica com precisão filosófica, mas não avança sobre o problema da realização com grau de precisão comparável. Com efeito, em algumas circunstâncias no ínterim de Matéria e memória (1896) e A evolução criadora (1907), Bergson ocupa-se do problema da realização em referência explícita ao próprio problema da causalidade. É dos desdobramentos conceituais desta causalidade concebida como “sentimento do esforço” que nos ocupamos aqui. Por fim, a terceira parte deste trabalho apresenta uma reflexão de conjunto sobre os pontos de vista acima mencionados. Nela, a relevância das duas causalidades é posta em destaque através da análise de um curso inédito de Georges Canguilhem, em que a problemática da causalidade na filosofia de Bergson é valorizada segundo o modo como procuramos entendê-la e expô-la nesta tese. Assim, a discussão das dificuldades da ação material poderá representar um prelúdio à compreensão da especificidade do problema da invenção técnica.
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Les agrochimiques dans le Quindio (Colombie) : analyse axiologique d'un cas de technoscience / Agrochemicals in Quindio (Colombia) : axiological analysis of a technoscientific caseMolina Zapata, Jorge Eliécer 30 October 2017 (has links)
L’implantation de la Révolution verte a transformé les caféières, associant polyculture et élevage, en monocultures en fonction d’agrochimiques de synthèse. Pesticides, engrais et variétés hybrides à haut rendement et résistantes aux phytomaladies sont des dispositifs technoscientifiques au service du forçage des agroécosystèmes. Nous montrons comment le binôme monoculture/agrochimiques de synthèse a plongé les caféiculteurs dans une crise de valeurs, déterminée par un verrouillage technologique qui a emporté dans une spirale de dégradation la santé publique, la biodiversité des agroécosystèmes et la stabilité politique et économique des populations. Nous soulignons aussi comment les pratiques de pilotage des écosystèmes caféiers, proposées par l’agroécologie, favorisent un agencement pluraliste des valeurs et un déblocage du système technique. Cette thèse mène ainsi une analyse axiologique du sujet pluriel de la caféiculture technicisée dans le département colombien du Quindío. / The Green Revolution has transformed the coffee culture, combining mixed farming and breeding, into single-crop farming depending on synthesized agrochemicals. Pesticides, fertilizers, and high yield hybrids varieties resistant to phyto-diseases are technoscientific devices aiming at forcing the agroecosystems. We show how the duo single-crop farming/synthesized agrochemicals has drowned the coffee producers into a value crisis determined by a technological lock down which took in a spiral of deterioration of public health, agroecosystem biodiversity, political and the economic stability of populations. We highlight as well how the steering practices of the coffee ecosystems, offered by agroecology, have favored a pluralist organization of values and unlocked the technical system. Thus, this PhD leads to an axiological analysis of the multi-agent technologized coffee culture in the Colombian department of Quindío.
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Harmonic Vibration Analysis Of Large Structures With Local NonlinearityAbat, Diren 01 February 2009 (has links) (PDF)
With the rapid development in today&rsquo / s technology, reliability and performance requirements on components of various mechanical systems, which tend to be much lighter and work under much more severe working conditions, dramatically increased. In general, analysis techniques based on simplified model of structural components with linearity assumption may provide time saving for solutions with reasonable accuracy. However, since most engineering structures are often very complex and intrinsically nonlinear, in some cases they may behave in a different manner which cannot be fully described by linear mathematical models, or linear treatments may not be applicable at all. In fact, some studies revealed that deviations in the modal properties of dynamic structures gathered from measured data are due to nonlinearities in the structure. Hence, in problems where accuracy is the primary concern, taking the nonlinear effects into account becomes inevitable.
In this thesis, it is aimed to analyze the harmonic response characteristics of multi degree of freedom nonlinear structures having different type of nonlinearities. The amplitude dependencies of nonlinearities are modelled by using describing function method. To increase the accuracy of the results, effect of the higher order harmonic terms will be considered by using multi harmonic describing function theory. Mathematical formulations are embedded in a computer program developed in MATLAB® / with graphical user interface. The program gets the system matricies from the file which is obtained by using substructuring analysis in ANSYS® / , and nonlinearities in the system can easily be defined through the graphical user interface of the MATLAB® / program.
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Sr/Ca- und U/Ca-Thermometrie an Korallen (Porites lutea) aus dem Indischen OzeanWischow, Dirk 04 November 1999 (has links)
No description available.
