O interesse desta tese reside na persistência da questão da \"arte brasileira\" na crítica de Frederico Morais (Belo Horizonte, 1936) em três períodos distintos de sua produção, os quais nomeio, de acordo com o comportamento de seu discurso: \"Contestação\" (1966-1973), \"Dúvidas\" (1974-1984) e \"Conciliação\" (1985-2012). Parte-se do fato de que a formulação de um debate em torno da definição do que seria uma \"arte brasileira\" surgiu ainda no século XIX - embora já tivesse se delineado em termos literários no século anterior - e foi se transformando com o passar do tempo, mantendo-se vivo, porque ainda em discussão, durante o século seguinte. Nesse contexto, procurou-se identificar, na produção de Frederico Morais, a sobrevivência da questão do nacional e, ainda, mostrar de que maneira ele se utiliza de uma prática constante de revisão da história - por meio de textos publicados na imprensa, mas também manuais, cronologias e \"enciclopédias\" - para manter essa discussão em pauta. No Capítulo 1 (\"Contestação\") analiso o primeiro período de sua crítica de arte, caracterizado pela adoção de um discurso assertivo e militante, em defesa de uma \"arte brasileira\" como um espaço privilegiado para a experimentação e a resistência. Nessa época, ele apoia incondicionalmente a \"vanguarda brasileira\", movimento que, segundo o autor, estaria sediado no Rio de Janeiro, expandindose a partir da antiga capital para o restante do país. No Capítulo 2 (\"Dúvidas\") trato de sua fase de transição, em que se revela certo desencanto com a situação da vanguarda no Brasil. No Capítulo 3 (\"Conciliação\") abordo o segundo período do crítico, quando se consolida o processo em que Frederico Morais abdica da defesa do \"novo\" enquanto principal saída para a \"arte brasileira\", passando a revisar tanto suas posições como parte significativa da história da arte brasileira. Nesse percurso, seus vai adotando posturas mais conciliatórias, menos intransigentes para o que entende como possibilidades de uma produção artística de caráter brasileiro. Esta tese procurou demonstrar que é possível encontrar ecos do desejo por uma arte nacional em críticas, ensaios e artigos que atravessam as três fases do percurso de Morais. Buscou ainda apontar as contradições e fragilidades que surgiram entre duas posturas distintas do crítico em relação à produção artística do período no país: uma, a escolha pelo que seria \"genuinamente nacional\", aproximando-se de algo que singularizasse a arte produzida no Brasil em relação àquela que se apresentava assertivamente como internacional; outra, colocandose contra o risco do isolamento, do atraso e do descompasso em relação ao mundo, adotava a opção por se deixar levar pelas correntes artísticas que vinham dos Estados Unidos e Europa. / The interest of this thesis lies in the persistence of the question of Brazilian art in the criticism produced by Frederico Morais (Belo Horizonte, 1936) in three distinct periods of his production, which I have named, according to the behavior of his discourse, as \"Contestation\" (1966-1973), \"Doubts\" (1974-1984) and \"Conciliation\" (1985-2012). The starting point resides in the debate formulated around the definition of what Brazilian art is, which emerged in the nineteenth century -- although it had already been delineated in literary terms in the previous century --, a debate that changed over time, kept alive in discussion throughout the following century. In this context, the thesis aims to identify the survival of this question of the national in Morais\' production. It also proposes to show -- through texts published in the press, but also in chronologies, manuals and \"encyclopedias\" -- how he makes constant use of historical revision to keep the discussion relative to Brazilian art on the agenda of public debate. In Chapter 1, I analyze his first period, characterized by the assertive and militant discourse adopted in defense of Brazilian art as a privileged space for experimentation, resistance and, above all, for the avant-garde. In his view, this movement was based in Rio de Janeiro, expanding from the former capital to the rest of the country. In Chapter 2, I deal with his transitional period, which reveals a certain disenchantment with the situation of the avant-garde in Brazilian art. In Chapter 3, I address the critic\'s second period, which consolidates the process in which Morais abdicates the defense of the \"new\" as the principal \"way ahead\" for Brazilian art, and comes to revise not only his positions, but a significant part of the history of the Brazilian art as well. Over the course of time, Morais gradually adopts positions that are less intransigent and more conciliatory regarding what he understands as possibilities for an artistic production with Brazilian character. This thesis has attempted to demonstrate the possibility of finding echoes of this desire for a national art in criticism, essays and articles that intersect the three phases in the trajectory of Frederico Morais. It has also sought to indicate the contradictions and fragilities that emerged between two distinct stances adopted by the critic in relation to the period\'s artistic production: the option for what could be considered \"genuinely national\", making advances in the direction of something that would singularize it in relation to an art that presents itself assertively as international; or the option to counter the danger of isolation, backwardness and being out-of-step with the world, by choosing to be carried along by the artistic currents imported from the United States and Europe.

