Submitted by Joana Azevedo (joanad@id.uff.br) on 2017-08-22T16:59:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Kelly Frizero Neto.pdf: 2639388 bytes, checksum: a86cdfb4d8bd960fe371f034705cc18a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Biblioteca da Escola de Engenharia (bee@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-09-04T15:15:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Kelly Frizero Neto.pdf: 2639388 bytes, checksum: a86cdfb4d8bd960fe371f034705cc18a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-04T15:15:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Kelly Frizero Neto.pdf: 2639388 bytes, checksum: a86cdfb4d8bd960fe371f034705cc18a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-22 / Diante da diversidade de critérios de decisão e do leque de ativos disponíveis nas bolsas de valores, os investidores se deparam com o problema central do estudo: Como priorizar os critérios de decisão diante do cenário complexo, dinâmico e de difícil previsão que engloba a compra e venda de ações? O trabalho realizou uma revisão estruturada da literatura e mapeou os principais fatores que interferem na escolha dos investidores qualificados e especialistas do mercado financeiro através de uma modelagem voltada para a identificação do grau de relevância atribuída aos critérios de decisão nas negociações dos ativos. Questionários direcionados aos especialistas e aos investidores foram aplicados para captar a percepção quanto à importância e a utilização dos critérios de decisão. Devido à extensa variedade de fatores que simultaneamente afetam as escolhas dos investidores, elegeu-se a metodologia de apoio multicritério à decisão para a estruturação do trabalho, com a utilização da soma ponderada para ordenar os critérios mais empregados. A conclusão apresenta a análise dos principais critérios de decisão apontados pelos profissionais do mercado, fornecendo assim uma ferramenta atual para facilitar a compreensão dos fatores que influenciam o fluxo de decisões das operações com ações. Outra contribuição alcançada foi a interface de um trabalho acadêmico (apoiado em conceitos e teorias), com a acelerada dinâmica do mercado financeiro (em meio a avalanches de informações diárias que mudam o cenário econômico a todo momento). / Given the diversity of decision criteria and the large range of available assets on the stock market investors face the main issue in this study: Which decision criteria should be prioritized on the complex, dynamic and hard to forecast scenario that embraces the buying and selling of shares? The work mapped the main factors that interfere in the selection of qualified investors and specialists in the financial market, through a model focused on a degree of relevance attributed to the decision criteria in the asset negotiations. Questionnaires were directed to experts and researchers to capture a perception about the relevance and use of decision criteria. Due to the extensive range of factors that simultaneously affect the investors’ choices, a multicriteria methodology was chosen for structuring the work, using the weighted sum to map the decision criteria used. In the conclusion, it is presented an analysis of the main decision criteria pointed out by the professionals of the financial market thereby providing a current tool that will contribute to the understanding of the factors that affect the flow of equity transactions. Another contribution will be the academic work interface with the accelerated dynamic in which investors and financial experts meet: lots of daily information that changes the economic scenario all the time

In the present diploma thesis named "Acquisition of Shares and Subsequent Merger in Logistics Company" is given a broad overview of difficult processes of mergers and acquisitions as a useful tool for establishing a leveraged buyout (LBO) in terms of Czech business practice. The goal of the thesis is to analyze the specific acquisition process of obtaining a 100% stake in the company and subsequent merger. The thesis also aims to give readers a comprehensive guide of each step of a complex business transformation process through merger and simultaneously propose the optimal structuring of an acquisition of shares from other shareholders, resulting in a 100% stake in the company. In the form of present thesis readers get a manual with specific instructions how to proceed in the case of strategic decisions about leveraged buyouts (LBO) and subsequent merger.

Dans un contexte de mondialisation, les entreprises africaines doivent s'adapter en permanence aux diverses contingences économiques, juridiques ou sociales. Conscient de cette réalité, le législateur africain a mis en place dans le cadre de la reforme de l'OHADA, un arsenal juridique afin de leur permettre de s'acclimater en permanence aux tendances et pressions du marché : le droit de la restructuration qui désigne l’ensemble des techniques conçues par le législateur pour réorganiser l’entreprise. Ces techniques ont eu pour source d’inspiration le droit français des restructurations qui a connu des mutations. La confrontation des deux systèmes de droit permet de constater que si dans les principes fondamentaux les deux systèmes répondent aux mêmes objectifs à savoir assurer la pérennisation des entreprises par la promotion de la croissance de l’entreprise et sa survie lorsqu’elle est le seuil de difficultés diverses, il existe toutefois des différences d’ordre pratique et technique consécutives aux dernières réformes intervenues. / In a context of globalization, the african companies have to adapt themselves permanently to economic legal or social contingencies. Conscious of that reality, african legislator set up within the OHADA reform legal measures to allow theme acclimatize to the tendencies and markets pression : the restructuring law which design all the technicals proceedings conceived by the legislator to reorganize the company. Those technicals was inspirated by French law restructuring which has been reorganized. The confrontation of both systems allows to notice that if in the fundamental principles they are the same objectives consisting in substainability of companies for their growth or their survival there are however pratical and technical differences materialized by the recents french reforms.

