In the past two decades the increase in passengers and frequency of flights has caused commercial air transportation to suffer. The system in current use was designed to satisfy different needs than the contemporary ones. Airports have failed to keep up with increased demands. Movement of passengers and aircraft have not kept pace with advances in technology. Many aircraft arriving and departing simultaneously create unnecessary delays and monetary loss to commercial airlines. The present solutions were based on new additions to existing airports as well as the creation of new airports so that metropolitan flights could arrive to different locations, e.g. JFK, La Guardia and Newark in the New York area; National and Dulles in the Washington D.C. area. The concept of the traditional airport is obsolete and needs to be completely rethought, not modified. / Master of Architecture

Develop new strategies to design and operate the multilateration systems, used for air traffic control operations, in a more efficient way. The design strategies are based on the utilization of metaheuristic optimization techniques and they are intended to found the optimal spatial distribution of the system ground stations, taking into account the most relevant system operation parameters. The strategies to operate the systems are based on the development of new positioning methods which allow solving the problems of uncertainty position and poor accuracy that the current systems can present. The new strategies can be applied to design, deploy and operate the multilateration systems for airport surface surveillance as well as takeoff-landing, approach and enroute control. An important advance in the current knowledge of air traffic control is expected from the development of these strategies, because they solve several deficiencies that have been made clear, by the international scientific community, in the last years. / Mantilla Gaviria, IA. (2013). New Strategies to Improve Multilateration Systems in the Air Traffic Control [Tesis doctoral]. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/29688

The development of Digital Twin Technology, with a focus on addressing environmental concerns, has elevated the priority of Industry 4.0-based solutions. The study aimed to design a simulation model to optimize the electricity consumption of the electric bus fleet at Arlanda Airport as a subproject of the main Digital Twin project. The study found that there was no current model designed to simulate electricity consumption by formal methods, Z notation.  The research is guided by four primary objectives find power management strategies for e-buses, identify critical parameters affecting their energy consumption, create a Z Notation simulation model, and assess this model. Through a thorough review of the literature and methodical application, power management strategies were defined, and significant energy consumption parameters were identified. The model's usefulness in modelling and optimizing electricity usage was demonstrated by its careful construction using Z Notation and evaluation with Spivey's Fuzz Checker. The paper demonstrates the use of Design Science Research in creating a digital twin-based simulation, which has important implications for transportation systems as well as theoretical advances in simulation methodologies. Throughout the developed Z notations, it provide a proper insight into operational efficiency and sustainability in energy consumption.  The study also emphasizes the drawbacks of using Z Notation, such as its steep learning curve and limited community assistance. To improve the accuracy of electricity consumption forecasts, future research should use predictive analytics and fine-tune the model granularity. The thesis demonstrates how design science can be applied for preparing specification of services but not only in software development. This work lays the groundwork for more extensive applications in digital twin technologies and energy optimization, in addition to contributing to our understanding of e-bus power management at Arlanda Airport.

In light of rising environmental concerns, and with governments world-wide legislating for drastic GHG emission reductions, the aviation industry, being an important contributor to global warming, is facing strong pressures to transform. However, given the social and economic relevance of aviation as rapid transport method and an enabler of globalization, a reduction in aviation emissions is unlikely to come from reduced air transport. Instead, three aviation technologies have received increased attention within the literature for their potential to account for high emission reductions in the coming decades: biofuels, electric and hydrogen aircraft. Countries worldwide have committed to ambitious climate goals. Sweden, for example, is expecting to become fossil-free by 2045. However, are airports already preparing for the adoption of these technologies? What factors can help airports transform in this environmental transition? Is there something to be learnt from the early adopters? The present report draws information from a survey to Swedish commercial airports, and a round of interviews with industry experts, in order to shed light on these questions. By mapping the progress of airports through the survey, and analyzing its results using the Diffussion of Innovation Theory, it is possible to draw conclusions on how much progress airports in the Swedish context have made. Additionally, by collecting interview results and analyzing them through the Multi-level perspective, it is possible to understand the factors that favoured the adoption of new technologies by these leading airports. / Mot bakgrund en ökande oro för miljön, lagstiftar regeringar världen över om drastiska minskningar av utsläppen av växthusgaser. Flygindustrin, som är en viktig bidragande orsak till den globala uppvärmningen, står inför starka påtryckningar att ställa om. Med tanke på flygets sociala och ekonomiska betydelse är det dock osannolikt att en minskning av flygets utsläpp kommer att ske genom minskade flygtransporter. Istället har ny teknik för att minska flygets miljöpåverkan fått ökad uppmärksamhet i litteraturen. Tre föreslagna tekniker kan ha potential att avsevärt minska utsläppen av växthusgaser under de kommande decennierna: biodrivmedel, samt el- och vätgasdrivna flygplan. Sverige har antagit ambitiösa klimatmål och räknar med att bli fossilfritt 2045. Men har flygplatserna ännu börjat förbereda sig för att införa någon av teknikerna ovan? Vilka faktorer kan hjälpa flygplatserna i denna övergång och finns det något att lära av de tidiga användarna? Denna rapport bygger på en undersökning av ett antal svenska flygplatser och intervjuer med branschexperter. Genom att plotta de undersökta flygplatsernas svar med hjälp av Diffussion of Innovation Theory - DOI, är det möjligt att dra slutsatser om hur långt de svenska flygplatserna har kommit i sin omställning. Genom att analysera intervjuresultaten med hjälp av flernivåperspektivet MLP är det dessutom möjligt att förstå vilka faktorer som gynnade införandet av ny teknik på dessa flygplatser.

