Edge Computing is considered one of the key capabilities in next generation (5G) networks, which will enable inundation of latency, throughput, and data sensitive edge-native applications. Edge application developers require infrastructure at the edge to host the application workload and network connectivity procedures to connect the application users to the nearest edge where the application workload is hosted. Distributed nature of edge infrastructure and the requirement on network connectivity makes it attractive for communication service providers (CSPs) to become Edge Service providers (ESP); similarly, hyper-scale cloud providers (HCPs) are also planning to expand as ESP building on their cloud presence targeting edge application developers. CSPs across the globe follow a standard approach for building interoperable networks and infrastructure, while HCPs do not participate in telecom standardization bodies. Standards development organizations (SDOs) such as the European Telecommunication Standardization Institute (ETSI) and 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) are working to provide a standard architecture for edge computing solution for service providers. However, the current focus of SDOs is more on architecture and not much focus on application developer experience and the Application Programming Interfaces (APIs). On the architecture itself, there are different standards and approaches available which overlap with each other. APIs proposed by different SDOs are not easily consumable by edge application developers and require simplification. On the other hand, there are not many widely known standards in the hyper-scale cloud and public cloud industry to integrate with each other except the public application programming interfaces (APIs) offered by cloud providers. To scale and succeed, edge service providers need to focus on interoperability, not only from a cloud infrastructure perspective but from a network connectivity perspective as well. This work analyzes standards defined by different standardization bodies in the 5G edge computing area and the overlaps between the standards. The work then highlights the requirements from an edge application developer perspective, investigates the deficiencies of the standards, and proposes an end-to-end edge solution architecture and a method to simplify the APIs which fulfil the need for edge-native applications. The proposed solution considers CSPs providing multi-cloud infrastructure for edge computing by integrating with HCPs infrastructure. In addition, the work investigates existing standards to integrate cloud capabilities in network platforms and elaborates the way network and cloud computing capabilities can be integrated to provide complete edge service to edge application developers or enterprises. It proposes an alternative way to integrate edge application developers with cloud service providers dynamically by offering a catalog of services. / Edge Computing anses vara en av nyckelfunktionerna i nästa generations (5G) nätverk, vilket möjliggör minskad fördröjning, ökad genomströmning och datakänsliga och kantnära applikationer. Applikationsutvecklare för Edge Computing är beroende av kantinfrastruktur som är värd för applikationen, och nätverksanslutning för att ansluta applikationsanvändarna till närmaste kant där applikationens är placerad. Även om kantapplikationer kan vara värd för vilken infrastruktur som helst, planerar leverantörer av kommunikationstjänster (CSP:er) att erbjuda distribuerad kantinfrastruktur och anslutningar. På liknande sätt planerar även molnleverantörer med hög skalbarhet (HCP) att erbjudakantinfrastruktur. CSP:er följer standardmetoden för att bygga nätverk och infrastruktur medan HCP:er inte deltar i standardiseringsorgan. Standardutvecklingsorganisationer (SDO) som europeisk telekommunikations standardiseringsinstitut (ETSI) och 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) arbetar för att tillhandahålla en standardarkitektur för Edge Computing för tjänsteleverantörer. Men nuvarande fokus är mer på arkitektur och inte mycket fokus är riktat mot applikationsutvecklares erfarenhet och API:er. I själva arkitekturen finns det olika standarder och tillvägagångssätt som överlappar varandra. API:er föreslagna av olika SDO:er är inte lättillgängliga för utvecklar av kantapplikationer och måste förenklas. Å andra sidan finns det inte många allmänt kända standarder i hyperskalära moln och offentlig molnindustri som går att integrera med varandra förutom de offentliga gränssnitten för applikationsprogrammering (API:er) som erbjuds av molnleverantörer. För att kunna betjäna omfattande applikationsutvecklare måste CSP:er erbjuda multimolnfunktioner och därmed komplettera sin egen infrastruktur med kapaciteten för HCP:er. På liknande sätt kommer HCP:er att behöva integrera anslutningstjänster utöver infrastruktur för att erbjuda kantfunktioner. Den här arbetet beskriver olika standarder definierade av olika standardiseringsorgan i Edge Computing-området för 5G, och analyzerar överlappningar mellan standarderna. Arbetet belyser sedan kraven från ett utvecklingsperspektiv av kantapplikationer, undersöker bristerna i standarderna och föreslår en lösningsarkitektur som uppfyller behovet för kantbyggda applikationer. Den föreslagna lösningen beaktar CSP:er som tillhandahåller flermolnsinfrastruktur för Edge Computing genom att integreras med HCP:s infrastruktur. Arbetet undersöker vidare befintliga standarder för att integrera molnfunktioner i nätverksplattformar och utvecklar på vilket sätt nätverks- och molntjänster kan integreras för att erbjuda kompletta tjänster till utvecklare av kantapplikationer. Arbetet föreslår ett alternativt sätt att dynamiskt integrera utvecklare av kantapplikationer med leverantörer av molntjänster genom att erbjuda en katalog av tjänster.