Actuellement, au Maroc, les conditions d’un procès pénal équitable semblent réunies. Pour aller vers sa protection effective, l’article 1er du Code de procédure pénale de 2002 stipule que « Toute personne accusée ou suspectée d’avoir commis une infraction est présumée innocente jusqu’à ce que sa culpabilité ait été juridiquement établie par une décision ayant acquis la force de la chose jugée, à l’issue d’un procès équitable où toutes les garanties légales sont réunies. Le doute profite à l’accusée ». Seulement, ces principes sont remises en cause par les procès-verbaux faisant foi jusqu’à inscription de faux ou vérification d’écriture. Ils sont enfin par toutes les dispositions procédurales qui excluent tout effet de l’intime conviction du juge soit en accordant une force probante particulière à certains modes de preuve soit en précisant à l’avance le moyen de preuve qui seul permet d’établir l’existence d’une infraction donnée. Certes, il n’est pas toujours facile pour un juge de déterminer l’authenticité et la loyauté des procès-verbaux. Mais les normes internationales sont une source de conseils sur la façon d’apprécier la loyauté des preuves. Pour éviter que de telles pratiques ne soient légalement autorisées, les juges marocains doivent accomplir leur mission aux yeux de la loi et exclure toute preuve arrachée par la contrainte ou la violence. Tout acte de procédure accompli en dehors de la loi ou en violation des modalités qu’elle précise doit pouvoir être sanctionné et exclu de la suite du procès (perquisitions irrégulières, interrogatoires sous contrainte, arrestations illégales, arbitraires ou secrètes…). Les atteintes inévitables aux droits de l’individu pendant l’enquête, la poursuite et l’instruction (privation de liberté, violation du secret de la correspondance et des communications, perquisitions au domicile et sur le lieu de travail, saisie des pièces à conviction...) doivent être limitées par la loi, scrupuleusement définies dans leurs conditions ainsi que dans les effets qu’ils produisent et doivent pouvoir faire l’objet d’une contestation devant un juge. Si les juges marocains prenaient ce devoir et ces principes au sérieux, les juges marocains porteraient un grand coup non seulement en faveur de l’équité des procès, mais aussi contre la torture et les mauvais traitements. / Currently, in Morocco, the conditions of an equitable criminal trial seem joined together. To go towards its effective protection, the article 1st of the Criminal procedure code of 2002 stipulates that: “Any person marked or suspected to have made an infringement is supposed innocent until its culpability was legally established by a decision having acquired the force of the judged thing, at the conclusion of a fair trial where all the legal warranties are joined together. The doubt benefits the defendant". Only, these principles are reconsiderations by the official reports being taken until registration of forgery or checking of writing. They are finally by all the procedural provisions which exclude any effect of the inward conviction from the judge is by granting a conclusive force particular to certain modes of proof is by specifying in advance the means of proof which only makes it possible to establish the existence of a given infringement. Admittedly, it is not always easy for a judge to determine the authenticity and the honesty of the official reports. But the international standards are a source of advices on the way of appreciating the honesty of the evidence. To prevent that such practices are not legally authorized. The Moroccan judges must achieve their mission with the eyes of the law and exclude any proof torn off by the constraint or violence. Any procedural document achieved apart from the law or in violation of the methods which it specifies must be able to (irregular searches, interrogations under constraint, illegal, arbitrary or secret arrests…). Inevitable infringements of the rights of the individual during the investigation, the continuation and the instruction (loss of liberty, violation of the secrecy of the correspondence and the communications, searches in the residence and on the workplace, seizure of the incriminating evidences…) must be limited by the law, scrupulously defined under their conditions as in the effects which they produce and must be able to be the object of a dispute in front of a judge. If the Moroccan judges took this duty and these principles with the serious one, the Moroccan judges would deal a great blow not only in favour of equity of the lawsuits, but also against torture and the ill-treatments.