Recent and frequent reports of important systems being hacked are being presented almost daily, and the fact that our digitized society has fallen behind on securing these systems is becoming more and more obvious. Vital infrastructure - systems that we depend on for our safety. The security of these systems is of utmost importance, but how well are they protected? Even systems that are supposed to be isolated and never exposed to the general public have shown through history to be vulnerable. This thesis analyzed the security of such a vital system, namely a common unit among X-ray security scanners (Smiths Detection HI-SCAN 6040i) that are not only used by airports to search bags and belongings but also by an increasing multitude of applications such as prisons, jails, courts, government buildings, hotels and public events. In order to structure the work and present the attack vectors, a threat model was determined for the target system. In total, 11 vulnerabilities were found in the system. Most of them grant access to the X-ray machine, where it is also possible to escalate privileges to root access. This work will also show that once one has gained access to the network connecting these machines, there are multiple paths to gaining full access to the system. When access has then been obtained, it will also be demonstrated how to manipulate the scanning function of the X-ray machine in such a way that one could bring prohibited items through the security checkpoint unknowingly of the security operators, concluding that the system is vulnerable and that the impact of successful exploitation could have catastrophic consequences. / Nya rapporter om samhällsviktiga system som blivit hackade kommer hela tiden, och faktumet att vårat digitaliserade samhälle har hamnat på efterkälken med att säkra upp dessa system blir mer och mer tydligt. Kritisk infrastruktur - system som vi är beroende av för vår säkerhet. Säkerheten i dessa system är av yttersta betydelse, men hur säkra är dem? Även system förment att vara isolerade och aldrig exponerade för allmänheten har visat sig genom historien vara sårbara. Denna uppsats har analyserat säkerheten för att sådant kritiskt system, nämligen ett vanligt använt röntgenanalyssystem (Smiths Detection HI-SCAN 6040i) som används frekvent på flygplatser för att skanna handbagage men finns även på en tilltagande skara sektorer såsom kriminalvårdsanstalter, häkten, domstolar, samhällsviktiga byggnader, hotel och publika evenemang. I syfte att strukturera arbetet samt att presentera attackvektorerna, bestämdes en hotmodell för målsystemet. Totalt hittades 11 sårbarheter i systemet. De flesta av dem resulterade i tillträde till röntgenmaskinen, där det även var möjligt att eskalera privilegierna till root-behörighet. Det här arbetet kommer även visa att när tillträde erhållits till nätverket som sammankopplar dessa maskiner, så finns det flera vägar att nå full tillgång till systemet. När sådan tillgång erhållits, kommer det även demonstreras hur det är möjligt att manipulera skanningsfunktionen på röntgenmaskinen på ett sådant sätt att det vore möjligt att få igenom otillåtna föremål genom säkerhetskontrollen utan att säkerhetspersonalen märker någonting. Slutsatsen blir att systemet är sårbart och att resultatet av att framgångsrikt utnyttja en sådan sårbarhet kan få katastrofala konsekvenser.