Dans le cadre de ce travail de recherche, nous nous somme intéressés à un système de télécommunication MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) à multiplexage spatial utilisant des récepteurs Zero-IF et la technique de formation numérique de faisceaux (FF). Le domaine d'application de ces travaux de recherches peuvent être aussi bien les applications fixes (exp: WiFi, IEEE) que les applications mobiles (exp: LTE, 3GPP).<br /> La première partie de ce travail est consacrée à une étude comparative entre les différents types de démodulateurs cinq-port et triphasés. Cette étude a permis de mettre en évidence l'aspect tridimensionnel des démodulateurs cinq-port et triphasés, de gagner 20dB en termes de réjection des produits d'intermodulation des signaux adjacents et de trouver une nouvelle méthode de calibrage aveugle du récepteur.<br /> La seconde partie de la thèse se concentre sur le prototypage d'un système MIMO. Cette phase nous a permis d'exposer les difficultés de mise en place de ce genre de système et de souligner les nouvelles problématiques qui n'apparaissait pas auparavant dans les systèmes mono- transcepteur. Aussi, un algorithme de Formation de Faisceau a été développé dans cette partie. Ce FF numérique a permis non seulement d'accroître la capacité mais aussi la qualité de liaison en considérant le système MIMO comme N système SIMO en parallèle. Comparativement à la technique ZF(Zero Forcing), nous démontrons que le FF permet d'obtenir une meilleure qualité de signaux pour des faibles valeurs de rapport signal à bruit.

Le codage de canal est une opération mathématique qui améliore la qualité des transmissions numériques en corrigeant les bits erronés en réception. Les contraintes des usages comme la qualité de réception, les débits d'utilisation, la latence de calcul, la surface ou encore la consommation électrique favorisent l'usage de différents codes dans la standardisation des protocoles de communication. La tendance industrielle est à la convergence des réseaux de communication pour des usages variés. Ce large choix de codage devient un handicap pour la conception de transmetteurs à bas coûts. Les réseaux médias favorisent des codes correcteurs d'erreurs avancés comme les turbocodes et les codes LDPC pour répondre aux contraintes de qualité de réception. Or ces procédés ont un coût de décodage important sur les récepteurs finaux. Une architecture adaptée à plusieurs types de codes capable d'évoluer en fonction d'une modification du protocole d'accès devient inévitable pour élaborer de nouveaux scénarios d'usages. Ce mémoire présente le principe du codage de canal et la plupart des codes correcteurs d'erreurs avancés sélectionnés dans les standards de communication courants. Les caractéristiques communes des codes QC-LDPC et des turbocodes sont soulignées. Les principaux algorithmes ainsi que certaines architectures de décodage sont présentés. La complexité matérielle des principaux algorithmes de décodage est évaluée. Ils sont comparés pour un même code et à un niveau de correction équivalent pour les codes QC-LDPC. Une étude similaire est réalisée sur les turbocodes. Les algorithmes de décodage sont appliqués sur des codes de tailles et de rendements proches et dimensionnés pour atteindre une correction similaire afin de sélectionner un algorithme de décodage conjoint aux deux familles de code. Les codes QC-LDPC et les turbocodes se structurent à l'aide d'une représentation en treillis commune. La technique de fenêtrage couramment appliquée au décodage des turbocodes est étudiée pour le décodage d'un code QC-LDPC. Enfin, l'entrelacement des codes QC-LDPC est mis en évidence et reconsidéré en fonction des contraintes matérielles. Un coeur de décodage de treillis compatible avec les standards 3GPP LTE et IEEE 802.11n est proposé. Plusieurs structures de décodage sont ensuite introduites incorporant un ou plusieurs de ces coeurs. L'intégration sur cible FPGA est détaillée. Un scénario d'utilisation avec un contexte de décodage évoluant à chaque message reçu est proposé ce qui souligne l'impact de la reconfiguration sur les débits de décodage. La structure multistandard nécessite 4,2 % (respectivement 5,3 %) de ressources matérielles supplémentaires à une structure compatible avec le standard 3GPP LTE (resp. IEEE 802.11n) seul. La dégradation du débit maximal due à la reconfiguration entre le décodage des mots de code est d'au plus 1 %. Une architecture à plusieurs coeurs est également portée sur une cible ASIC de 65 nm. Cette architecture fonctionne à une fréquence de 500 Mhz sur une surface de 2,1 mm2 décodant les mots de code 3GPP LTE et IEEE 802.11n, et acceptant une reconfiguration dynamique entre deux mots de code consécutifs.

