Introdução: A epilepsia pode ser considerada uma desordem neurológica causada pela anormalidade da transmissão de impulsos nervosos, devido ao aumento da excitação nervosa e/ou diminuição da sua inibição. Dentre as síndromes epilépticas, destaca-se a Epilepsia do Lobo Temporal Mesial (ELTM) devido a sua alta prevalência e refratariedade ao tratamento medicamentoso. Com intuito de implementar novas possibilidades de tratamento torna-se necessário uma maior compreensão das bases moleculares da ELTM. Dentro desta perspectiva, destacam-se os microRNAs, que possuem papel regulatório nas células, inclusive as do Sistema Nervoso Central. Com base em dados da literatura e num experimento de microarray, realizado no laboratório de Biologia Molecular do Departamento de Cirurgia e Anatomia da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, foram escolhidos 3 dos 10 microRNAs, cujos alvos preditos estão relacionados à epileptogênese e que se apresentam diferencialmente expressos em hipocampos de pacientes com ELTM. Objetivos: avaliar a expressão diferencial de três microRNAs de interesse em hipocampos de pacientes operados por ELTM refratária ao tratamento clínico a fim de correlacionar os resultados em relação aos controles das crises epilépticas após a cirurgia. Metodologia: Foram utilizadas 15 amostras de hipocampo de pacientes com ELTM classificados como Engel I (boa evolução - nenhuma ou poucas crises convulsivas após lobectomia temporal parcial) e 15 amostras de hipocampos de pacientes classificados como Engel III/IV (má evolução - sem melhora evidente após tratamento cirúrgico). Como controles, foram utilizadas 10 amostras de hipocampo de pacientes sem doenças neurológicas, obtidas de necropsias do Serviço de Patologia do Hospital das Clínicas de Ribeirão Preto (HCFMRP). Por meio de técnica de PCR quantitativo em tempo real (RT-qPCR) foram realizadas as avaliações das expressões diferenciais dos seguintes microRNAs: miR-184, miR-190a-5p e miR-493-3p. Resultados: Em relação aos controles, o miR-184 e o miR190a-5p apresentaram-se, respectivamente, com redução significativa (p = 0,001) e com tendência a baixa expressão (p = 0,24) nos hipocampos de pacientes com ELTM. No que se refere ao controle das crises, o miR-184 apresentou-se significativamente mais expresso nos hipocampos de pacientes com pior evolução (Engel III/IV vs Engel I, p = 0,003). A expressão do miR-493-3p não se correlacionou com o controle de crises com significância estatística. Conclusão: Dentro os microRNAs avaliados, a expressão do miR-184, que possui importante papel na regulação de componentes celulares relacionados a apoptose e morte celular, correlacionou-se inversamente com o controle das crises após cirurgia (mais expresso em pacientes com má evolução) tornando-se potencial biomarcador e com valor preditivo / Introduction: Epilepsy is a neurological disorder caused by nerve impulse transmission abnormalities, by increasing nerve excitation and/or decreasing nerve inhibition. Among the epileptic syndromes, one of the most important ones is Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (MTLE) due to its high prevalence and resistance to drug treatment. A greater understanding of the epilepsy molecular basis is necessary aiming to implement new treatments possibilities. Within this field of study, it is possible to highlight the microRNA molecules, which have a regulatory role in cell regulation including in the Central Nervous System (CNS). Based on literature data and in an microarray experiment, performed in the Anatomy and Surgery Departament Molecular Biology laboratory of the Ribeirao Preto Medical School, we have chosen three out of ten microRNAs, with predicted targets related to epileptogenesis and that presented themselves differencially expressed in patients hippocampus with MTLE. Objective: To evaluate three microRNAs of interest which were differentially expressed in the hippocampus of MTLE drug-resistant operated patients in order to correlate the results with the clinical evolution based on the seizures control after surgery. Methodology: Fifteen hippocampus samples from patients with MTLE classified as Engel I (good evolution - without seizures or few seizures after surgical resection) and 15 samples from patients classified as Engel III/IV (bad evolution - no evident improvement after surgery) were used in this study. In the control group, we used ten samples of hippocampus fragments from patients without neurological diseases, that were obtained from the Ribeirao Preto Clinical Hospital Pathology and Legal Medicine Service. The differential expression validation from microRNAs-184, -190a-5p and -493-3p were performed by quantitative real time PCR (RT-qPCR) technique. Results: Regarding the controls, miR-184 and miR- 190a-5p showed, respectively, a significant expression reduction (p=0,001) and a decreased expression tendency (p=0,24) in MTLE patients. If we consider seizure control, miR-184 presented itself significantly upregulated in bad evolution hippocampus patients (Engel III/IV vs Engel I, p=0,003). miR-493-3p did not show expression differences with statistical significance. Conclusions: After evaluating the expression of these microRNAs, it was possible to conclude that microRNA-184, which regulates cellular death and apoptosis related components, was the best molecule that could differentiate the patients regarding seizure control after surgery, and that fact makes this microRNA a potential biomarker with predictive value

