3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution) is a project of the Third Generation Partnership Project to improve the UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) mobile phone standard to cope with future technology evolutions. Two duplex schemes FDD and TDD are investigated in this thesis. Several computational intensive components of the baseband processing for LTE uplink such as synchronization, channel estimation, equalization, soft demapping, turbo decoding is analyzed. Cost analysis is hardware independent so that only computational complexity is considered in this thesis. Hardware dependent discussion for LTE baseband SDR platform is given according the analysis results.

The Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is a signaling protocol for IP-based media services that will be the de facto standard for future media-over-IP services. Since SIP User Agents (UAs) support a limited number of service types (usually one or two), we assume that the future user will need to operate several UAs simultaneously. These UAs will constitute the user's personal service network. In this thesis, we investigate architectures for policy-based management of this network so that it can be used in an efficient manner. To achieve this, we propose a new SIP entity, called the SIP Service Manager (SSM), which lies in the core of the management system. Finally, we evaluate our proposal by implementing one version of the SIP Service Manager. / Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) är ett signaleringsprotokoll för IP-baserade mediatjänster som kommer att bli "de facto"-standard för framtida "media-över-IP"-tjänster. Då SIP User Agents (UAs) stöder ett begränsat antal typer av tjänster (oftast en eller två), antar vi att framtida användare kommer att behöva använda sig av flera UAs samtidigt. Dessa UAs utgör en användares personliga tjänstenätverk. I denna rapport, undersöker vi arkitekturer för policybaserad hantering (management) av detta nätverk, så att det kan användas effektivt. För att uppnå detta, föreslår vi en ny SIP-enhet, kallad SIP Service Manager (SSM), som är placerad i kärnan av hanteringssystemet. Slutligen utvärderar vi vår föreslagna lösning genom att implementera en version av en SIP Service Manager.

Cellular Internet of Things (CIoT) has emerged as a promising technology to support applications that generate infrequent data. One requirement on these applications, often battery-powered devices, is low energy consumption to enable extended battery life. Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) is a promising technology for IoT due to its low power consumption, which is essential for devices that need to run on battery power for extended periods. However, the current battery life of NB-IoT devices is only a few years, which is insufficient for many applications. This thesis investigates the impact of energy-saving mechanisms standardized by 3GPP on battery life of NB-IoT devices. The main research objective is to classify and analyze existing energy-saving solutions for CIoT and examine their limitations, to study the impact of standardized energy-saving mechanisms on the battery life of NB-IoT devices, both in isolation and combined, and to provide guidelines on how to configure NB-IoT devices to reduce energy consumption efficiently. The research aims to provide a deeper understanding of the effect of energy-saving mechanisms and best practices to balance energy efficiency and performance of NB-IoT devices. Applying the proposed solutions makes it possible to achieve a battery life of 10~years or more for CIoT devices.

Background: The growing needs of communications have a higher demand for data and stream-less services for the users. A unique physical cell identity (PCI) is assigned to transfer data between the cellular base station (gNB) and user equipment (UE). It is used to transmit the data to multiple users simultaneously. In this thesis, a heuristic algorithm is generated, aided by an unsupervised machine learning approach to improve the PCI allocation of a cell for better 5G services such as connectivity and speed.  Objectives: Firstly, performing a literature review to find the appropriate performance metrics to compare both K-means and density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) technique on the PCI allocation data provided by Ericsson. Next, the better-clustering method along with heuristic algorithm was implemented to generate a efficient PCI planning. Later, compare the results of previous planning (existing PCI planning approach), proposed planning (results of using the generated heuristic algorithm) based on the ideal planning derived from the experts.  Methods: The literature review is conducted for determining the best metrics for the clustering algorithms mentioned in the objectives. With the use of unsupervised learning the PCI allocation data is clustered based on its distance and neighbors. Subsequently the clusters are used in the heuristic algorithm. The results of proposed planning are compared with previous planning.  Results: The literature review indicated that the silhouette coefficient and davies-bouldin index are most suitable metrics for comparing the clustering algorithms mentioned in the objectives. These two metrics are used to determine the best performing clustering algorithm. The clustering results were given as input for heuristic algorithm to generate a PCI planning. Then, the results stated that the proposed planning is better than previous planning and decreased nearly 70% collisions in the areas: Fresno, San Francisco and San Jose compared to the previous planning. Conclusions: The main goal of this study is to achieve a better PCI planning that can accommodate many users and achieve better 5G services. This PCI planning is helpful for the company to utilize its resources efficiently.