The beyond 3G official IEEE name for next generation of wireless technology, some people also called it as 4G (fourth-generation) mobile communication systems. Beyond 3G will be used largely to contain not only cellular telephone systems but also several types of broadband wireless access communication systems, have been attracting much interest in the mobile communication field. A new age has begun for telecommunication industry. Over the past decade wireless industry has grown at a remarkable pace, consequently level of technology development goes beyond the level of customer desire. Application flexibility and being highly dynamic will be the main features of beyond 3G services of interest to users. Being there all these emerging technologies in one cellular network has opened the work of designing and optimization of the networks to be viewed from a different perspective. APSEN analysis for Beyond 3G wireless networks has been discussed. “AP” stands for application layer, analysis of services and applications. “SE” stands for session layer, analysis of session management protocol and “N” for network layer, analysis for network protocols. The main purpose of our research is to focus on the challenges offered at APSEN for beyond 3G wireless network. There are a lot of research challenges in each of the different layers but focus will be on APSEN. The objective is to take a look at and familiarize with some of the major challenges offered at APSEN for beyond 3G wireless network. Qualitative approach has been used which will help us to collect wide range of information and enhance our knowledge by analyzing the perspectives of different researchers.

Grâce aux avancées technologiques dans le domaine des réseaux cellulaires et des équipements mobiles, le nombre d'applications multimédia à haut débit dans les réseaux mobiles ne cesse d'augmenter. On prévoit que le trafic de données dans les réseaux mobiles en 2017 sera 13 fois plus important que celui en 2012. Pour satisfaire aux besoins des équipements mobiles, de nouvelles approches pour la gestion des ressources radio et des puissances de transmission sont requises.Dans le cadre de cette thèse, on s'intéresse à proposer des solutions pour remédier aux problèmes des interférences intercellulaires dans les réseaux mobiles de dernière génération. Nous enquêtons d'une manière exhaustive les différentes techniques de coordination des interférences intercellulaires existantes. Ces techniques sont qualitativement comparées, puis classées selon le taux de coopération requis entre les différentes stations de base, mais aussi selon leurs principes de fonctionnement. Nous abordons également le problème multicellulaire d'allocation des ressources et des puissances de transmission d'une manière centralisée. Nous formulons ce problème d'optimisation centralisé, puis nous le décomposons en deux sous-problèmes indépendants : l'allocation de ressources et l'allocation des puissances de transmission. De plus, une approche distribuée basée sur la théorie des jeux est proposée pour l'allocation des puissances de transmission. Les techniques centralisées de minimisation des interférences intercellulaires offrent la solution optimale au prix d'une grande charge de signalisation. Par contre, les solutions décentralisées réduisent le trafic de signalisation sans garantir l'optimalité de la solution obtenue. Nous proposons ensuite une heuristique de contrôle de puissance qui modifie localement l'allocation des puissances de transmission de manière à éviter le gaspillage d'énergie et pour réduire les interférences ressenties par les utilisateurs des stations de base voisines. Nous proposons également une technique autonome qui gère la distribution des ressources radio entre les différentes zones de chaque cellule. Cette technique répond aux besoins des utilisateurs dans chaque zone en adaptant la distribution des ressources d'une manière dynamique. Nous abordons aussi le compromis entre les techniques de gestion d'interférences intercellulaires centralisées et décentralisées. Nous proposons une approche hybride où l'allocation des ressources radio et des puissances de transmission est faite d'une manière coopérative entre les différentes cellules. Dans un premier lieu, les cellules voisines collaborent afin d'ajuster les puissances de transmission allouées aux ressources radio. Ensuite, la distribution des ressources entre les différentes zones de chaque cellule est modifiée localement, selon les besoins des utilisateurs dans chaque zone. / The exponentially increasing demand for mobile broadband communications have led to the dense deployment of cellular networks with aggressive frequency reuse patterns. The future Fifth Generation (5G) networks are expected to overcome capacity and throughput challenges by adopting a multi-tier architecture where several low-power Base Stations (BSs) are deployed within the coverage area of the macro cell. However, Inter-Cell Interference (ICI) caused by the simultaneous usage of the same spectrum in different cells, creates severe problems. ICI reduces system throughput and network capacity, and has a negative impact on