<p>The main purpose of this study has been to survey the pupils’ general comprehension of the content and aim of Swedish as a subject in upper secondary school and their attitude towards the subject. Furthermore the study aims at discerning whether there is a distinguishable difference between programmes with vocational and academic character.</p><p>The study is based on the results of 101 answers from students in an opinion poll handed out at a Western Swedish upper secondary school. Throughout the analysis the results of the two programme groups have been weighed against each other. The result of the survey shows that:</p><p>• The understanding of the aim and content of Swedish at upper secondary school is acceptable as a whole. One quarter of the students show a very good comprehension.</p><p>• The pupils’ general attitude towards the subject is fairly positive.</p><p>• There is a clearly discernable difference between the vocational programmes and the academic ones with regard to the comprehension of the subject’s aim. Vocational pupils generally show a weaker understanding than the academic pupils do.</p><p>• There is an equivalent difference between the groups when looking at the comprehension of the content of Swedish as a subject.</p><p>• The differences in attitude towards Swedish as a subject follow the pattern of the pupils’ comprehension. The pupils from the academic programmes generally have a more positive attitude. This pattern shows true for both attitudes with cognitive basis and for the ones based on emotion.</p> / <p>Huvudsyftet med denna undersökning har varit att kartlägga gymnasieungdomarnas generella förståelse för svenskämnets innehåll och syfte samt deras attityder till ämnet som sådant. Dessutom har en stor del av undersökningen syftat till att undersöka om det förekommer några skillnader i förståelse och attityd mellan elever på studieförberedande respektive yrkesförberedande program.</p><p>Studien bygger på en enkätundersökning där svaren från 101 elever på en västsvensk gymnasieskola har behandlats. Genomgående har analyser gjorts där resultaten från de två programkaraktärerna, studieförberedande program och yrkesförberedande program, har jämförts. Av resultatet framgår följande:</p><p>• Totalt sett visar eleverna en acceptabel förståelse för såväl svenskämnets syfte som dess innehåll. Ungefär en fjärdedel av eleverna visar en mycket god förståelse.</p><p>• Totalt sett visar eleverna också en relativt positiv attityd till svenskämnet.</p><p>• Det finns en klar skillnad i förståelse för svenskämnets syfte mellan de två programgrupperna. Eleverna på de yrkesförberedande programmen visar generellt upp en svagare förståelse än eleverna på de studieförberedande programmen.</p><p>• Det finns även en motsvarande skillnad när det gäller elevernas förståelse för svenskämnets innehåll.</p><p>• När det gäller elevernas generella attityd till svenskämnet visar resultatet att eleverna på de studieförberedande programmen delar en betydligt mera positiv attityd än eleverna på de yrkesförberedande programmen. Detta mönster gäller för såväl de känslomässigt som förnuftsmässigt baserade attityderna.</p>

This thesis deals with the topic "The content of education at the first grade of primary schools". The initial years of schooling are very important for the future psychological development of children. At the first grade of primary schools the pupils built schoolboy habits of learning and acquire human and moral values. For these reasons is important to the level of study at a primary school meets the high standards and thus helped to create a solid foundation for future academic and professional life of a young human. In the theoretical part of this thesis will be summarized the current knowledge of basic education, in the practical part will be compared school curricula of selected primary schools. Obtained knowledge will be used in the assessment aims, areas and forms of education in the Czech republic.

Si la langue française fut imposée, à l'époque coloniale à des fins d'empire et d'emprise, actuellement, elle s'impose par l'effet de la mondialisation comme une langue à visée professionnelle. Notre recherche accorde une attention particulière à l'enseignement du français à visée professionnelle dans le domaine du tourisme au Maroc. Elle se situe donc au carrefour de la didactique des langues et de la formation professionnelle initiale, suite aux programmes d'urgence décidés récemment par le Ministère du tourisme marocain concernant la mise à niveau des étudiants en français. Le besoin de réagir de manière efficace est devenu particulièrement sensible et motive la présente recherche. Notre projet est d'une part, de faire l'état des lieux de l'enseignement du français dans le domaine du tourisme au Maroc depuis l'indépendance à aujourd'hui, en examinant les outils méthodologiques utilisés, et, d'autre part, d'identifier les besoins actuels des apprenants et des enseignants et plus largement, les attentes des établissements touristiques, afin de concevoir un matériel didactique du français spécialement destiné à notre public actuel. L'objectif est de faire acquérir aux apprenants des compétences culturelles et langagières spécifiques, tant orales qu'écrites répondant aux injonctions du marché de l'emploi-En cela, le domaine de l'ingénierie de formation sera sollicité. / Back In the colonial era, French language was imposed for empire and influence purposes, yet nowadays, it stands as a language for professional purpose due to the impact of globalization. My research pays particular attention to the teaching of French for professional purpose in the field of tourism in Morocco. This research comes as an intersection between language didactics and initial vocational training, following the emergency programs recently decided by the Moroccan Ministry of tourism about upgrading French language level among students. Thus, the need to respond effectively has become particularly sensitive and is a strong motive for this research. This project is based on an appraisal of French teaching regarding tourism in Morocco altogether with reviewing used instruments for this purpose in one hand, and figuring out students and teachers current needs and even touristic institutions expectations in the other hand, in order to perceive didactical French appliances mainly intended to our present public. In fact, the intention is to pump some specific cultural and lingual proficiency whether it's written or oral, that meets the work market needs. For this purpose, training engineering is highly recommended.