La relation individuelle de travail a pour particularité de reposer traditionnellement sur une inégalité des parties. Ce sentiment d'inégalité des forces est perçue dans la relation individuelle de travail toute entière. Ainsi, la supériorité de l'employeur est ressentie au travers de la subordination juridique qui lie inéluctablement le salarié à son employeur. De même, cette supériorité est perceptible lors de l'élaboration de la relation individuelle de travail qui repose théoriquement sur la sujétion de la partie faible. Aussi, se fondant sur les évolutions proposées par le droit commun, nous souhaitons démontrer que le développement de l'information contribue à réduire la domination subie par le salarié. Ainsi, la première partie de ce travail tente d'apporter la démonstration selon laquelle le salarié, partie faible lors de la création de la relation de travail, peut se libérer de celle-ci au moyen de l'information. Cette dernière offre, tantôt par son effet obligatoire, tantôt par son effet libérateur une solidité certaine à l'acte d'engagement du salarié. Une fois la relation de travail établie, le salarié estlogiquement soumis aux pouvoirs reconnus à l'employeur. La deuxième partie de ce travail se propose donc d'entrevoir la manière avec laquelle l'information permet de contourner la force d'attraction de ces pouvoirs qui, s'ils ne sont pas mis en oeuvre de façon transparente, font perdre à l'employeur sa légitimité à agir. / The individual employment relationship has the particularity to rely on traditionally unequal parties. This feeling of inequality is perceived strengths in the individual employment relationship as a whole. Thus, the superiority of the employer is felt through the legal subordination that inevitably binds the employee to the employer. Similarly, this superiority is evident in the development of the individual employment relationship based theoretically on the subjection of the weaker party. Also, based on the changes proposed by the law, we want to demonstrate that the development of information helps to reduce the domination suffered by the employee. Thus, the first part of this work attempts to provide proof that the employee weakest part in the creation of the employment relationship, can get rid of it using the information. This latest offering, sometimes by its binding effect, sometimes by liberating some solidity to the act of engagement of the employee. Once the working relationship, the employee is logically subject to the powers granted to the employer. The second part of this work proposes a glimpse of the way in which the information is used to bypass the pull of those powers which, if they are not implemented in a transparent manner, are lost to the employer legitimacy to act.

In my thesis, I focus on the evolution of the Spanish poet Federico García Lorca's poetry, from his stay in Andalusia to the period he passed in New York. At first, we present avant-garde literary movements of that age. In detail we focus on the Generation 27, whose Lorca was member, and on the poetry the poets cultivated. In Lorca, firstly, we take a look at his life, his personality and then we divide his production into two periods: Andalusia - we take look at his lecture about "cante jondo" and at two books, Poem of cante jondo and Gipsy romances. New York - we approximate to Lorca's stay in New York and the country, and how the environment was reflected in his book of poems Poet in New York. In conclusion we summarize both periods of his production.