O presente trabalho visa a estudar a regulamentação existente a respeito da relação de substituição de ações em operações de incorporação de sociedades e incorporação de ações. Para tanto, serão abordados os dispositivos legais, as posições doutrinárias e as interpretações da jurisprudência sobre o assunto no Brasil e em Direito Comparado. No primeiro capítulo, são estudados os institutos da incorporação e da incorporação de ações, analisando-se a natureza jurídica dessas operações e os procedimentos para realização de cada uma delas. No segundo capítulo, examina-se propriamente a relação de substituição de ações e sua natureza jurídica para, na sequência, analisarmos o arcabouço legal em que se insere a determinação da relação de troca de ações. Nesse contexto, são abordados os critérios, parâmetros e requisitos que norteiam a sua definição, bem como os mecanismos legais previstos pela legislação societária para compor os diferentes interesses envolvidos, notadamente aqueles dos acionistas minoritários e do controlador. O terceiro capítulo analisa algumas especificidades relativas às operações de incorporação que envolvem companhias abertas, operações de incorporação englobando sociedades sob controle comum, diferentes relações de substituição de ações entre ações de diferentes espécies e classes e, por fim, entre ações da mesma espécie e classe. Finalmente, a conclusão arremata as principais ideias discutidas ao longo deste trabalho. / This paper aims at analyzing the existing regulation regarding the share exchange ratio in mergers and merger of shares (incorporação de ações). For this purpose, this work will examine the legal provisions, the different doctrinal positions and case law understandings relating to this matter under Brazilian Law and Comparative Law. The first chapter of this paper presents the concepts of the merger and merger of shares and analyzes the nature of such transactions and the procedures necessary for their performance. The second chapter examines the share exchange ratio and its nature, followed by an analysis of the legal environment in which such share exchange ratio is determined. In this sense, this paper analyzes the criteria, parameters and requirements that drive the determination of the share exchange ratio, as well as the legal provisions established by Corporate Law to assure that all interests involved in such transactions are addressed, mainly those of minority shareholders as opposed to those of the controlling shareholders. The third chapter analyzes certain special situations concerning mergers and mergers of shares that involve publicly held corporations or corporations under common control. This chapter also analyzes special cases regarding the establishment of different share exchange ratios between different types and classes of shares and between shares of the same type and class. Finally, the conclusion of this work summarizes the main ideas discussed herein.

自1978年以來，大陸為促進經濟成長，大力鼓吹改革與開放。在諸多大小 改革項目中，有關證券市場的消息特別引人注目，一方面它和掀起證券熱 的廣大民眾利害相關；另一方面，處於關鍵地位的國營企業改革，也希望 在股份制試點中尋求出路。證券市場的動向，對這股經改主流，有著舉足 輕重的影響力。在兩岸實質上之經濟交流規模日漸擴大，國內資金快速而 大量進入大陸之現階段（目前台灣已成為大陸的第四大貿易夥伴），有些 人對大陸證券市場產生興趣。臺灣有關當局至今對國人公開買賣投資大陸 證券，基於種種考慮仍禁止之，但據非正式報導，臺灣已有相當數量之資 金不斷利用各種管道投入大陸股市。然而國人投資大陸股市不但資訊取得 不易，政治風險仍高，且兩岸之相關法令及規定亦有所不同，因此在投資 之前有必要對其加以深入了解。無容諱言，大陸證券市場未來之成敗及發 展結果，對我國未來證券市場，乃至整體金融安定、經濟發展之影響頗為 重大。而從大陸證券市場之特性及國人投資、籌資之需求，並以基本分析 之角度來看，現階段我們對大陸的「證券發行市場」應有進一步的了解。 因此本論文以證券發行市場為研究主題，並特別著重股票市場的全面性討 論與分析。藉由兩岸的比較，從制度面及法規面來分析其發行市場的整個 結構及運作，最後並說明其證券發行市場之國際化發展情況，以瞭解中共 為因應將來入關所積極努力的準備工作。