The main purpose of this study has been to survey the pupils’ general comprehension of the content and aim of Swedish as a subject in upper secondary school and their attitude towards the subject. Furthermore the study aims at discerning whether there is a distinguishable difference between programmes with vocational and academic character. The study is based on the results of 101 answers from students in an opinion poll handed out at a Western Swedish upper secondary school. Throughout the analysis the results of the two programme groups have been weighed against each other. The result of the survey shows that: • The understanding of the aim and content of Swedish at upper secondary school is acceptable as a whole. One quarter of the students show a very good comprehension. • The pupils’ general attitude towards the subject is fairly positive. • There is a clearly discernable difference between the vocational programmes and the academic ones with regard to the comprehension of the subject’s aim. Vocational pupils generally show a weaker understanding than the academic pupils do. • There is an equivalent difference between the groups when looking at the comprehension of the content of Swedish as a subject. • The differences in attitude towards Swedish as a subject follow the pattern of the pupils’ comprehension. The pupils from the academic programmes generally have a more positive attitude. This pattern shows true for both attitudes with cognitive basis and for the ones based on emotion. / Huvudsyftet med denna undersökning har varit att kartlägga gymnasieungdomarnas generella förståelse för svenskämnets innehåll och syfte samt deras attityder till ämnet som sådant. Dessutom har en stor del av undersökningen syftat till att undersöka om det förekommer några skillnader i förståelse och attityd mellan elever på studieförberedande respektive yrkesförberedande program. Studien bygger på en enkätundersökning där svaren från 101 elever på en västsvensk gymnasieskola har behandlats. Genomgående har analyser gjorts där resultaten från de två programkaraktärerna, studieförberedande program och yrkesförberedande program, har jämförts. Av resultatet framgår följande: • Totalt sett visar eleverna en acceptabel förståelse för såväl svenskämnets syfte som dess innehåll. Ungefär en fjärdedel av eleverna visar en mycket god förståelse. • Totalt sett visar eleverna också en relativt positiv attityd till svenskämnet. • Det finns en klar skillnad i förståelse för svenskämnets syfte mellan de två programgrupperna. Eleverna på de yrkesförberedande programmen visar generellt upp en svagare förståelse än eleverna på de studieförberedande programmen. • Det finns även en motsvarande skillnad när det gäller elevernas förståelse för svenskämnets innehåll. • När det gäller elevernas generella attityd till svenskämnet visar resultatet att eleverna på de studieförberedande programmen delar en betydligt mera positiv attityd än eleverna på de yrkesförberedande programmen. Detta mönster gäller för såväl de känslomässigt som förnuftsmässigt baserade attityderna.