Trata-se de uma leitura crítica do romance On the Road, do escritor norte-americano Jack Kerouac, cujas vida e obra representam a insatisfação social e a manifestação artística de uma geração de poetas e novelistas denominada, nas décadas de 50 e 60, The Beat Generation ou The Beatniks. Esta leitura consiste em uma investigação para estabelecer relações entre a tríade autor-narrador-protagonista na narrativa proposta. Como apoio teórico temos o olhar do filósofo alemão Walter Benjamin. O enfoque escolhido contempla as reflexões de Benjamin sobre autoria, experiência e modernidade; mas, sobretudo, privilegia a sua concepção do flâneur; uma vez que o objetivo do trabalho é mostrar o movimento e o papel exercido pelo mesmo, tanto no corpus literário como na vida do autor Beatnik. Para tanto, esta dissertação está dividida em três partes. A primeira apresenta um breve histórico da situação dos Estados Unidos no pós-guerra, a fim de contextualizar e discutir a criação do movimento Beat como vanguarda artística daquela época. A segunda parte introduz o pensamento de Walter Benjamin acerca do flâneur. Destaca, também, fatos e momentos relevantes de sua vida e obra. Apresenta, ainda, o ponto de vista de Sérgio Rouanet sobre a obra do filósofo. O terceiro momento analisa o romance On the Road em conexão com os movimentos do flâneur e no âmbito da tradição de Literatura de Viagem, dando relevância às questões de autoria. Deste modo, na conclusão, espera-se legitimar o papel do flâneur no espaço narrativo e, também, histórico-social daquela geração. / This is a critical reading of On the Road, a novel by the North American writer Jack Kerouac, whose life and work represent the social dissatisfaction and the artistic manifestation of a generation of poets and novelists denominated, in the decades of 50 and 60, The Beat Generation, or The Beatniks. The work consists of an investigation to establish relationships among the triad author-narrator-protagonist in the proposed narrative. Supported by the theory of Walter Benjamin, the chosen theme contemplates the reflections of Benjamin about authorship, experience and modernity; but, above all, it privileges his conception of the flâneur; once the objective of the work is to show his movement and role in the literary corpus, as well as in the life of the Beatnik author. This thesis is divided in three parts. The first presents a brief historical comment on the situation of the United States in the postwar period, in order to contextualize and discuss the creation of the Beat Movement as an avantgardist manifestation. The second part introduces Kerouac and Benjamin, highlighting facts and important moments of their lives and work through the movements of the flâneur. The third moment analyzes On the Road in connection with Walter Benjamin's thoughts and in the extent of the tradition of Travel Literature, emphasizing the relevance of authorship. In the conclusion, I expect to legitimate the role of the flâneur in the narrative and socio-historical scope of that generation.

This dissertation situates late nineteenth-century Berlin's reception of naturalist drama in contemporary discourse about European modernism, which to date has disregarded the significant impact of this cultural environment. Examining the Berlin avant-garde's demand for "truth" and "authenticity," this study highlights its legacy of promoting more honest and dynamic forms of human interaction. Sketching the historical background, Chapter 1 demonstrates how the reception of Henrik Ibsen in Berlin fuelled creative strategies for a more honest approach to theatre. From literary matinees to more egalitarian ways of directing theatre, this moment in cultural history significantly shaped people's understanding of theatre as a tool for social criticism and as a means of creating a sense of intimacy. Two important figures are highlighted here: literary critic and theatre director Otto Brahm, central to the promotion of naturalism, and his more prominent protégé Max Reinhardt, who developed Brahm's legacy. Situating these developments in a theoretical framework, Chapter 2 draws on the concept of "the everyday" as set out by Toril Moi, Stanley Cavell, and Ludwig Wittgenstein to link the role of the ordinary on stage to the avant-garde's search for authenticity and truthfulness. Through this framework, Ibsen's social dramas from A Doll's House to Hedda Gabler (Chapter 3) can be seen perfectly to exemplify this shift in perspective from the 1880s through the 1890s, revealing the complexity of truthfulness in communications. Tracing these themes in other dramatic works, innovative readings of Arthur Schnitzler's Liebelei (Chapter 4) and Rainer Maria Rilke's Das tägliche Leben (Chapter 5) shed new light on these two fin-de-siècle authors. By highlighting these authors' previously unrecognised connections with Berlin's avant-garde theatre scene and their dramatic exploration of interpersonal connection, this study shows both how theatre functioned as a tool to examine human relationships and to what extent twentieth-century literature was grounded in this way of thinking.