Robust signal acquisition is an important task in DS-SS receivers. The objective of the acquisition is to coarsely estimate the signal parameters such that the succeeding parameter tracking algorithms can be initialized. In particular, acquisition is needed to coarsely synchronize the receiver to the timing and frequency of the received signal. For this purpose mainly data aided and feedforward algorithms are applied. Using the maximum likelihood (ML) criterion, an estimator for the joint estimation of receive timing and frequency offset can be derived which determines the maximum of the Likelihood function over the whole parameter uncertainty region. Due to its high complexity the ML synchronizer is difficult to implement for practical applications. Hence, complexity reduced algorithms need to be derived. This thesis gives a systematic survey of acquisition algorithms and of performance analysis methods for analyzing such algorithms under mobile radio propagation conditions. The exploitation of multiple observations is investigated in order to improve the acquisition performance in terms of false alarm rate and acquisition time. In particular, optimal and suboptimal combining schemes for a fixed observation interval as well as sequential utilization of successive observations resulting in a variable observation length are analyzed. Another possibility to make the signal acquisition more efficient in terms of the acquisition time is to use multi stage acquisition algorithms. One class of those algorithms are the well known multiple dwell algorithms. A different approach is to design acquisition procedures in which the information about the unknown parameters is distributed among several stages such that each stage has to cope with a smaller uncertainty region in comparison to the overall parameter uncertainty. Analysis of multi stage algorithms followed by an extensive discussion of the 3GPP FDD downlink acquisition procedure as an example of a multi stage procedure with distributed information conclude the work. / Die zuverlässige Signalakquisition, die auch als Grobsynchronisation bezeichnet wird, stellt eine wichtige Aufgabe in DS-SS-Systemen dar. Das Ziel hierbei ist es, Schätzwerte fur die Übertragungsparameter derart zu bestimmen, dass die der Grobsynchronisation nachfolgende Feinsynchronisation initialisiert werden kann, d. h. dass die bestimmten Schätzwerte innerhalb des Fangbereiches der Feinsynchronisationsalgorithmen liegen. Insbesondere ist es für die Bestimmung von Synchronisationszeitpunkt und Frequenzversatz sinnvoll, eine Grobsynchronisation durchzuführen. Im Interesse einer begrenzten Komplexität sowie einer möglichst schnellen Akquisition finden vor allem datengestützte und vorwärtsverarbeitende Algorithmen Anwendung. Ausgehend vom Maximum-Likelihood-Kriterium (ML-Kriterium) können geeignete Schätzer für die gemeinsame Bestimmung von Synchronisationszeitpunkt und Frequenzversatz abgeleitet werden. Dabei ist das Maximum der Likelihood-Funktion innerhalb der Parameterunsicherheitsregion zu bestimmen. Aufgrund seiner hohen Komplexität ist der ML-Schatzer fur die Akquisition wenig geeignet; vielmehr müssen aufwandsgünstige Algorithmen mit ausreichender Leistungsfähigkeit gefunden werden. In dieser