The classical corporation, as described by Berle and Means (1932), was characterized by ownership that is dispersed between many small shareholders, yet control was concentrated in the hands of managers. This ownership structure created the conflict of interest between managers and dispersed shareholders. More recent empirical work (see, e.g., La Porta et al. (1999) and Barca and Becht (2001)) has shown that ownership in many countries around the world is typically concentrated in the hands of a small number of large shareholders. As a result, an equally important agency conflict arises between large controlling shareholders and minority shareholders. On the one hand, large shareholders can benefit minority shareholders by monitoring managers (Shleifer and Vishny, 1986, 1997). On the other hand, large shareholders can be harmful if they pursue private goals that differ from profit maximization or if they reduce valuable managerial incentives (Shleifer and Vishny, 1997; and Burkart et al., 1997). In the presence of several large shareholders, a conflict of interest may arise between these controlling shareholders (see, e.g., Zwiebel (1995), Pagano and Röell (1998), and Bennedsen and Wolfenzon (2000)). They can compete for control, monitor each other, or form controlling coalitions to share private benefits. The question arises as to what determines the role of controlling shareholders in various firm policies and performance. Previous literature has noted that the incentives to expropriate minority shareholders are often exacerbated by the fact that the capital invested by the controlling shareholders is relatively lower than the voting control they achieve through the use of dual class shares (i.e., shares with differential voting rights) or stock pyramids (e.g., Claessens et al., 2002). Moreover, the identity of the shareholder (e.g., family vs. financial institution) is important for understanding the role of controlling shareholders (see, e.g., Holderness and Sheehan (1988), Volpin (2002), Claessens et al. (2002), and Burkart et al. (2003)). Using Swedish data, Cronqvist and Nilsson (2003) show that the agency costs of family owners are larger than the agency costs of other controlling owners. The role of controlling shareholders in transition countries is exacerbated by the fact that the legal and general institutional environment remains underdeveloped. In such an environment, strong owners may be the second best option to weak legal protection of investors (La Porta et al., 1997, 1998). The transition countries of central and eastern Europe are experiencing increasingly concentrated control structures, typically with the controlling owner actively involved in the management of the firm (Berglöf and Pajuste, 2003). Moreover, experience from transition countries suggests that foreign direct investment, where investors take controlling positions, have been critical to the successful restructuring of privatized firms. This thesis consists of four self-contained chapters that empirically examine various corporate governance issues. The common theme throughout the thesis is the focus on large shareholders, their identity, as well as to whether they deviate from the principle of one share-one vote. In particular, I examine the effect of large shareholders on firm value (in the first and third chapters), dividend policies (in the second chapter), and stock returns (in the final chapter). The first two chapters employ the data from Finland, the third looks at companies in seven European countries where deviations from one share-one vote are common, and the final one explores the evidence from transition countries. / Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2004