<p>Докторска дисертација Естетика новинарске путописне репортаже у међуратној српској књижевности интерпретативним и компаративним методама утврђује постојање естетских интенција у овом жанру, на примеру текстова које су писали водећи писци српске авангарде Милош Црњански, Растко Петровић, Станислав Винавер, као и Раде Драинац и неки други традиционални писци попут Драгише Васића, Станислава Кракова и Григорија Божовића. Наспрам документарно-фактографског (репортажног) нивоа значења путописних репортажа, открива се дубљи, фикционални и поетско-конотативни слој, који их повезује са књижевним системом. Анализом идејних, поетичких, структурално-формалистичких и језичко-стилских карактеристика репрезентативних текстова овог жанра утврђују се поступци естетизације који их уводе у књижевни систем &ndash; изражена субјективност, литерарност и интертекстуалност. Рад указује на значај овог поджанра путописа у авангардном процесу раслојавања жанрова, као и његов допринос ширењу књижевног поља у новом комуникационом и рецепционом пољу у експанзији &ndash; дневним новинама. Анализира се интертекстуални, интермедијални и интеркултурални дијалог ове врсте текстова. Резултати рада могу се применити у историографским, социолошким и компаративним истраживањима међуратне епохе у српској књижевности, као и у журналистичком истраживању жанра репортаже.</p> / <p>Doktorska disertacija Estetika novinarske putopisne reportaže u međuratnoj srpskoj književnosti interpretativnim i komparativnim metodama utvrđuje postojanje estetskih intencija u ovom žanru, na primeru tekstova koje su pisali vodeći pisci srpske avangarde Miloš Crnjanski, Rastko Petrović, Stanislav Vinaver, kao i Rade Drainac i neki drugi tradicionalni pisci poput Dragiše Vasića, Stanislava Krakova i Grigorija Božovića. Naspram dokumentarno-faktografskog (reportažnog) nivoa značenja putopisnih reportaža, otkriva se dublji, fikcionalni i poetsko-konotativni sloj, koji ih povezuje sa književnim sistemom. Analizom idejnih, poetičkih, strukturalno-formalističkih i jezičko-stilskih karakteristika reprezentativnih tekstova ovog žanra utvrđuju se postupci estetizacije koji ih uvode u književni sistem &ndash; izražena subjektivnost, literarnost i intertekstualnost. Rad ukazuje na značaj ovog podžanra putopisa u avangardnom procesu raslojavanja žanrova, kao i njegov doprinos širenju književnog polja u novom komunikacionom i recepcionom polju u ekspanziji &ndash; dnevnim novinama. Analizira se intertekstualni, intermedijalni i interkulturalni dijalog ove vrste tekstova. Rezultati rada mogu se primeniti u istoriografskim, sociološkim i komparativnim istraživanjima međuratne epohe u srpskoj književnosti, kao i u žurnalističkom istraživanju žanra reportaže.</p> / <p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>SR-LATN-RS</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/> 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Normal";mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;mso-style-noshow:yes;mso-style-priority:99;mso-style-parent:"";mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-para-margin-top:0in;mso-para-margin-right:0in;mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:0in;line-height:115%;mso-pagination:widow-orphan;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:SR-LATN-RS;}</style><![endif]--></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:10.0pt;text-align:justify;text-indent:35.4pt"><span lang="SR-LATN-RS" style="mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;color:black;mso-ansi-language:SR-LATN-RS">D</span><span lang="SR-CYRL-RS" style="mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;color:black;mso-ansi-language:SR-CYRL-RS">octoral dissertation <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">The aesthetics of journalistic travelogue report</i></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="SR-LATN-RS" style="mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;color:black;mso-ansi-language:SR-LATN-RS">age</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="SR-LATN-RS" style="mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;color:black;mso-ansi-language:SR-CYRL-RS"> </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="SR-LATN-RS" style="mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;color:black;mso-ansi-language:SR-LATN-RS">among the two world wars</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="SR-LATN-RS" style="mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;color:black;mso-ansi-language:SR-CYRL-RS"> </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="SR-LATN-RS" style="mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;color:black;mso-ansi-language:SR-LATN-RS">in </span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="SR-CYRL-RS" style="mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;color:black;mso-ansi-language:SR-CYRL-RS">Serbian literature</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span lang="SR-LATN-RS" style="mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;color:black;mso-ansi-language:SR-LATN-RS">,</span></i><span lang="SR-CYRL-RS" style="mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;color:black;mso-ansi-language:SR-CYRL-RS"> by interpretative and comparative methods determines the existence of aesthetic