This dissertation is situated at the intersection of aviation safety, sensor technology, and computational modeling, increasing airport apron safety by developing and testing optical sensing methods for automated apron surveillance. Central to this research is the utilization of Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) technology combined with computer vision algorithms for automatic scene understanding, complemented by tracking, motion prediction, and accident prediction functionalities for dynamic entities. Serving as the impetus for this research, an in-depth empirical analysis of 1220 aviation ground accident reports from 2008 to 2017 exhibits that 76 % of these occurrences could have been visually observed. Notably, the data reveals that 44 % of events indicate human failure, resulting from deficiencies in situational awareness among the involved parties. These findings highlight the opportunity for increasing airport safety by integrating automated surveillance methodologies. However, the ambitious endeavor of transitioning airport surveillance tasks to an automated system presents three main challenges. First, algorithms for automatic scene understanding rely on training datasets with ground truth annotations, which refer to semantic information representing real-world conditions. Such datasets do not exist for airport apron environments. Creating a training dataset for such environments involves scanning and manually annotating every aircraft type, ground vehicle, or object from multiple perspectives in every conceivable pose, velocity, and weather condition at multiple airports. Second, developing accurate tracking algorithms for aircraft relying on LiDAR point clouds requires time-synchronized true states for validation, which are not available. Third, recognizing visual features for accident prediction requires corresponding sensor data, which cannot be acquired in sufficient quantities given aviation's high safety standards and security-related access limitations to airport airside. Thus, this dissertation addresses these challenges by developing a simulation environment that provides training data and a testing framework to develop recognition models and tracking algorithms for real-world applications, utilizing Dresden International Airport as the test field. This simulation environment includes 3D models of the test field, kinematic descriptions of aircraft ground movements, and a sensor model replicating LiDAR sensor behavior under different weather conditions. The simulation environment obviates real-world data acquisition and manual annotation by generating synthetic LiDAR scans, automatically annotated using context knowledge inherent to the simulation framework. Consequently, it enables training recognition models on synthetic data applicable to real-world data. The simulation environment can be adapted to any airport by modifying the static background elements, thus addressing the first challenge. Sensor positioning within the simulation is fully customizable. The developed motion models are formulated in a general manner, ensuring their functionality across any movement network. For validation purposes, a real LiDAR dataset was collected at the test airport and manually annotated. Competing recognition models were trained: employing real-world training data and the other leveraging synthetic training data. These models were tested on a real test dataset not seen during the training. The results show that the synthetic data-trained model achieves recognition performance comparable to, or even superior to, the real-data-trained model. Specifically, it demonstrates improved recognition of aircraft and weather-induced noise within the real test dataset. This enhanced performance is attributed to an overrepresentation of aircraft and weather effects in the synthetic training data. The semantic segmentation model assigns semantic labels to each point of the point cloud. Tracking algorithms leverage this information to estimate the pose of objects. These estimations are crucial for verifying compliance with operational rules and to predict aircraft movement. Object positioning and orientation data inherent to the simulation enables the development and evaluation of tracking algorithms, addressing the second challenge. This research introduces an adaptive point sampling method for aircraft tracking that considers the velocity and spatial relationships of the tracked object, enhancing localization accuracy compared to conventional naïve sampling strategies in a simulated test dataset. Finally, addressing the third challenge, the empirical study of accidents and incidents informing the generation of accident scenarios within the simulation environment. A kinematic motion prediction model, coupled with a deep learning architecture, is instrumental in establishing classifiers that distinguish between normal conditions and accident patterns. Evaluations conducted on a simulated test dataset have demonstrated considerable promise for accident and incident prediction while maintaining a minimal rate of false positives. The classifier has delivered lead times of up to 12 s before the precipitating event, facilitating adequate warnings for emergency braking in 80 % of the ground collision cases and 97 % of the scenarios involving infringements of holding restrictions within a test dataset. This result demonstrates a transformative potential for real-world applications, setting a new benchmark for preemptive measures in airport ground surveillance.