Il lavoro ha affrontato la tematica riguardante la disciplina del trasferimento delle azioni. In particolare, l'attenzione si è concentrata sulla formalità dell'iscrizione nel libro soci. A tale riguardo, si è posto il problema di comprendere se essa costituisca ancora il mezzo necessario per il conseguimento dello status socii. Con riferimento alle s.p.a. che emettono titoli, si è ravvisato nel possesso qualificato del titolo l'unico indice di legittimazione necessario e sufficiente in caso di trasferimento a mezzo girata, riconoscendo all'iscrizione nel libro soci la funzione di elemento necessario (ma comunque insufficiente, se isolatamente considerato) all'acquisto della legittimazione in caso di trasferimento dell'azione per atto separato e di circolazione mortis causa. Si è, comunque, escluso che le novità introdotte abbiano surrettiziamente trasformato le azioni in titoli all'ordine. In assenza di titoli, si è evidenziato che l'iscrizione ha sempre funzione legittimante come accade in caso di trasferimento di quote di s.r.l. In presenza di azioni dematerializzate, si è sottolineato che l'iscrizione nel libro soci perde ogni funzione legittimante, posto che l'avente causa acquista lo status di socio tramite registrazione sul conto tenuto dall'intermediario. Si è giunti alla conclusione che, al di là della funzione cartolare, a-cartolare o scritturale, l'annotazione nel libro soci rappresenta, esaltando il suo ruolo organizzativo, l'unico strumento che l'emittente ha a disposizione per riconoscere i propri soci ed avere contezza dei suoi assetti proprietari e delle vicende relative alle partecipazioni dallo stesse emesse. / The work concerned the issue about the circulation of shares. In particular, the attention is concentrated around the registration on shareholders' book. In this respect, the difficulty lied in understanding if the registration is still the instrument for the achievement of status socii. About the corporations which issue paper securities, the only instrument (necessary and sufficient) for the ability to exercise the shareholders' rights if the share is transferred by endorsement is the security's qualified possession. The registration on shareholders' book is the necessary, but not sufficient, instrument for the ability to exercise the shareholders' rights if the share is transferred by separate contract and if the share is transferred mortis causa. Anyway, the recent reform confirmed that the shares are registered securities. About the corporations which don't issue paper securities, the registration is always the instrument for the ability to exercise the shareholders' rights, like it happens in case of circulation of unlimited liability company's stakes. About the corporations which issue dematerialized securities (in particular, listed companies), the registration isn't the instrument for the ability to exercise the shareholders' rights, because the buyer achieves status socii by the registration on intermediary's account. In short, the registration on shareholders' book is the only instrument which the legal system puts at corporation's disposal to know its shareholders and the events about its shares.

This study discusses about the relationships between the qualities of collateralized shares by the broad of directors and the bank performance. In this study, we focus on the quantitative indicators of collateralized shares. Base on individual collateralization data, we build up the sets of the loans permitted by banks. In additon, this study is based on the multiple regression model to find out the relationships between the qualities of the collateral loans and the bank performance. By the conclusion, this study tries to give some advice to the banks about measuring the loans with collateralized shares. There are few conclusion of this study: 1. The stocks with higher price volatility are not good collaterals. The banks which have the loan with the collaterals with higher price volatility usually have bad proformance. The banks should pay attension to this indicator. 2. The collaterals are better with high ¡¥market price-to-book value¡¦. 3. By literature review, the higher proportion of collateralized shares by the broad of directors, the shares seem to be the worse collaterals for the banks. However, in this study, we find out some trade-off relationship between the profit and the risk in measuring this indicator.

中小企業在臺灣經濟發展過程中，扮演著舉足輕重的地位。中小企業向為台灣經濟發展之基石，其所具備的靈活、彈性、進可攻、退可守等優點，是帶動台灣整體經濟快速發展的重要因素。另一方面，由於中小企業規模不大、人才與資金資源較為缺乏等，因此營運上相較大企業不易。長久以來，中小企業一直是台灣經濟發展的主體，在台灣經濟發展的成長或產業發展過程中，不論在拓展對外貿易、增加國民所得、提高人民生活水準或是在創造就業機會、促進社會安定，中小企業均有卓越之貢獻。 本研究透過台灣工商普查資料，以產業為基本單位，利用長期且完整的時間序列資料，探討中小企業市場占有率的變動情形，並藉由普通最小平方迴歸及分量迴歸，分析1991年、1996年及2001年中小企業市場占有率之決定因素。以普通最小平方迴歸的方式來估計中小企業市場占有率時，會忽略其條件分配的差異。由實証結果發現，1991年、1996年及2001年中小企業相對其產業之平均勞動生產力(RL)對於中小企業市場占有率為顯著的正向影響，而產業出口比例(EX) 及產業平均年齡(AG)對於中小企業市場占有率為顯著的負向影響，在這10年間此三變數一直為重要的影響因素；產業加工收入與營收比(XR)與產業加工支出與薪資比(XE)皆屬分包制度的指標ㄧ，由三年合併的模型來看，此兩變數皆在中小企業市占率偏中低的產業有著顯著的正向影響。 / In the process of Taiwan economic development, small and medium size enterprises play very significant positions. In general, they are the foundations of Taiwan’s economy. With their flexible and efficiency manufacturing characteristics, small and medium size enterprises are the most contributors for Taiwan’s economic growth. However, as they are recognized as lack of financial capital and human resources, it is more difficult for them to manage their operations than big size enterprises. The small and medium size enterprises have occupied a significant proportion of Taiwan economy system for a long time. In the history of economy and industry development in Taiwan, the small and medium size enterprises have remarkable contributions in many aspects, such as the growth of foreign trade, national income and work opportunity, the improvement of the living standard, or the stability of society. This study base on census data which have long-term and complete time series data to seek the changes of market shares of small and medium size enterprises and to analyze the determinants of market shares of small and medium size enterprises in 1991、1996 and 2001 by OLS regression and quantile regression. We employ quantile regression to capture the behavior at each quantile of conditional distribution. According to the data result, RL is significant positive effect on market shares of small and medium size enterprises, while EX and AG is significant negative effect on it in 1991、1996 and 2001. These three variables are important factors during the past 10 years. XR and XE both are indications of sub-contracting system. As result of three-year combination model, these two variables are significant positive effect on market shares of small and medium size enterprises which belong to the industry of small and medium quantiles.