La philosophie de Socrate selon Platon se structure autour de six termes : la Forme, l'âme, l'ignorance, la science, la vertu et la dialectique. En effet, l'âme, immortelle, est la source de tous les biens et de tous les maux, parce qu'elle est le principe du mouvement spontané et par conséquent la cause première de tous les mouvements aussi bien intellectifs que sensitifs et physiques. Cela étant, rendre justes la cité et les citoyens, c'est avant tout rendre juste leur âme. Or, comment rendre meilleure une âme, si l'on ne connaît pas la cause même des biens et celle des maux ? Dans les premiers dialogues, Socrate philosophe contre l'ignorance qui est la cause du vice, lequel prive l'âme de la vertu. Dans les dialogues tardifs, Socrate philosophe pour la science, c'est-à-dire la connaissance de ce qui est, qui est la source même de la vertu. Or comment connaître ce qui est, si la réalité ou l'être ne cesse de changer? De là vient la nécessité de l'existence des réalités intelligibles qui sont universelles et immuables auxquelles participent les réalités sensibles qui sont particulières et changeantes. Une question se pose : si la réfutation est le moyen, à travers le dialogue, de faire apparaître l'ignorance, quel est le moyen de connaître ce qui est ? Ce moyen, c'est la dialectique qui permet, à travers le dialogue, de se remémorer des réalités véritables que l'âme eut jadis contemplées. / According to Plata, the philosophy of Socrates is structured around six terms: Form, soul, ignorance, knowledge, virtue, and dialectics. The soul, which is immortal, is the source of all goods and all evils, since it is the principle of spontaneous movement, and consequently the first cause of all movements, whether intellective, sensitive, or physical. Therefore, to make the city and its citizens just means, above all, making their soul just. Yet how can a soul be made better if one does not know the very cause of what is good and what is bad? ln the first dialogues, Socrates philosophizes against ignorance as the cause of vice, which deprives the soul of virtue. ln the late dialogues, Socrates philosophizes in favor of knowledge, that is, the knowledge of that which is, which is the very source of virtue. Yet how can one know that which is, if reality or being never cease changing? Hence the need for the existence of intelligible realities that are universal and immutable, in which sensible realities, which are particular and changing, participate. A question arises: if refutation is the means of revealing ignorance through dialogue, what is the means for knowing that which is? The answer is dialectic, which, through dialogue, allows one to recall the genuine realities which the soul once contemplated.

Denoising signals is an important task of digital signal processing. Many linear and non-linear methods for signal denoising have been developed. Wavelet based denoising is the most famous nonlinear denoising method lately. In the linear case, Kalman filter is famous for its easy implementation and real-time nature. Wavelet- Kalman filter developed lately is an important improvement over Kalman filter, in which the Kalman filter operates in the wavelet domain, filtering the wavelet coeffi- cients, and resulting in the filtered wavelet transform of the signal in real-time. The real-time filtering and multiresolution representation is a powerful feature for many real world applications. This study explains in detail the derivation and implementation of Real-Time Wavelet-Kalman Filter method to remove noise from signals in real-time. The filter is enhanced to use different wavelet types than the Haar wavelet, and also it is improved to operate on higer block sizes than two. Wavelet shrinkage is integrated to the filter and it is shown that by utilizing this integration more noise suppression is obtainable. A user friendly application is developed to import, filter and export signals in Java programming language. And finally, the applicability of the proposed method to suppress noise from seismic waves coming from eartquakes and to enhance spontaneous potentials measured from groundwater wells is also shown.

In this work, we study some generalized multipartite access structures and linear secret sharing schemes for their realizations. Given a multipartite set of participants with m compartments (or levels) and m conditions to be satisfied by an authorized set, we firstly examine the intermediary access structures arousing from the natural case concerning that any c out of m of these conditions suffice, instead of requiring anyone or all of the m conditions simultaneously, yielding to generalizations for both the compartmented and hierarchical cases. These are realized essentially by employing a series of Lagrange interpolations and a simple frequently-used connective tool called access structure product, as well as some known constructions for existing ideal schemes. The resulting schemes are non-ideal but perfect. We also consider nested multipartite access structures, where we let a compartment to be defined within another, so that the access structure is composed of some multipartite substructures. We extend formerly employed bivariate interpolation techniques to multivariate interpolation, in order to realize such access structures. The generic scheme we consider is perfect with a high probability such as 1-O(1/q) on a finite field F_q. In particular, we propose a non-nested generalization for the conventional compartmented access structures, which depicts a stronger way of controlling the additional participants.