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The noise produced by aircraft during operations around airports represents a senous social, technical, economic and environmental problem which is only going to get worse as air traffic volumes increase. Rapid urbanisation, development encroachment and poor planning in the past have resulted in noisy airport runways being situated too close to residents' living space. Rapid industrial growth and lack of funding exacerbate noise problems in developing countries. Moreover, developing countries and especially South Africa tend to have moderate climates and open-window living, which makes insulation an ineffective solution to the noise problem. This study aims at employing GIS to establish the potential noise exposure of various sensitive land use categories and population groups in the noise-controlled area at Cape Town International Airport. Firstly, options for the demarcation of a noise-controlled area were evaluated. Thereafter, incompatible land uses and priority areas for land use compatibility projects were identified and recommendations made for urban renewal projects for these areas. Lastly, the noise-exposed population were profiled according to vulnerability characteristics and vulnerable groups identified and located. A recommendation was made that Cape Town International Airport set up an interactive map-based website to disseminate information to the public about noise and any other important issues concerning the airport. An Internet GIS application would empower citizens by providing them with a dynamic and interactive tool for improved public participation and a better understanding of the potential environmental and socio-economic effects of the airport. Noise complaints could also be investigated through the website and prompt feedback given to the communities complaining about aircraft noise. At the local community level where people are being annoyed every day and night resulting in negative health effects, the problem of aircraft noise demands urgent attention, and measures should be put in place to reduce vulnerability to noise and improve the overall quality of life of noiseweary residents. Keywords: aircraft noise, noise mapping, noise-controlled area, noise contours, land use compatibility, noise exposure / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die geraas veroorsaak deur vliegtuie by lughawens bied ernstige sosiale, tegniese, ekonomiese en omgewingsprobleme, wat net erger gaan raak namate vlugverkeer toeneem. Snelle verstedeliking, ontwikkelings-oorskryding en swak beplanning in die verlede het veroorsaak dat raserige aanloopbane te nabyaan mense se leefruimte gebou is. Vinnige industriële groei en 'n tekort aan befondsing vererger geraasprobleme in ontwikkelende lande. Bowendien het ontwikkelende lande, en veral Suid Afrika, 'n matige klimaat en oop-venster-leefwyse wat isolering 'n oneffektiewe oplossing maak vir die geraasprobleem. Hierdie studie het ten doelom GIS te gebruik om die potensiële geraas blootstelling van sensitiewe grondgebruike en bevolkingsgroepe in die geraas-kontrole area by Kaapstad Internasionale Lughawe vas te stel. Eerstens is opsies vir die afbakening van die geraas-kontrole area geëvalueer. Daaropvolgend IS onversoenbare grondgebruike en prioriteitsareas VIr grondgebruikversoeningsprojekte geïdentifiseer en aanbevelings gemaak vir stedelike vernuwingsprojekte vir hierdie areas. Laastens is 'n profiel daargestel van die geraas-blootgestelde bevolkings volgens kwesbaarheidskenmerke en kwesbare groepe is geïdentifiseer en hulligging aangedui. 'n Voorstel is gemaak dat Kaapstad Internasionale Lughawe 'n interaktiewe kaart-gebaseerde webwerf in werking moet stelom inligting oor geraas- en ander belangrike probleme in verband met die lughawe beskikbaar te stel vir die publiek en ander belanghebbendes. 'n Internet-GIS toepassing sal mense bemagtig deur hulle te voorsien van 'n dinamiese en interaktiewe meganisme wat sal lei tot beter gemeenskapsdeelname en ook 'n beter begrip van die potensiële omgewings- en sosio-ekonomiese uitwerking van die lughawe. Klagte oor geraas kan ook deur die webwerf hanteer en ondersoek word, en verder hulp verleen word deur vinnige terugvoering aan die gemeenskap wat die klagtes gelê het. Op plaaslike gemeenskapsvlak, waar mense elke dag en nag geïrriteerd raak en waar dit dan kan lei tot negatiewe gesondheidsinvloed, sal die probleem van vliegtuiggeraas dringend aangespreek moet word, en stappe geneem word ten einde kwesbaarheid van inwoners teenoor vliegtuiggeraas te verminder. Dit sal dan lei tot die algehele verbetering van die lewensgehalte van geraas-moeë Inwoners. Sleutelwoorde: vliegtuiggeraas, geraaskartering. geraas-kontrole area, geraaskontoere, grondgebruik versoenbaarheid, geraas blootstelling

本論文中，我們提出基於機場安全檢查的分層排隊理論模型，模型中的旅客基於歷史的安全數據被分成三組。我們運用二維馬可夫過程（two-dimensional Markov process）以及馬可夫調控卜瓦松過程（Markov modulated Poisson process）構建模型的排隊系統並加以分析。我們收集了台灣桃園國際機場和其它兩個機場的旅客數據以驗證我們提出的模型，並運用模擬退火法（simulated annealing）求得近似最佳解（near-optimum solution）。最後我們通過模型的旅客平均等候時間和另外兩種等候模型進行比較，之後得出我們的模型確實可以在不增加成本，甚至提升安全性的同時能夠有效地減少平均等候時間。 / This thesis proposes a tiered inspection system for airport security, wherein passengers are divided into three classes based on historical security records. A two-dimensional Markov process and a Markov modulated Poisson process (MMPP) queue were used in the formulation of the security inspection system. Simulated annealing was then used to obtain near-optimum solution for the model. The efficacy of the proposed model was evaluated using the arrival data of passengers at Taoyuan International Airport and other two international airports. A comparison with two conventional queueing models with regard to the average waiting time demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed security inspection system in enhancing service efficiency and boosting the level of security.