Olika aktörer på fastighetsmarknaden har svårigheter att värdesätta kommersiella fastigheter på grund av den minskade transparensen på marknaden. Den minskade transparensen är ett resultat av att färre fastigheter överlåts genom köpehandling idag. Syftet med denna studie är att skapa en ökad förståelse på fastighetsmarknaden och på så vis underlätta för olika aktörer på fastighetsmarknaden att genomföra marknadsanalyser. Målet är att utreda varför vissa bolag väljer att överlåta sina fastigheter med köpehandling istället för att överlåta fastigheter genom att paketera den i ett dotterbolag. Två rättsfall har studerats för att få rättsväsendets bedömningar. Genom rättsfallen kunde det konstateras att det råder en viss osäkerhet i hur beskattningen ska genomföras vid fastighetsöverlåtelser. Denna osäkerhet kan leda till att bolagen väljer att överlåta fastigheterna genom köpehandling där rättsläget är mycket tydligare.   För att utreda varför bolag väljer att överlåta kommersiella fastigheter genom köpehandling har en intervjustudie genomförts. Intervjustudien påvisade att bolagens val av överlåtelseform är beroende av de för- och nackdelar samt de skattemässiga konsekvenser som överlåtelsen medför. Intervjustudien visar även att enklare överlåtelseprocesser föredras av bolagen samt att de säljande bolagen vill uppnå en ekonomisk vinning genom överlåtelserna av fastigheterna.   Slutsatsen är att säljarens val av överlåtelseform är beroende på utfallet av kalkyleringsmetoden, köparens påverkan på överlåtelseformen samt hur komplicerad överlåtelseprocessen får vara. Den ökade transparensen som överlåtelser genom köpehandling bidrar till gör att de olika aktörernas marknadsanalyser på fastighetsmarknaden kan förenklas och bli mer tillförlitliga. Utöver detta avser regeringen att tillsätta en utredning angående skatteplanering i samband med då fastigheter paketeras i bolag. Beroende på vad regeringens utredning får för utfall kan antalet överlåtelser på fastighetsmarknaden ändras vilket skulle kunna vara intressant att undersöka i en framtida studie. / Different participants in the real estate market have difficulty in valuing commercial real estate due to reduced market transparency. The reduced transparency is a result of fewer properties being transferred by way of document of purchase today. The purpose of this study is to create a better understanding of the property market and be able to provide market participant with an improved understanding how to analyze this market. The objective is to investigate why some companies choose to sell properties by way of document of purchase instead of transferring the property by using a limited company structure. Two legal cases have been reviewed for judicial assessments. The court cases analysis showed the degree of turnover of property transfers can lead to uncertainty in terms of possible tax implications. This uncertainty might lead to companies choosing to transfer properties by way of document of purchase due to the much clearer legal position.   An interview study has been conducted to investigate why companies transfer commercial properties through the use of purchase document. The study showed that companies’ choice of transfer form is dependent on the advantages and disadvantages of the form together with possible tax implications. The interview study also showed a simple transfer process is preferred together with financial gains when selling properties.   The conclusion is that the seller’s preferred choice of transfer form is dependent on the outcome of the project models, the purchasers’ impact and how complicated the transfer process may be. The increased level of transparency achieved by using document of purchase makes it easier for participants in the real estate market to conduct market analysis and also to make the results more reliable. In addition to this the Swedish government intends to launch an investigation into potential effects of tax planning in connection with the use of limited corporate structures. The number of transferals in the property market could potentially change dependent on the outcome of the government’s investigation and if so this could be an interesting topic for a future study.