cell-edge User Equipment (UE) performance. Therefore, Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC) techniques are required to mitigate the impact of ICI on system performance. In this thesis, we address the resource and power allocation problem in multiuser Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) networks such as LTE/LTE-A networks and dense small cell networks. We start by overviewing the state-of-the-art schemes, and provide an exhaustive classification of the existing ICIC approaches. This qualitative classification is followed by a quantitative investigation of several interference mitigation techniques. Then, we formulate a centralized multi-cell joint resource and power allocation problem, and prove that this problem is separable into two independent convex optimization problems. The objective function of the formulated problem consists in maximizing system throughput while guaranteeing throughput fairness between UEs. ICI is taken into account, and resource and power allocation is managed accordingly in a centralized manner. Furthermore, we introduce a decentralized game-theoretical method to solve the power allocation problem without the need to exchange signaling messages between the different cells. We also propose a decentralized heuristic power control algorithm based on the received Channel Quality Indication (CQI) feedbacks. The intuition behind this algorithm is to avoid power wastage for UEs that are close to the serving cell, and reducing ICI for UEs in the neighboring cells. An autonomous ICIC scheme that aims at satisfying throughput demands in each cell zone is also introduced. The obtained results show that this technique improves UE throughput fairness, and it reduces the percentage of unsatisfied UEs without generating additional signaling messages. Lastly, we provide a hybrid ICIC scheme as a compromise between the centralized and the decentralized approaches. For a cluster of adjacent cells, resource and power allocation decisions are made in a collaborative manner. First, the transmission power is adjusted after receiving the necessary information from the neighboring cells. Second, resource allocation between cell zones is locally modified, according to throughput demands in each zone.

No description available.

One of the fundamental limitations of mobile radio communications is their time-varying fading channel. This thesis addresses the efficient use of channel state information to improve the communication systems, with a particular emphasis on practical issues such as compatibility with the existing wireless systems and low complexity implementation. The closed-loop transmit diversity technique is used to improve the performance of the downlink channel in MIMO communication systems. For example, the WCDMA standard endorsed by 3GPP adopts a mode of downlink closed-loop scheme based on partial channel state information known as mode 1 of 3GPP. Channel state information is fed back from the mobile unit to the base station through a low-rate uncoded feedback bit stream. In these closed-loop systems, feedback error and feedback delay, as well as the sub-optimum reconstruction of the quantized feedback data, are the usual sources of deficiency. In this thesis, we address the efficient reconstruction of the beamforming weights in the presence of the feedback imperfections, by exploiting the residual redundancies in the feedback stream. We propose a number of algorithms for reconstruction of beamforming weights at the base-station, with the constraint of a constant transmit power. The issue of the decoding at the receiver is also addressed. In one of the proposed algorithms, channel fading prediction is utilized to combat the feedback delay. We introduce the concept of Blind Antenna Verification which can substitute the conventional Antenna Weight Verification process without the need for any training data. The closed-loop mode 1 of 3GPP is used as a benchmark, and the performance is examined within a WCDMA simulation framework. It is demonstrated that the proposed algorithms have substantial gain over the conventional method at all mobile speeds, and are suitable for the implementation in practice. The proposed approach is applicable to other closed-loop schemes as well. The problem of (long-range) prediction of the fading channel is also considered, which is a key element for many fading-compensation techniques. A linear approach, usually used to model the time evolution of the fading process, does not perform well for long-range prediction applications. We propose an adaptive algorithm using a state-space approach for the fading process based on the sum-sinusoidal model. Also to enhance the widely-used linear approach, we propose a tracking method for a multi-step linear predictor. Comparing the two methods in our simulations shows that the proposed algorithm significantly outperforms the linear method, for both stationary and non-stationary fading processes, especially for long-range predictions. The robust structure, as well as the reasonable computational complexity, makes the proposed algorithm appealing for practical applications.