Arbeit werden verschiedene Algorithmen zur Parameterakquisition systematisierend gegenübergestellt. Weiterführend sind Verfahren zur Verbesserung des Akquisitionsverhaltens bezüglich Fehlalarm-Wahrscheinlichkeit und Akquisitionszeit unter Ausnutzung mehrfacher Beobachtung Gegenstand der Betrachtungen. Insbesondere optimale und suboptimale Verfahren mit fester Beobachtungsdauer sowie die sequentielle Auswertung aufeinander folgender Beobachtungen, bei der sich die Beobachtungsdauer nach der erreichten Entscheidungssicherheit bestimmt, werden analysiert. Als eine weitere Möglichkeit, die Signalakquisition in Bezug auf die Akquisitionszeit effizienter zu gestalten, werden mehrstufige Akquisitionsverfahren diskutiert. Es werden zum einen die häufig genutzten Mehrfach-Dwell-Algorithmen sowie mehrstufige Algorithmen mit verteilter Information betrachtet. Bei Letzteren Algorithmen wird jeder Akquisitionsstufe ein Teil der zur Synchronisation benötigten Information zugeordnet, wodurch sich die Parameter-Unsicherheit für jede einzelne Stufe verringert. Ziel hierbei ist es, durch Erhöhung der Entscheidungssicherheit der einzelnen Stufen die mittlere Akquisitionszeit zu reduzieren. Die Diskussion und die Analyse von mehrstufigen Akquisitionsverfahren bilden den Abschluss der Arbeit, wobei besonders auf die 3GPP-FDD Downlink-Akquisition als ein Beispiel fur mehrstufige Verfahren mit verteilter Information eingegangen wird.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:37:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BRUNO FERRAZ IZARIO.pdf: 4620887 bytes, checksum: bd842cabfdadb0bcb55e0ea548c9fba5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-28 / The Long Term Evolution (LTE) system belongs to the 4th generation phone system. It is standardized by 3GPP and utilizes several technologies to improve the performance of data transmission. This permits flexibility for mobile devices, which enables a high data rate in the range of 50 Mbps to 100 Mbps, and admit access to various multimedia services. The study presents the results of deploying an LTE network in the city of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil, using the 700 MHz band by comparing it to the 2.5 GHz band. By calculating the budget for the LTE system link is information as possible to highlight throughput and cell coverage radius, and other information. The Radio Mobile software was used for verification of results. / O sistema Long Term Evolution (LTE) pertence ao sistema da 4ª geração de telefonia (4G). Ele é padronizado pelo 3GPP e utiliza diversas tecnologias para melhorar o desempenho de transmissão de dados. O mesmo permite uma flexibilidade para dispositivos móveis, possibilitando uma alta taxa de dados na faixa de 50 Mbps a 100 Mbps, além de admitir acesso a diversos serviços multimídias. O estudo apresenta resultados de implantação de uma rede LTE na cidade de Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil, utilizando a faixa de 700 MHz comparando-a com a faixa de 2,5 GHz. Através do cálculo de link budget para o sistema LTE, é possível destacar informações como throughput e raio da célula de cobertura, além de outras informações. O software radio mobile foi utilizado para fins de comprovação de resultados.