政府隨時更新建設以因應各式公共建設及政策，但並非所有建設都能如預期 使用，審計機關適時扮演著監督者之角色，因此，行政機關與審計機關在決算時 的互動，成為可以適時督促政府的管道。在過去文獻中，鮮少有人討論審計機關 與行政機關在決算互動之情況，本研究先探討良好的決算為理論基礎，共分三層 次：決算目標、決算使用審計方式及審計人員能力為架構，以探討行政與審計兩 者間互動時之反應，並以我國頂尖大學計畫為例，運用訪談法及二手資料分析， 以解釋決算的過程、成果之重要性，及雙方互動後的結果。 本文藉由訪談頂尖大學及審計機關，針對研究問題提出下列實務上之政策建 議： 一、放寬法規上之規定：頂大計畫之經費之流用應加寬彈性，畢竟頂大計畫僅是 達成計畫的手段。 二、決算進行時，審計機關與行政機關開拓新溝通管道：利用電子化溝通平台減 少審計與行政機關溝通之時間。 三、審計機關與行政機關嘗試以和平互惠角度共存：本研究認為在往後之行政審 計互動關係應嘗試以和平互惠之關係進行，而此使兩者之間能夠以互惠面合 作的前提 四、重視頂大計畫工作圈意見：在未來工作圈會議時，將以頂大辦公室及會計人 員共同進行討論，有利於雙方之瞭解。 / The administrative organizations renew infrastructures based on public and policy, but now all infrastructures can be anticipated to use. The audit plays the supervisor to the administrative organizations. Therefore, the reaction of financial statement will be a good way to surprise the administrative organizations. The documents seldom discuss this issue in the past. This research discusses how to attain the theory of good financial statement with three levels: the goal of financial statement, the way audit organizations to use and the ability of the auditors. This research takes “The Aim for the Top University Project” for example to discuss the reactions of two organizations, and use In-depth interviews and researching secondary materials to explain the process, the importance and the outcome after reactions. First, broaden the rules: the expenditure should be more flexible. The project is just a method approach to the goal. Second, the two organizations should explore new communication channel: use E-communication medium to decrease time. Third, the two organizations should try to stay in peace for collaborating. Fourth, respect the opinion form the teams of top universities. Let staffs of both sides discuss, which will make them understand each other.

Vid införandet av de nuvarande styrdokumenten Lpo 94 medföljde att lokala tolkningar av styrdokumenten ska formuleras. Tolkningen av styrdokument anser vi vara en komplex del av läraryrket. Syftet med denna studie är att ta reda på vad matematiklärare, vilka undervisar i grundskolans senare år, uttrycker för tolkningar av begreppet strävansmål samt två utvalda strävansmål ur kursplanen i matematik för grundskolan. Vår förhoppning är att på så sätt bidra till ökad reflektion och kunskap gällande tolkning av skolans styrdokument. Vi valde att genomföra en kvalitativ intervjustudie med fyra matematiklärare i grundskolans senare åldrar. Lärarna, vilka medverkar i denna studie, har olika lång arbetslivserfarenhet inom läraryrket. Resultatet visar att lärare gör olika tolkningar av de två strävansmålen samt att de också tolkar själva begreppet strävansmål olika. Resultatet visar också att lärare anser att tolkningen är svår. Vi drar slutsatsen att dessa olika tolkningar kan få följder för intentionen om en likvärdig skola för alla. / When the current national curricula for the compulsory school system, Lpo 94, was implemented, local interpretations followed. We consider interpretation of curriculum and syllabi as a complicated part of teachers work. The aim of this study is to find out which interpretations elementary school teachers do on goals to aim for, taken from the syllabi of mathematics of the elementary school. Our expectations are that this study will contribute to increased reflections and knowledge concerning formulations of national curricula for the compulsory school system. We choose to perform a qualitative interview study with four teachers of mathematics in the upper school. The teachers, whom contribute to this study, experience of teachers work was varied. The result shows that teachers do various interpretations of the two goals to aim for. The teachers also interprets the concept of goals to aim for differently. The result also shows that the teachers consider the interpretation as difficult. Our conclusion is that these different interpretations can effect the intention of an equivalent school for all.

En la literatura sobre mecànica quàntica és freqüent trobar descriptors basats en la densitat de parells o la densitat electrònica, amb un èxit divers segons les aplicacions que atenyin. Per tal de que tingui sentit químic un descriptor ha de donar la definició d'un àtom en una molècula, o ésser capaç d'identificar regions de l'espai molecular associades amb algun concepte químic (com pot ser un parell solitari o zona d'enllaç, entre d'altres). En aquesta línia, s'han proposat diversos esquemes de partició: la teoria d'àtoms en molècules (AIM), la funció de localització electrònica (ELF), les cel·les de Voroni, els àtoms de Hirshfeld, els àtoms difusos, etc.L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és explorar descriptors de la densitat basats en particions de l'espai molecular del tipus AIM, ELF o àtoms difusos, analitzar els descriptors existents amb diferents nivells de teoria, proposar nous descriptors d'aromaticitat, així com estudiar l'habilitat de totes aquestes eines per discernir entre diferents mecanismes de reacció. / In the literature, several electronic descriptors based in the pair density or the density have been proposed with more or less success in their pratical applications. In order to be chemically meaningful the descriptor must give a definition of an "atom" in a molecule, or instead be able to identify some chemical interesting regions (such as lone pair, bonding region, among others). In this line, several molecular partition schemes have been put forward: atoms in molecules (AIM), electron localization function (ELF), Voronoi cells, Hirshfeld atoms, fuzzy atoms, etc. The goal of this thesis is to explore the density descriptors based on the molecular partitions of AIM, ELF and fuzzy atom, analyze the existing decriptors at several levels of theory, propose new aromaticity descriptors, and study its ability to discern between different mechanisms of reaction.