intentions in th</span><span lang="SR-LATN-RS" style="mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;color:black;mso-ansi-language:SR-LATN-RS">is</span><span lang="SR-CYRL-RS" style="mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;color:black;mso-ansi-language:SR-CYRL-RS"> genre, on the example of texts written by the leading writers of the Serbian avant</span><span lang="SR-LATN-RS" style="mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;color:black;mso-ansi-language:SR-LATN-RS">-</span><span lang="SR-CYRL-RS" style="mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;color:black;mso-ansi-language:SR-CYRL-RS">garde Milo&scaron; Crnjanski, Rastko Petrović, Stanislav Vinaver, as well as </span><span lang="SR-LATN-RS" style="mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;color:black;mso-ansi-language:SR-LATN-RS">Rade Drainac</span><span lang="SR-CYRL-RS" style="mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;color:black;mso-ansi-language:SR-CYRL-RS"> and some other traditional writers like</span><span lang="SR-CYRL-RS" style="mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;color:black;mso-ansi-language:SR-LATN-RS"> </span><span lang="SR-CYRL-RS" style="mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;color:black;mso-ansi-language:SR-CYRL-RS">Dragi&scaron;a Vasić, Stanislav Krakow and Grigorije Božović. Contrary to the documentary-factual (reporting) level of meaning of travelogue report</span><span lang="SR-LATN-RS" style="mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;color:black;mso-ansi-language:SR-LATN-RS">ages</span><span lang="SR-CYRL-RS" style="mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;color:black;mso-ansi-language:SR-CYRL-RS">, a deeper, fictional and poetic-con</span><span lang="SR-LATN-RS" style="mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;color:black;mso-ansi-language:SR-LATN-RS">n</span><span lang="SR-CYRL-RS" style="mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;color:black;mso-ansi-language:SR-CYRL-RS">ot</span><span lang="SR-LATN-RS" style="mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;color:black;mso-ansi-language:SR-LATN-RS">ative</span><span lang="SR-CYRL-RS" style="mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;color:black;mso-ansi-language:SR-CYRL-RS"> layer is revealed, which links them with the literary system. The analysis of conceptual, poetic, structural-formalistic and linguisti</span><span lang="SR-LATN-RS" style="mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;color:black;mso-ansi-language:SR-LATN-RS">cally</span><span lang="SR-CYRL-RS" style="mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;color:black;mso-ansi-language:SR-CYRL-RS">-stylistic characteristics of the representative texts of this genre determines the methods of aesthetization that introduce them into the literary system - expressed subjectivity, literary and intertextuality. The dissertation points to the significance of this sub-genre of the travelogue in the avant-garde process of stratifying the genres, as well as its contribution to the spreading of the literary field in the new communication and reception field in the expansion - the daily newspapers. Intertextual, intermedial and intercultural dialogue of this type of texts is analyzed. The results of the </span><span lang="SR-LATN-RS" style="mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;color:black;mso-ansi-language:SR-LATN-RS">work</span><span lang="SR-CYRL-RS" style="mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;color:black;mso-ansi-language:SR-CYRL-RS"> can be applied in historical, sociological and comparative research of the </span><span lang="SR-LATN-RS" style="mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;color:black;mso-ansi-language:SR-LATN-RS">among the two world wars</span><span lang="SR-CYRL-RS" style="mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;color:black;mso-ansi-language:SR-CYRL-RS"> epoch in Serbian literature, as well as in the journalistic research of the genre of the reportage.</span></p>

Joan Brotat (Barcelona, 1920-1990) fue un artista destacado en el proceso de recuperación de la modernidad pictórica durante los años de la postguerra española, aunque luego cayó progresivamente en el olvido. Esta tesis estudia y establece su trayectoria profesional vinculada a su biografía personal (contexto familiar y social), a los factores inducidos por el sistema artístico local y en relación con en el contexto nacional e internacional (fortuna crítica, evolución artística y comercial). Brotat fue uno de los máximos exponentes de una tendencia que podríamos denominar como figuración primitivista. Definimos aquí las características de esta tendencia, su lugar frente a otras opciones de vanguardia de la época como la abstracción y apuntamos sus variantes y principales representantes. Abordamos también las razones de su declive a partir del análisis de la carrera profesional de Brotat. Descubrimos, gracias al estudio de su archivo familiar, la participación de Brotat en la guerra civil como parte de la Quinta del biberón republicana, hecho que escondió toda su vida y cuyo trauma influyó de toda evidencia en su obra. El análisis iconográfico y evolutivo del ingenuismo nos muestra una dimensión trágica y