Η παρούσα εργασία καταπιάνεται με το μύθο και τη διαλεκτική όπως αυτά παρουσιάζονται σε συγκεκριμένους διαλόγους του Πλάτωνα. Στο πρώτο μέρος δίνεται ένα γενικό σχεδιάγραμμα για το μύθο όπως αυτός νοούταν πριν και μετά από τον Πλάτωνα αλλά και στον τρόπο που ο Πλάτωνας κατηγοριοποίησε στην Πολιτεία του, τους μύθους. Ιδιαίτερη σημασία δίνεται στην προσέγγιση του μύθου ως λόγου και στα στοιχεία που εν γένει διακρίνουν έναν μύθο από ένα λόγο με επιχειρήματα. Ακολούθως, εξετάζεται η διαλεκτική και οι δύο σημαντικότερες προσεγγίσεις της στην πλατωνική φιλοσοφία, δίνοντας περισσότερη έμφαση στον τρόπο παρουσίασης της, στην Πολιτεία, στον Φαίδρο, στον Φίληβο, στο Σοφιστή, και στον Πολιτικό. Η συνοπτική παρουσίαση της διαλεκτικής που επιχειρείται σε αυτή την εργασία, έχει σαν στόχο της, να μπορέσει ο αναγνώστης να διακρίνει τις γνωσιολογικές και μεταφυσικές διαφορές ανάμεσα στον μύθο και τη διαλεκτική του Πλάτωνα. Επίσης, χρησιμεύει στο να προετοιμαστεί ο αναγνώστης για την ερμηνευτική προσέγγιση των τριών μύθων που έπεται, η οποία επικεντρώνεται στη σχέση μύθου και λόγου. Επιλέξαμε τρείς επειδή δεν θα ήταν δυνατό να μελετήσουμε εδώ το σύνολο των μύθων του Πλάτωνα. Συγκεκριμένα, επιλέξαμε τον μύθο του Ηρός από την Πολιτεία, τον μύθο των κοσμικών περιόδων από τον Πολιτικό και τον μύθο της Ατλαντίδας όπως παρουσιάζεται στον Τίμαιο. Οι τρεις συγκεκριμένοι μύθοι επιλέχθηκαν για δύο κυρίως λόγους: αφενός διότι καθένας τους ανήκει σε διαφορετική κατηγορία μύθων και αφετέρου διότι καθένας τους βρίσκεται σε διαφορετικό σημείο του διαλόγου στον οποίο τον συναντάμε. Ειδικότερα, ο μύθος του Ηρός είναι εσχατολογικός και τον συναντάμε στο τέλος της Πολιτείας, ο μύθος από τον Πολιτικό είναι κοσμολογικός και βρίσκεται στη μέση του διαλόγου και ο μύθος της Ατλαντίδας είναι ψευδο-ιστορικός και βρίσκεται στην αρχή του Τίμαιου. Εδώ, επιχειρείται μια σύντομη παρουσίαση αυτών των τριών, κυρίως υπό το πρίσμα της διάκρισης μύθου και διαλεκτικής. Συγκεκριμένα, εξετάζεται κατά πρώτον, σε ποιο σημείο του κάθε διαλόγου εισάγεται έκαστος εκ των τριών μύθων και για ποιους λόγους. Κατά δεύτερον, δίδεται εν συντομία το περιεχόμενο του, στη συνέχεια ακολουθεί μια ερμηνευτική προσέγγιση και εν τέλει μια συμπερασματική εκτίμηση για το πώς ο κάθε μύθος συμβάλλει στο σύνολο του διαλόγου, του οποίου αποτελεί μέρος. Εν κατακλείδι, παρουσιάζονται κάποια συμπεράσματα που προκύπτουν από το σύνολο της παρούσας διπλωματικής εργασίας, αναφορικά με τα στοιχεία που διακρίνουν το μύθο από τη διαλεκτική στο πλατωνικό έργο. / In this paper, three of the myths of Plato are presented : the myth of Er, myth of Statesman and myth of Atlantis. The myths of Plato are presented in comparison but in relation too with his dialectics. However, before the intepretation of those three myths a brief but enlighting presentation of myth before and after Plato was attempted as well as his dialectic in particulars Platonic dialogues such as Republic, The Statesman, The Philibus, The Sophist and The Phaedrus. At the end of this paper some conclusions are presented in accordance with the content of the earlier chapters.