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論服務分類W/120分類議題之解決途徑 / Effective Solution to GATS W/120 Classification Issues李亞璇, Lee, Ya Shiuan Unknown Date (has links)
烏拉圭回合談判時期,GATT締約成員首次將服務貿易談判納入GATT體系下,為讓談判代表效率地針對服務項目進行服務貿易市場開放之談判,秘書處參考聯合國CPC暫行版的服務分類,提出了W/120。儘管秘書處於「承諾表填寫準則」中明確地指出,成員得以使用W/120以外的方式填寫承諾表,然而,W/120仍成為多數成員填寫承諾表之主要依據。而自WTO成立至今,多數會員仍係依W/120之分類填寫其承諾表。
然而,在這二十年間服務貿易之蓬勃發展下,有些服務已逐漸轉型,亦有些新興的服務項目產生,致使會員開始討論W/120服務分類不足的問題。從會員討論之過程中,得以發現W/120各服務部門幾乎皆存在著不同的分類問題,而亦有不少會員提案建議如何改善之。
相較於目前有些會員選擇以爭端解決的方式處理服務分類之問題,本文更為支持會員主動改善W/120,並且讓一種新分類被會員接受與使用之程度達到目前W/120被使用之程度。本文認為,由於改善W/120此解決方式得以處理的分類問題較個案解釋方式更為廣泛與全面,又得以兼顧會員之需求,設計出最適合會員使用的新分類,以及使新分類維持得更為持久,是故,將分類改善得更為清楚以及更具彈性,不僅得以避免爭端發生,亦得以確保未來談判時會員承諾之穩定性,實為較案例解釋方式更佳之解決途徑。
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Le concept de décision chez Nietzsche / The Concept of Decision in NietzscheDogan, Ibrahim 27 April 2017 (has links)
Cette thèse porte sur la critique et la reconstitution du concept de "décision" chez. Nietzsche. La "nouvelle psychologie" nietzschéenne dont les principes sont établis autour d'une perspective historicisante, démontre que chaque décision humaine relève d'une structure stratifiée et que la chronologie d'une décision singulière déborde celle de l'individu qui «décide». La stratification en tant que caractère essentiel permet de repenser les décisions humaines d'une manière généalogique et de révéler la pluralité, la processualité et la relationnalité dans leurs formations. Nietzsche dégrade le statut de la délibération dans le procès décisionnel, et souligne le caractère "impersonnel" des décisions humaines qui reposent, en général, sur des valeurs et des opinions impersonnelles. D'autre part, il érige l'idée d'une rupture radicale dans l'histoire, engendrée par une "grande décision" estimée comme étant proprement "personnelle". La prise de cette grande décision s'identifie avec l'incorporation de la pensée de l'éternel retour qui se signale comme un critère pour toute décision ultérieure de l'individu. S'appuyant sur les considérations indiquées, cette thèse suggère, de prime abord, une "généalogie de décision" qui donne un schème pour l'examen régressif des décisions singulières dans le cadre de la psychologie nietzschéenne. Deuxièmement, elle vise à éclairer les pré-conditions historiques du passage à une évolution consciente de l'humanité initiée par la grande décision en tant qu'expression cristallisée de la dimension prescriptive de la philosophie nietzschéenne. / This thesis deals with the criticism and the reconstruction of the concept of "decision" in Nietzsche. The Nietzschean "new psychology'", whose principals are established according to a historicizing perspective, demonstrates that each human decision is a stratified structure and that the chronology of a singular decision goes beyond that of the individual who "decides". Stratification as an essential characteristic makes it possible to rethink human decisions in a genealogical way, and to reveal the plurality, the processuality and the relationality in their formations. Nietzsche degrades the status of deliberation in the decision-making process, and emphasizes the "impersonal" nature of hum an decisions that are based, in general, on impersonal values and opinions. On the other band, he introduces the idea of a radical break in history, engendered by a "great decision" considered to be properly "personal". The taking of this great decision is identified with the incorporation of the thought of eternal return that is considered as the criterion for any subsequent decision of the individual. On the basis of these considerations, this thesis suggests, first of all, a "decision genealogy" which gives a schema for the regressive examination of singular decisions within the framework of Nietzschean psychology. Second, it aims to shed light on the historical preconditions of the shift to a conscious evolution of humanity, initiated by the great decision as a crystallized expression of Nietzschean philosophy's prescriptive dimension.
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Robert Schumann's Symphony in D Minor, Op. 120: A Critical Study of Interpretation in the Nineteenth-Century German SymphonyHellner, Jean Marie 05 1900 (has links)
Robert Schumann's D-minor Symphony endured harsh criticism during the second half of the nineteenth century because of misunderstandings regarding his compositional approach to the genre of the symphony; changes in performance practices amplified the problems, leading to charges that Schumann was an inept orchestrator. Editions published by Clara Schumann and Alfred Dörffel as well as performing editions prepared by Woldemar Bargiel and Gustav Mahler reflect ideals of the late nineteenth century that differ markedly from those Schumann advanced in his 1851 autograph and in the Symphony's first publication in 1853. An examination of the manuscript sources and the editions authorized by Schumann reveals that he imbued the Symphony with what he called a "special meaning" in the form of an implied narrative. Although Schumann provided no written account of this narrative, it is revealed in orchestrational devices, particularly orchestration, dynamics, and articulation, many of which have been either altered or suppressed by later editors. A reconsideration of these devices as they are transmitted through the authorized sources permits a rediscovery of the work's special meaning and rectifies long-standing misperceptions that have become entrenched in the general literature concerning Schumann in general and the D-minor Symphony in particular.