existencial. Así, su etapa expresionista, singular síntesis entre ingenuismo e informalismo, parece responder a una genuina necesidad psicológica. La comparación de su obra artística son sus proyectos profesionales en el campo de la ilustración infantil nos permiten hacer la diferencia entre naif el ingenuismo, que tanto preocupó a la crítica de la época. Un aspecto fundamental es el descubrimiento de una etapa abstracta a finales de los años cuarenta que contradice la jerarquía evolucionista que explica la figuración esquemática como un paso previo a la abstracción. El primitivismo ingenuista fue una opción consciente y deliberada. En su período de madurez, la obra de Brotat muestra una tendencia al amaneramiento y entra en decadencia, que se puede describir por la perdida de refinamiento y el estancamiento de los argumentos críticos que la apoyaron. La relación con los marchantes (Maurice Bonnefoy y Agustín Rodríguez Sahagún particularmente) se revela ambivalente en sus resultados. Lo mismo sucede con el aprovechamiento de la política artística franquista, dirigida por Luis González Robles. El primitivismo figurativo catalán de postguerra es una combinación coherente (aunque intuitiva y sin programa militante) de medievalismo e ingenuismo. El ingenuismo de vanguardia de postguerra tiene dos manifestaciones, a veces coincidentes y otras divergentes: la radical y la nostálgica. El primitivismo se apoyó en un discurso crítico específico y ocupó un lugar, móvil, en el debate artístico. Estudiamos las diversas fuentes de este primitivismo y constatamos la influencia fundamental de Joan Miró. De entre los referentes internacionales destaca Massimo Campigli. Asimismo, se encuentran paralelos y vínculos con artistas españoles como Rafael Zabaleta, Benjamín Palencia y el núcleo valenciano con Manuel Gil y Salvador Faus. Un caso especialmente interesante es el de Manolo Millares, quien tuvo una relación significativa con Cataluña en esos años. Entre los artistas catalanes, el primitivismo tuvo gran protagonismo y adoptó diversas formas. De Sucre o Joan Ponç representan la vertiente más radical y atormentada, Albert Ràfols Casamada o Joan Vilacasas la opción más ingenua y afrancesada. Se observa una clara tendencia a la politización (Francesc Todó, Josep Guinovart, Estampa Popular). La opción lírica o poética, representada especialmente por Brotat, fue dejada progresivamente de lado. A menudo teñido de nostalgia y religiosidad, coincidente con cierta moda franciscanista, el discurso teórico al respecto del primitivismo fue ambivalente y pasó de la modernidad al conservadurismo. La constatación de una corriente primitivista, de la cual Brotat sería la figura paradigmática en su éxito y su fracaso, obliga a repensar el canon del arte catalán de postguerra. El primitivismo no fue un estadio inmaduro de la modernidad en el camino hacia la abstracción sino que responde al contexto histórico particular de la España de postguerra con soluciones originales. / Joan Brotat (Barcelona, 1920-1990) was a prominente artist in the process of recovery of pictorial modernity in Spain after the Civil War, but then his work gradually fell into oblivion. This thesis studies his professional career, in relation to his personal biography (family and social context), the local art system, and the national and international context (critical fortune, artistic and commercial development). The thesis proposes that Brotat was in fact a paradigmatic figure of a primitivist tendency. Primitivism was not an immature stage of modernity on the way toward abstraction, but responded to the particular historical context of Postwar Spain with original solutions. The success and then failure of Brotat and Primitivism invites to reconsider the canon of Postwar Catalan art. Untill his death, Brotat did hide his involvement in the Civil War, a trauma that marked his work and existence. The iconographic analysis and the evolution of his modern naif style shows a tragic and existential undertones. A key aspect is the discovery of an abstract stage in the late forties contradicting the evolutionary hierarchy that explains schematic figuration as a step toward abstraction. On the contrary, naive primitivism was a conscious and deliberate option. Postwar Catalan Figurative Primitivism was a coherent mix of medievalism and naiveté(although without a declarated program). The naiveté of postwar art has two aspects : the radical and nostalgic, which sometimes appear together and sometimes separately. Among Catalan artists, primitivism had great prominence and took various forms. De Sucre or Joan Ponç represent the more radical and tormented side, Albert Rafols Casamada or Joan Vilacasas the most naive and influenced by French modernism. There is, later, a clear trend towards politization (Francesc Todó Josep Guinovart, Estampa Popular). We studied the various sources of this primitivism and found the fundamental influence of Joan Miró and Massimo Campigli. Likewise, there are links to Spanish artists such as Rafael Zabaleta, Benjamín Palencia, the valencians Manuel Gil and Salvador Faus or Manuel Millares. Often tinged with nostalgia and religiosity, in sinthony with a Franciscan fashion, the theoretical discourse about primitivism was ambivalent and evolved from modernity to conservatism.