Robust signal acquisition is an important task in DS-SS receivers. The objective of the acquisition is to coarsely estimate the signal parameters such that the succeeding parameter tracking algorithms can be initialized. In particular, acquisition is needed to coarsely synchronize the receiver to the timing and frequency of the received signal. For this purpose mainly data aided and feedforward algorithms are applied. Using the maximum likelihood (ML) criterion, an estimator for the joint estimation of receive timing and frequency offset can be derived which determines the maximum of the Likelihood function over the whole parameter uncertainty region. Due to its high complexity the ML synchronizer is difficult to implement for practical applications. Hence, complexity reduced algorithms need to be derived. This thesis gives a systematic survey of acquisition algorithms and of performance analysis methods for analyzing such algorithms under mobile radio propagation conditions. The exploitation of multiple observations is investigated in order to improve the acquisition performance in terms of false alarm rate and acquisition time. In particular, optimal and suboptimal combining schemes for a fixed observation interval as well as sequential utilization of successive observations resulting in a variable observation length are analyzed. Another possibility to make the signal acquisition more efficient in terms of the acquisition time is to use multi stage acquisition algorithms. One class of those algorithms are the well known multiple dwell algorithms. A different approach is to design acquisition procedures in which the information about the unknown parameters is distributed among several stages such that each stage has to cope with a smaller uncertainty region in comparison to the overall parameter uncertainty. Analysis of multi stage algorithms followed by an extensive discussion of the 3GPP FDD downlink acquisition procedure as an example of a multi stage procedure with distributed information conclude the work. / Die zuverlässige Signalakquisition, die auch als Grobsynchronisation bezeichnet wird, stellt eine wichtige Aufgabe in DS-SS-Systemen dar. Das Ziel hierbei ist es, Schätzwerte fur die Übertragungsparameter derart zu bestimmen, dass die der Grobsynchronisation nachfolgende Feinsynchronisation initialisiert werden kann, d. h. dass die bestimmten Schätzwerte innerhalb des Fangbereiches der Feinsynchronisationsalgorithmen liegen. Insbesondere ist es für die Bestimmung von Synchronisationszeitpunkt und Frequenzversatz sinnvoll, eine Grobsynchronisation durchzuführen. Im Interesse einer begrenzten Komplexität sowie einer möglichst schnellen Akquisition finden vor allem datengestützte und vorwärtsverarbeitende Algorithmen Anwendung. Ausgehend vom Maximum-Likelihood-Kriterium (ML-Kriterium) können geeignete Schätzer für die gemeinsame Bestimmung von Synchronisationszeitpunkt und Frequenzversatz abgeleitet werden. Dabei ist das Maximum der Likelihood-Funktion innerhalb der Parameterunsicherheitsregion zu bestimmen. Aufgrund seiner hohen Komplexität ist der ML-Schatzer fur die Akquisition wenig geeignet; vielmehr müssen aufwandsgünstige Algorithmen mit ausreichender Leistungsfähigkeit gefunden werden. In dieser Arbeit werden verschiedene Algorithmen zur Parameterakquisition systematisierend gegenübergestellt. Weiterführend sind Verfahren zur Verbesserung des Akquisitionsverhaltens bezüglich Fehlalarm-Wahrscheinlichkeit und Akquisitionszeit unter Ausnutzung mehrfacher Beobachtung Gegenstand der Betrachtungen. Insbesondere optimale und suboptimale Verfahren mit fester Beobachtungsdauer sowie die sequentielle Auswertung aufeinander folgender Beobachtungen, bei der sich die Beobachtungsdauer nach der erreichten Entscheidungssicherheit bestimmt, werden analysiert. Als eine weitere Möglichkeit, die Signalakquisition in Bezug auf die Akquisitionszeit effizienter zu gestalten, werden mehrstufige Akquisitionsverfahren diskutiert. Es werden zum einen die häufig genutzten Mehrfach-Dwell-Algorithmen sowie mehrstufige Algorithmen mit verteilter Information betrachtet. Bei Letzteren Algorithmen wird jeder Akquisitionsstufe ein Teil der zur Synchronisation benötigten Information zugeordnet, wodurch sich die Parameter-Unsicherheit für jede einzelne Stufe verringert. Ziel hierbei ist es, durch Erhöhung der Entscheidungssicherheit der einzelnen Stufen die mittlere Akquisitionszeit zu reduzieren. Die Diskussion und die Analyse von mehrstufigen Akquisitionsverfahren bilden den Abschluss der Arbeit, wobei besonders auf die 3GPP-FDD Downlink-Akquisition als ein Beispiel fur mehrstufige Verfahren mit verteilter Information eingegangen wird.