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Třífázový DC/AC střídač na malé napětí pro synchronní motor AXi 5345/18 / Three-phase low-voltage DC/AC converter for a synchronous motor AXi 5345/18Popek, Michal January 2008 (has links)
The target of this master's thesis is to describe, design and construct an extra low voltage three-phase DC/AC inverter for the motor AXI 5345/18, which will work in EC motor mode. The inverter is supplied by DC source 24 V. In order to save place, the wiring is designed on three separated printed board circuits. These are connected together by connectors for ribbon cables. The control is done by reverse current loop realized by active electronics and superior circuit MC 33035. The proper wiring of current loop is conformed for both control and testing of jet sensors ACS750. Power electronics of the inverter is realized by potential-free modul GWM 120-0075P3 consisted of 6 mosfet transistors. The designed wiring is not set for the concrete realisation, but it can be used for control of propulsion of the wheel, auxiliary propulsion of engine or in appliances, where servo with worse parameters of control loop is used in a sufficent way and it can be cheaper.
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Le Bodhicaryāvatāra de Śāntideva : une approche non métaphysique de l'éthique / The Bodhicaryāvatāra of Śāntideva : a non metaphysical approach of ethicsLavis, Alexis 01 December 2017 (has links)
Le Bodhicaryāvatāra de Śāntideva, rédigé sans doute au début du VIIIe siècle, représente l’un des textes majeurs du bouddhisme indien tardif. Cet ouvrage fondamental présente la voie ou la pratique d’un nouveau type d’être seulement tendu par le souci d’éveil : le bodhisattva. Cette voie ou cette pratique conduit à s’affranchir, via une éthique méditative et réflexive, de la double croyance illusoire en l’identité réelle, personnelle, intérieure et l’identité réelle des « pragmata » extérieurs – autrement dit du sujet, de l’objet et leurs relations. Cependant, l’éthique, comme la morale d’ailleurs, se fonde sur l’idée d’élévation de soi jusqu’à sa pleine essence. Son sol appartient à l’ontologie, c'est-à-dire à l’interprétation de l’être ou de la présence à partir de la notion d’identité. Comment dès lors comprendre la perspective du Bodhicaryāvatāra qui possède à coup sûr une dimension éthique, tout en récusant radicalement la réalité de quelque chose comme une « nature propre » (svabhāva) qui serait ou non à réaliser ou à actualiser ? C’est impossible tant que l’on se place dans l’horizon métaphysique qui pense à partir et en direction de l’ontologie. La première ambition de cette thèse consiste donc à ménager un espace interprétatif à partir duquel le texte de Śāntideva puisse être reçu et entendu. Cela exige une confrontation avec la tradition philosophique occidentale sous-tendue par cette perspective métaphysique ainsi, évidemment, qu’avec la linguistique comparée. Deux courants de pensée nous sont apparus particulièrement propices à la rencontre : la phénoménologie et la systémique. La seconde ambition de cette thèse est de proposer une nouvelle traduction française du texte sanskrit de Śāntideva, qui se fonde sur les avancées interprétatives mentionnées / The Bodhicaryāvatāra of Śāntideva, probably written in the early eighth century, is one of the major texts of late Indian Buddhism. This fundamental work presents the way or practice of a new type of being, only tensioned by the desire for awakening: the bodhisattva. This path or practice leads to a meditative and reflexive ethic able to eliminate the illusory double belief in the real, personal, inner identity and in the real identity of the external "pragmata" - in other words, the subject, the object and their relations. However, ethics, like morality, is based on the idea of elevation of the self to its full essence. Its ground belongs to ontology, that is to say: the interpretation of being or presence from the notion of identity. How then to understand the perspective of the Bodhicaryāvatāra which certainly has an ethical dimension, while radically rejecting the reality of something like a "self-nature" (svabhāva) that would or should not be realized or actualized? It is impossible, as long as one places oneself in the metaphysical horizon; which considers everything from and towards ontology. The first ambition of this thesis is therefore to provide an interpretative space from which the text of Śāntideva can be received and heard. This requires a confrontation with the Western philosophical tradition underpinned by this metaphysical perspective as well as, of course, with comparative linguistics. Two streams of thought appeared to us particularly conducive to the meeting: phenomenology and systemic. The second ambition of this thesis is to propose a new French translation of the Śāntideva’s text from Sanskrit, which is based on the mentioned interpretative advances.
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