One of the fundamental limitations of mobile radio communications is their time-varying fading channel. This thesis addresses the efficient use of channel state information to improve the communication systems, with a particular emphasis on practical issues such as compatibility with the existing wireless systems and low complexity implementation. The closed-loop transmit diversity technique is used to improve the performance of the downlink channel in MIMO communication systems. For example, the WCDMA standard endorsed by 3GPP adopts a mode of downlink closed-loop scheme based on partial channel state information known as mode 1 of 3GPP. Channel state information is fed back from the mobile unit to the base station through a low-rate uncoded feedback bit stream. In these closed-loop systems, feedback error and feedback delay, as well as the sub-optimum reconstruction of the quantized feedback data, are the usual sources of deficiency. In this thesis, we address the efficient reconstruction of the beamforming weights in the presence of the feedback imperfections, by exploiting the residual redundancies in the feedback stream. We propose a number of algorithms for reconstruction of beamforming weights at the base-station, with the constraint of a constant transmit power. The issue of the decoding at the receiver is also addressed. In one of the proposed algorithms, channel fading prediction is utilized to combat the feedback delay. We introduce the concept of Blind Antenna Verification which can substitute the conventional Antenna Weight Verification process without the need for any training data. The closed-loop mode 1 of 3GPP is used as a benchmark, and the performance is examined within a WCDMA simulation framework. It is demonstrated that the proposed algorithms have substantial gain over the conventional method at all mobile speeds, and are suitable for the implementation in practice. The proposed approach is applicable to other closed-loop schemes as well. The problem of (long-range) prediction of the fading channel is also considered, which is a key element for many fading-compensation techniques. A linear approach, usually used to model the time evolution of the fading process, does not perform well for long-range prediction applications. We propose an adaptive algorithm using a state-space approach for the fading process based on the sum-sinusoidal model. Also to enhance the widely-used linear approach, we propose a tracking method for a multi-step linear predictor. Comparing the two methods in our simulations shows that the proposed algorithm significantly outperforms the linear method, for both stationary and non-stationary fading processes, especially for long-range predictions. The robust structure, as well as the reasonable computational complexity, makes the proposed algorithm appealing for practical applications.

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία έγινε στα πλαίσια του Προγράμματος Μεταπτυχιακών Σπουδών Ηλεκτρονικής και Υπολογιστών, στο Τμήμα Φυσικής του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών. Αντικείμενό της αποτελεί η μελέτη του φυσικού επιπέδου συστημάτων κινητής τηλεφωνίας τρίτης γενιάς και η εξομοίωση χαρακτηριστικού καναλιού του φυσικού επιπέδου σύμφωνα με την παγκόσμια προτυποποίηση 3GPP. Στο πρώτο κεφάλαιο γίνεται ιστορική ανασκόπηση των συστημάτων προηγούμενων γενεών. Αναφέρονται βασικά προβλήματα που πρέπει να αντιμετωπίσει ένα τηλεπικοινωνιακό σύστημα καθώς και η βασική δομή των κυψελοειδών συστημάτων. Γίνεται εισαγωγή στα συστήματα τρίτης γενιάς ως προς τις απαιτήσεις, τις υπηρεσίες που προσφέρουν, την προτυποποίηση και την αρχιτεκτονική τους. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο μελετώνται οι τρόποι πολλαπλής πρόσβασης με ιδιαίτερη έμφαση στην προσπέλαση με διαίρεση κωδικών. Αναλύονται τα συστήματα διάχυσης φάσματος. Γίνεται εκτενής αναφορά και υλοποίηση προγραμμάτων για τις ψευδοτυχαίες ακολουθίες και τις ακολουθίες Gold. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο μελετάται η δομή δικτύων επικοινωνίας κατά το μοντέλο OSI. Αναφέρονται τα επίπεδα των τηλεπικοινωνιακών συστημάτων με διεξοδική μελέτη του φυσικού επιπέδου και στις διεπαφές που χρησιμοποιεί για επικοινωνία καθώς και στις υπηρεσίες που προσφέρει. Αναλύεται η δομή όλων των φυσικών καναλιών και εξομοιώνεται η διαδικασία ενθυλάκωσης του καναλιού PRACH. Στο τέταρτο κεφάλαιο αναλύονται οι κώδικες διάχυσης των φυσικών καναλιών ανερχόμενης ζεύξης καθώς και η διαδικασία διάχυσης τους. Δημιουργούνται προγράμματα που παράγουν αυτούς τους κώδικες και γίνεται εξομοίωση της διάχυσης και της αποδιάχυσης του PRACH καναλιού. Στο πέμπτο κεφάλαιο αναφέρεται η διαδικασία κωδικοποίησης πηγής και μελετάται η PSK διαμόρφωση και αποδιαμόρφωση που χρησιμοποιούν τα συστήματα τρίτης γενιάς. Υλοποιούνται προγράμματα που εξομοιώνουν τη συνολική διαδικασία σε ενθόρυβο κανάλι AWGN μελετώντας την επίδραση του θορύβου σε μεταδιδόμενο σήμα. Όλες οι εξομοιώσεις υλοποιήθηκαν με το πρόγραμμα Matlab 7.1. / This master thesis is a part of the post-graduate course of the Physics department of the University of Patras, on Electronics and Computers. Its main objective is the study of the physical layer of 3rd generation telecommunication systems and the simulation of a particular channel, in accordance to 3GPP specifications. In the first chapter we review telecommunication systems of previous generations. We also refer to major problems that need to be dealt with and also the basic structure of cellular networks. 3rd generation telecommunication systems, their requirements, offered services, standardisation and architecture are all introduced. In the second chapter we study multiple access methods, emphasising CDMA methods. Moreover, spread spectrum systems are analysed. Finally we refer to pseudorandom and Gold sequences. Programs are created which generate these sequences. In the third chapter we look into the structure of communication networks according to the OSI model. The layers of telecommunication systems are mentioned, laying emphasis on the physical layer, the interfaces used for communication as well as the offered services. We report all physical channels and we simulate the encapsulation of the PRACH channel. In the fourth chapter we analyse the spreading and scrambling codes referring to the uplink channels. Next we point out the code allocation process. Programs are created which generate these spreading and scrambling codes and we finally simulate the spreading and de-spreading process of the PRACH channel. In the fifth chapter we outline the source coding process using PCM, and we study PSK modulation and demodulation which are used by 3rd generation telecommunication systems. We create programs that simulate the whole procedure in a noisy channel, and we study the effect of AWGN. The programs were created and the simulations were run using Matlab version 7.1.

Long Term Evolution (LTE) known in the market as 4G LTE, it is an evolution of the GSM/UMTS standard. The overall aim of LTE was to provide a new radio access technology focusing on packet-switched data only. LTE has provided a new peak download rates, low data transfer latencies, and improved the support for mobility. 3Th Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) specialized that LTE released 10 and beyond known as LTE-advanced it is the second evolution of LTE. It has some services such as Coordinated Multipoint Transmission and Reception (CoMP), evolved Multimedia Broadcast and Multicast Service (eMBMS) with Multicast-Broadcast Single-Frequency Network (MBSFN). The development still continuous on LTE-advanced, it is intended to meet the requirement of advanced application that will become common in the wireless marketplace in future. The goals of this project is to simulate one of LTE-A services on LTE standard such as CoMP or/and eMBMS with MBSFN using OPENT LTE, and measure some statistic such as spectral efficiency and also some other statistics, describe centralization vs. decentralization in LTE, and synchronization in the base station in LTE. OPNET LTE support eMBMS with MBSFN, and don’t support CoMP, the simulation has been done by using eMBMS with MBSFN. Finally the objectives of the project has achieved, the result show that when eMBMS with MBSFN is implemented the throughput increased in the downlink to about 5.52 Mbps and in the uplink to about 5.18 Mbps, and also the system spectral efficiency increased in eNB1 from about 10.25 (bits/s/Hz/cell) to about 13.75 (bits/s/Hz/cell) and in eNB2 from about 10.25 (bits/s/Hz/cell) to about 17.25 (bits/s/Hz/cell). The project also answers if it is possible to have centralization in LTE, describe synchronization in the base station in LTE, and if OPNET is useful for big research.