En esta tesis doctoral se han desarrollado nuevas vías de síntesis de clústeres trinucleares cuboidales de molibdeno y wolframio con unidad central [M3S4] coordinados a difosfinas. La reactividad del metal M se ha investigado con vistas a sus aplicaciones potenciales en medicina y se ha realizado un estudio del mecanismo de protonación de los clústeres hidruro de wolframio. La obtención de complejos clúster heterobimetálicos tetranucleares derivados de la unidad [M3M'S4], donde M' puede ser cobre, níquel o paladio, en altos rendimientos ha permitido caracterizar estructuralmente estos compuestos, estudiar su reactividad y evaluar sus propiedades como limitadores ópticos y catalizadores. El estudio de la relación entre la estructura electrónica y molecular, a través de metodologías mecanocuánticas ab initio, combinadas con teorías topológicas del enlace, ha contribuido a determinar la naturaleza del enlace en estos compuestos clúster.

Transition Metal (TM) silicides are potential materials for different high temperature applications due to their high melting points and chemical stability at elevated temperatures. In the present work, the possible use of Gr (VIB) disilicides: MoSi2 and CrSi2 for high temperature structural application and thermopower generation respectively are investigated. Literature reports on MoSi2 indicate this material to have excellent mechanical and thermal behaviors at temperatures greater than 1273 K. The major problems limiting its use are the low temperature brittleness and oxidation at intermediate temperatures and form the scope of this work. Also, CrSi2 is reported to be a narrow band gap semiconductor. Its feasibility as a thermoelectric material for power generation is investigated. The first chapter briefly summarizes the literature on MoSi2 and CrSi2 relevant to structural and thermoelectric applications respectively. Based on the available literature, the scope of further work is discussed. The second chapter describes the methods of synthesis employed for these materials and the characterization techniques adopted. Some experimental setups like thermal conductivity and hot pressing unit that were fabricated as part of the work are described in detail. The thermal conductivity apparatus is based on the principle of parallel heat flow technique. It allows accurate measurement of K and S in the temperature range 300-700 K. The induction based hot-pressing unit allows compaction of polycrystalline powders to near theoretical densities thereby allowing quantitative evaluation of the physical properties. In the third chapter, an understanding of ductility/brittleness based of electron charge density distribution is attempted. The electron charge density in Tin and simple metals (BCC and FCC) is analyzed using Bader’s Atoms in Molecule (AIM) theory. Also the relevant surface and dislocation energies in these materials are calculated according to the Rice Model. It is found that the electron densities at the critical points correlate in a simple way with the relevant stacking fault and surface energetics. Based on these results, a ductility parameter (DM odel) based on electron charge distribution, to predict the effects of chemical substitutions on ductility/brittleness in materials is proposed. In the fourth chapter, possible elements to impart ductility in MoSi2 are identified based on the DM odel values. Calculations indicate, Nb, Ta, Al, Mg and Ga to be suitable candidates for improving ductility in MoSi2. Also oxidation studies based on present experiments and reported literature data reveal, Al to improve the intermediate temperature (773-873 K) oxidation behavior. Thus to simultaneously improve the low temperature ductility and oxidation resistance, Nb and Al were identified as suitable candidates. In the fifth chapter, the experimental data of Nb and Al co-substituted MoSi2 samples are reported. Oxidation studies carried out by thermogravimetry show improved oxidation resistance in Nb and Al co-substituted samples compared to pure MoSi2 in the temperature range of 773-873 K. Mechanical characterization was carried out for (Mo0.99Nb0.01)(Si0.96Al0.04)2 co-substituted composition. Compression testing at room temperature show plastic deformation at low strain rates (10−3 /sec). Indentation experiments show a reduction in the hardness and stiffness compared to pure MoSi2. There is also an increase in the fracture toughness (K1C ) value with the fracture modes being predominantly transgranular. The sixth chapter describes the structural, thermal and transport properties of CrSi2. Structural refinement was carried out by Rietveld method and the positional, thermal parameters and occupancy were fixed. Thermo-gravimetric analysis shows oxidation resistance in powdered samples upto 1000 K. Thermal expansion (α) studies reveal anisotropy in the α values with an unusual decrease in the average αV values between 500 and 600 K. Measurements of electrical resistivity and seebeck coefficient indicate a degenerate semiconducting behavior. Electronic band structure calculations indicate a narrow indirect band gap (EG) material with EG~0.35 eV. Thermal conductivity (K) measurements show a decrease in K value with increasing temperature. Calculation of the thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) show a maximum value of 0.18 at 800 K for the temperature range studied. Based on an analysis of the experimental and theoretical results, it is identified that further improvements in ZT of CrSi2 may be possible by reducing the lattice thermal conductivity and optimization of the carrier concentration. In chapter seven, the effect of particle size on ZT of CrSi2 is studied. Nano powders of CrSi2 were prepared by mechanical milling. Contamination is found to be a major problem during milling and the different milling parameters (milling speed, atmosphere, dispersant etc) were optimized to minimize contamination. The milled powders were further hot pressed to achieve high densities in a short duration thereby minimizing the grain growth. It is observed that the lattice thermal conductivity is reduced significantly with decreasing grain size. Measurements of ZT show a maximum value of 0.20 in the milled sample compared to 0.14 in arc melted CrSi2 at 600 K. In chapter eight the effect of chemical substitutions on ZT of CrSi2 is studied. Mn substitutions in Cr site were carried out to study the effect of atomic mass on lattice thermal conductivity (KP ). Al substitutions in Si site were carried out to tune the Fermi level. Results of Mn substitution show a large decrease in KP but also a reduction in the thermoelectric power factor (S2σ). The maximum ZT observed in the Mn substituted samples was 0.12 at 600 K. Al substitution results in an increase in the thermoelectric power factor and a subsequent increase in ZT. The maximum ZT observed was 0.27 at 700 K for 10% substitution of Al in Si site. The work reported in the thesis has been carried out by the candidate as a part of the Ph.D. training programme at Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India. He hopes that this work would constitute a worthwhile contribution towards (a) basic understanding of ductility/brittleness in materials and understanding the effects of chemical substitutions, (b) Suitability of chemically substituted MoSi2 to overcome the problems of low temperature brittleness and oxidation. (c) Development of CrSi2 as a high temperature thermoelectric material.