Modern wireless communication systems have seen an increased usage of various channel coding techniques to facilitate improved throughput and latency. Interleavers form an integral part of these coding techniques and play a critical role by making the communication more robust and resilient to noise and other interference. The ever increasing need for higher throughputs and lower latencies has made designers to pursue a more parallel design approach giving rise to parallel adaptations of these encoding/decoding techniques. A bulk of the modern telecommunication occurs over Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN), commonly referred to as cellular networks. The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), Long Term Evolution (LTE) develops and specifies the standards that are used in cellular communication. Their current most widely used "4G" standard employs Turbo coding techniques and a Quadratic Permutation Polynomial (QPP) interleaver. Silicon Large Grain Object or SiLago is a Coarse Grain Reconfigurable Fabric facilitating a modular approach towards electronics hardware development. The concept is similar to LEGO bricks, that is to have a library of hardened blocks (similar to Lego bricks) out of which systems of various types and functionalities can be built. This thesis investigates the state-of-the-art parallel interleavers and parallel interleaving techniques available for the 3GPP LTE QPP interleavers, and implements two interleaver designs, one for Radix 2 and another for Radix 4 decoding techniques. A physical synthesis is carried out in 28nm technology and the results in terms of power and area are reported. / Moderna trådlösa kommunikationssystem har sett ökad användning av olika kanaler kodningstekniker för att underlätta förbättrad genomströmning och latens. Interleavers utgör en integrerad del av dessa kodningstekniker och spelar en viktig roll genom att göra kommunikation mer robust och fjädrande för brus och andra störningar. Det ökande behovet av högre genomströmningar och lägre latenser har gjort konstruktörer att driva en mer parallell design tillvägagångssätt som ger upphov till parallella anpassningar av dessa kodningstekniker. En stor del av modern telekommunikation är via Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN), vanligen kallad mobilnät. Det Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), Long Term Evolution (LTE) utvecklar och specificerar de standarder som används i mobil kommunikation. Deras nuvarande mest använda "4G" standard använder Turbo-kodning tekniker och en Quadratic Permutation Polynomial (QPP) interleaver. Silicon Large Grain Object eller SiLago är ett grovt kornkonfigurerbart tygstöd ett modulärt tillvägagångssätt för elektronikutveckling. Konceptet är liknande LEGO-tegelstenar, det är med ett library av härdade block (liknande Lego-tegelstenar), varav system av olika typer och funktioner kan byggas. Denna avhandling undersöker de toppmoderna parallella interleaversna och parallellinterfolieringen tekniker som är tillgängliga för 3GPP LTE QPP interleavers, och implementerar tvåinterleavers mönster, en för Radix 2 och en annan för Radix 4avkodningstekniker. En fysisk syntes utförs i 28nm-teknik och resultaten i kraft och area rapporteras.

<p>Digital front-end and Turbo decoder are the two key components in the digital wireless communication system. This thesis will discuss the implementation issues of both digital front-end and Turbo decoder.The structure of digital front-end for multi-standard radio supporting wireless standards such as IEEE802.11n, WiMAX, 3GPP LTE is investigated in the thesis. A top-to-down design methods. 802.11n digital down-converter is designed from Matlab model to VHDL implementation. Both simulation and FPGA prototyping are carried out.As another significant part of the thesis, a parallel Turbo decoder is designed and implemented for 3GPPLTE. The block size supported ranges from 40 to 6144 and the maximum number of iteration is eight.The Turbo decoder will use eight parallel SISO units to reach a throughput up to 150Mits.</p>

<p>Today wireless transmission of data is becoming more and more popular and the need for faster transmission rates is increasing. Since the bandwidth is limited it is important to try to use it to the fullest. CDMA is a technology that allows multiple accesses on the same frequency and time thus making it very bandwidth efficient. The CDMA technology was first introduced in the second generation’s cellular systems but has since then been improved and is reused in today’s 3G systems as Wideband CDMA. ISY is interested in getting a behavioural model of a W-CDMA system since they had developed a DSP processor called BBP1 and were thinking about adding W-CDMA support for it. Even though our system is not implemented on the BBP1 it should provide a good base for future implementations. This thesis project will describe the construction of a behavioural model of a W-CDMA system following the standard specified by 3GPP. The system simulates W-CDMA transmission and reception and has an optional channel used to simulate real world interference. The receiver uses a rake combiner to improve the performance of the system.</p>