Las relaciones existentes entre el cinematógrafo y las artes plásticas durante las primeras décadas del siglo XX son una de las señas de identidad de un período artístico protagonizado por los movimientos vanguardistas. En efecto, fotografía y cine se unen a pintura y escultura en el maremagno de creatividad y experimentación que vivió el arte al calor de las vanguardias históricas. Pese a ser numerosas y evidentes las influencias que el cine recibió de las artes plásticas en esas primeras décadas del siglo, lo que se quiere abordar en esta investigación no es esta vinculación sino, precisamente, su inversa. De lo que se trata, pues, es de investigar, evidenciar y explicar las influencias del medio cinematográfico en las artes plásticas, a nivel formal, expresivo o iconográfico, influencias que, como es lógico, resultan especialmente significativas en la pintura. / The existing relations between the cinematograph and the plastic arts during the first decades of the 20th century are one of the identity signs of an artistic period led by the avant-garde movements. In fact, photography and cinema join painting and sculpture in the maremagnum of creativity and experimentation that art lived with the historical avant-garde. In spite of the fact that the influences that cinema received from plastic arts in these first decades of the century are numerous and evident, what must be faced in this investigation is not this link but, precisely, his opposite. What we are dealing with, thus, is investigating, demonstrating and explaining the influences of the cinematographic means in the plastic arts, at a formal, expressive or iconographic level, influences that, naturally, turn out to be specially significant on painting.

This thesis proposes a theoretical framework for spatial inquiry into conditions of radical social gregariousness, through probing the crowd design problem in the work of the Soviet Rationalist architects (1920s-30s) - particularly their submissions to the Palace of Soviets competition (Moscow 1931-3). Legitimizing the crowd construct as an index of collective consciousness, and examining the early-modern revolutionary crowd's struggles for proclaiming its self-consciousness, this thesis investigates the interwar political phenomenon of amassing large crowds within buildings as a device for constructing collective social relations. The research project is divided into two main parts. The first is concerned with the crowd design problem, identifying this problem not just as the technical task of accommodating large political crowds, but as the basis of the formulation a new kind of conceptual intent in architecture. Finding the competition brief inadequate to in-depth formulation, the thesis investigates three primary sources for the crowd design problem: mass-events, revolutionary-theatre and revolutionary-art. Four components comprise the Crowd Design Problem each seeking legitimacy in the mass of crowd-bodies: i) the problem of crowd configurations; ii) challenges from the kinesthetic-space conception evoked by theatrical director V.E. Meyerhold's Biomechanics; iii) the legitimacy of 'the object' within a spatial-field of intersubjectivity; and iv) the challenge of 'seeing' crowds from immersive viewpoints counteracting representational filters of class privilege. Part-II focuses on the response of the Rationalists--one of the groups participating in the competition--to the crowd design problem. The study unearths in their designs a logic of space-making founded in the construction of inter-subjective states of consciousness radically different from prevailing individualistic conceptions of social space. To explain this logic of space-making, it proposes the notion of Gregarious Space--a theoretical framework of inquiry into what Marx called "species-being", taking radical gregariousness as the primary, generative condition of society. Besides drawing on morphological principles, social theory, historical analyses, and philosophical reflections, the notion of Gregarious Space is found to be particularly amenable to design propositions. Within the proposed theoretical framework, the Rationalists' design-proposition of curved-grounds, dense notations, textured co-visibilities and empathetic graphic conventions - all comprise a founding spatial-principle trafficking in rhythmic fields between subjects and against non-commodified objects: a principle which challenges the material domain of Productivist Constructivism as well as Historical Materialism's canonical constructs of alienation. Moreover, its uncertain kinesthetics sustain dynamic, aleatory states of consciousness which subvert prevailing disciplinary techniques of Panopticon inspection.