On considère souvent que le projet de fondation d’une rhétorique philosophique chez Platon ne s’effectue que dans les dialogues du Phèdre et des Lois. Pourtant, la puissance du Gorgias tient dans le fait qu’il articule à la fois l’appréhension du nouveau phénomène social, politique, éducatif que représente la rhétorique, sa critique et sa refondation par le philosophe idéal, Socrate, tout en apportant un nouvel éclairage à l’histoire d’Athènes. Le présent travail propose d’en faire l’étude en accordant une attention particulière au mouvement du dialogue et aux différents visages de la rhétorique qu’incarnent les personnages. On discernera trois étapes fondamentales dans le dialogue : la réception, la réfutation et la refondation dialectique de la rhétorique qui sont finalement reproduites à une échelle plus réduite et métaphorique dans le mythe eschatologique qui conclut l’œuvre. / We often consider that the Platonic project of founding a philosophical rhetoric is carried out only in the Phaedrus and the Laws. However, the force of the Gorgias lies at once in its presentation of the new social, political, and pedagogical phenomenon of rhetoric, the dialogue’s critique and refoundation of this new phenomenon by the ideal philosopher, Socrates, as well as the light it sheds on the history of Athens. The following study proposes to examine these features of the Gorgias by affording a particular attention to the movement of the dialogue and to the different faces of rhetoric embodied by its characters. We will set out three fundamental steps in the dialogue: the reception, refutation, and dialectical refoundation of rhetoric, which are finally reproduced metaphorically, though on a smaller scale, in the eschatological myth that concludes the work.

On examine ici deux concepts fondamentaux touchant la genèse et la structure du système platonicien, en proposant de les rapporter à deux modèles empruntés à la mathématique ancienne. Le premier est un postulat, usuellement désigné sous le nom d’axiome d’Eudoxe – Archimède, le second un algorithme de calcul : l’anthyphérèse. Tous deux ressortissent à la théorie mathématique développée par Théétète à la suite des travaux logistiques de Théodore ; il a semblé que leur articulation constituait le socle théorique de la réponse platonicienne à la thèse protagoréenne de l’homo mensura. On a suggéré de replacer cette dernière dans le cadre d’une polémique ancienne regardant la consistance du concept mathématique de mesure, dont la notion naïve fut remise en cause par la découverte successive des rapports incommensurables puis d’ensembles non–archimédiens : les angles mixtilignes. Cela impliquait de réexaminer les rapports possibles entre mathématiques et sophistique : on a choisi à cet effet l’exemple de la quadratrice d’Hippias d’Élis. Il convenait aussi d’envisager la liaison étroite qu’entretiennent la dialectique platonicienne et cette science métrétique rénovée que Platon nomme «juste mesure». On a tenté de montrer comment celle-ci pouvait informer certains procédés de celle-là, à partir de l’étude de quelques passages des dialogues qui jalonnent la dernière période de Platon. La théorie de la division appliquée aux Idées, comme l’analyse et la constitution des mixtes cosmologique, politique et individuel ont ainsi paru pouvoir être examinées dans le cadre de cette hypothèse. / Two mathematical notions seem to structure Plato’s theory of measure. The first one is a postulate, usually known as the “Eudoxus axiom”, the other an algorithm called “anthuphairesis”. Both of them belonged to the mathematical theory developed by Theaetetus expanding Theodorus’ logistics. The main hypothesis of this work is that they constitute the core of Plato’s response against the Homo mensura thesis elaborated by Protagoras. We have thus proposed to replace Protagoras’ theory in the enlarged context of a serious crisis affecting the logical consistency of the mathematical notion of measure, provoked by the discovery of incommensurable magnitudes as well as non–Archimedean sets, exemplified by mixtilinear angles. This implied to examine anew the links between ancient sophistic and mathematics, and particularly Plato’s critics against Hippias’ quadratrix. It was also required to study the close relation between platonic dialectic and the new art of measurement exposed by Plato in the Statesman. Thus, by studying some passages mainly taken from Plato’s last dialogues, an attempt has been made to show how the higher art of measurement could inform dialectics. Plato’s theory of division, as well as the analysis and the generation of the mixed structures which constitute the universe, the city and the individual man have thus been tentatively reduced to this model.