<p>Vid införandet av de nuvarande styrdokumenten Lpo 94 medföljde att lokala tolkningar av styrdokumenten ska formuleras. Tolkningen av styrdokument anser vi vara en komplex del av läraryrket. Syftet med denna studie är att ta reda på vad matematiklärare, vilka undervisar i grundskolans senare år, uttrycker för tolkningar av begreppet strävansmål samt två utvalda strävansmål ur kursplanen i matematik för grundskolan. Vår förhoppning är att på så sätt bidra till ökad reflektion och kunskap gällande tolkning av skolans styrdokument. Vi valde att genomföra en kvalitativ intervjustudie med fyra matematiklärare i grundskolans senare åldrar. Lärarna, vilka medverkar i denna studie, har olika lång arbetslivserfarenhet inom läraryrket. Resultatet visar att lärare gör olika tolkningar av de två strävansmålen samt att de också tolkar själva begreppet strävansmål olika. Resultatet visar också att lärare anser att tolkningen är svår. Vi drar slutsatsen att dessa olika tolkningar kan få följder för intentionen om en likvärdig skola för alla.</p> / <p>When the current national curricula for the compulsory school system, Lpo 94, was implemented, local interpretations followed. We consider interpretation of curriculum and syllabi as a complicated part of teachers work. The aim of this study is to find out which interpretations elementary school teachers do on goals to aim for, taken from the syllabi of mathematics of the elementary school. Our expectations are that this study will contribute to increased reflections and knowledge concerning formulations of national curricula for the compulsory school system. We choose to perform a qualitative interview study with four teachers of mathematics in the upper school. The teachers, whom contribute to this study, experience of teachers work was varied. The result shows that teachers do various interpretations of the two goals to aim for. The teachers also interprets the concept of goals to aim for differently. The result also shows that the teachers consider the interpretation as difficult. Our conclusion is that these different interpretations can effect the intention of an equivalent school for all.</p>