All procedures in the literature for decomposing symmetric second rank (stress) tensor and symmetric fourth rank (elastic constant) tensor are elaborated and compared which have many engineering and scientific applications for anisotropic materials. The decomposition methods for symmetric second rank tensors are orthonormal tensor basis method, complex variable representation and spectral method. For symmetric fourth rank (elastic constant) tensor, there are four mainly decomposition methods namely as, orthonormal tensor basis, irreducible, harmonic decomposition and spectral. Those are applied to anisotropic materials possessing various symmetry classes which are isotropic, cubic, transversely isotropic, tetragonal, trigonal and orthorhombic. For isotropic materials, an expression for the elastic constant tensor different than the traditionally known form is given. Some misprints found in the literature are corrected. For comparison purposes, numerical examples of each decomposition process are presented for the materials possessing different symmetry classes. Some applications of these decomposition methods are given. Besides, norm and norm ratio concepts are introduced to measure and compare the anisotropy degree for various materials with the same or di&curren / erent symmetries. For these materials,norm and norm ratios are calculated. It is suggested that the norm of a tensor may be used as a criterion for comparing the overall e&curren / ect of the properties of anisotropic materials and the norm ratios may be used as a criterion to represent the anisotropy degree of the properties of materials. Finally, comparison of all methods are done in order to determine similarities and differences between them. As a result of this comparison process, it is proposed that the spectral method is a non-linear decomposition method which yields non-linear orthogonal decomposed parts. For symmetric second rank and fourth rank tensors, this case is a significant innovation in decomposition procedures in the literature.

Το ζήτημα της γνώσης φαίνεται να απασχολεί τον Πλάτωνα από τους πρώιμους διαλόγους. Στα περισσότερα έργα της πρώιμης συγγραφικής του περιόδου θέτει στους συνομιλητές του ερωτήματα που αφορούν στην εύρεση της ουσίας εννοιών όπως είναι η αρετή και η δικαιοσύνη. Αυτά τα ερωτήματα παίρνουν συνήθως τη μορφή «τι είναι το χ;» ή «τι είναι χ;». Μπορεί στα πρώτα έργα του Πλάτωνα να προκύπτουν ζητήματα μεθόδου ως προς την απόκτηση της γνώσης της ουσίας των πραγμάτων αλλά δεν προτείνεται μια θεωρία της γνώσης ούτε φαίνεται να απασχολεί τον Πλάτωνα το πώς η γνώση γενικά αποκτάται. Ακόμα, ούτε ενδείξεις για το πως συνδέεται με άλλες λειτουργίες όπως είναι η αίσθηση, η σκέψη και η γνώμη έχουμε. Από τον Μένωνα και έπειτα, όμως, ο Πλάτων καταπιάνεται και με ερωτήματα σχετικά με την ίδια τη γνώση. Η εξέλιξη της σκέψης του προφανώς δημιουργεί την ανάγκη να απαντήσει στο πώς είναι δυνατόν να έχουμε γενικώς γνώση και πώς η γνώση συνδέεται με την αληθή γνώμη (ορθή δόξα). Αυτές οι ερωτήσεις επιδέχονται συστηματικής εξέτασης, στην οποία θα προβούμε όσο γίνεται περισσότερο στο παρόν κείμενο εστιάζοντας σε τρεις διαλόγους που προέρχονται από τις τρεις συγγραφικές περιόδους της πλατωνικής συγγραφής αντίστοιχα. Αυτοί είναι: ο Μένων που συγκαταλέγεται στα έργα της πρώιμης συγγραφικής περιόδου , η Πολιτεία που είναι ένα από τα έργα της μέσης περιόδου και ο Θεαίτητος που θεωρείται έργο της ύστερης συγγραφικής περιόδου του Πλάτωνα. Πρόθεση μας εδώ είναι να αναπτύξουμε όσο το δυνατόν πιο επαρκώς και ολοκληρωμένα τα επιχειρήματα του Πλάτωνα όσον αφορά στη γνώση και στην διάκριση της από την δόξα, που γίνεται σε αυτούς τους διαλόγους, να δούμε σταδιακά την εξέλιξη της σκέψης του όσον αφορά σε αυτά τα ζητήματα και να εξετάσουμε το κατά πόσο ο Πλάτων καταφέρνει να δώσει έναν ορισμό για τη γνώση. / Knowledge is considered by Plato as an important issue and preoccupies him from the very beggining of his philosophical career. In the earlier works however he does not refer to it directly but he is occupied with matters of method and knowledge of the essence of things, such as justice and beauty. The matter of knowledge is becoming more crucial from the Meno and afterwards where Plato grapples with questions considering the essence of knowledge as such. In this paper we are trying to follow Plato's thought from Meno to Theautetus regarding knowledge, focusing in the distinction between knowledge and belief.

Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales) / Autor no autoriza el acceso a texto completo de su documento