機場在航空運輸產業供應鏈扮演著舉足輕重的角色，國際機場作為國家之門戶，其傳遞予外部顧客之軟硬體設施服務水準，正是國家競爭力之展現；時至今日，網際網路已成為民眾傳遞、分享及獲取多元資訊主要媒介，國際機場網站更是國際機場管理當局經營顧客關係的伸展台，因此，國際機場網站所傳遞的不僅是機場的形象，更是國家的面貌，如何讓外籍顧客在與國際機場網站初次邂逅的同時，即滿足其資訊需求，進而產生造訪該國的動機，即成為國際機場網站管理者進行服務設計時之重要課題。 本研究針對臺灣桃園國際機場等六座機場之英文版網站進行內容分析及網站優使性測試，發現多數評估對象之網站內容或功能並無顯著之差異，然而，經研究者彙整優使性測試評分、受測人員之優使性測試意見及關鍵參與者之訪談內容，本文建議臺灣桃園國際機場英文版網站應優先改善航班資訊之編排方式及檢索方式，及提升購物、飲食店家資訊之完整性；其次，色彩、字型、字體大小等視覺傳達介面優使性評估指標亦應納入改善項目，並落實各語言版本之一致性及內控機制之建立，以優化使用者對臺灣桃園國際機場英文版網站之使用體驗，進而提升使用者對臺灣桃園國際機場之信賴。此外，本研究期待公部門於推動電子化政府發展過程中，在追求行政效能及便民服務品質的同時，亦能提升對網站優使性的意識，進而協助政府評估網站使用效能，創造良好的網站使用體驗。 / Airports play a decisive role in the supply chain of aviation industry. As a gateway of one country, an international airport manifests a nation’s competitiveness through the service standard of its software and hardware facilities delivering to its external customers. Today, Internet has become a main media for people to pass on, to share and to acquire various pieces of information, which makes the official website of an international airport an important extending platform for the authority to conduct customer relationship management. Therefore, what an international airport website represents is not just the image of a certain airport, but also the facade of one country. Under this circumstance, how to meet the needs of external customers during their first reach of an airport website so as to increase their visit motivations has become a primary issue while webmasters designing webpages. In this study, the researcher chose English version websites of six international airports, including Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport, to conduct content analysis and website usability. The result shows that there are no significant differences among tested websites; however, after collecting usability test scores, participants’ opinions, and reviewing key actors interview, this thesis concludes and would suggest Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport to firstly improve the layout arrangement of flight information, retrieval method, and elevate the completeness of shop and dining information. Secondly, visual communicate interface, such as color, fonts, font size and so on, and content consistency among different language versions should be enhanced and an internal control mechanism, which aims at maintaining that consistency, should be built to utilize the user experience so as to advance the credibility of Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport. On top of that, this study expects to raise the awareness of website usability among all government sectors, who are developing and promoting e-government policy, to also include website usability into the core concept of webpage design while pursuing administrative efficiency and quality of citizen services and, furthermore, to assist Government to conduct website evaluation in order to create a smooth and customized user experience.

Kleine regionale Flughäfen leiden oft unter begrenzter Nachfrage sodass sie ihre Kosten nicht decken können. Die Frage ist wie solche Flughäfen effizient strukturiert, bewirtschaftet und möglicherweise finanziell unterstützt werden können. Viele solcher Flughäfen werden einzeln betrieben und erhalten direkte lokale oder nationale Subventionen, während andere von den Quersubventionen leben. Die Dissertation befasst sich zuerst mit der Abschätzung der Effizienz von 85 regionalen europäischen Flughäfen (2002-2009) durch Anwendung der „Data Envelopment Analysis“. Die Schätzungen zeigen, dass die potenziellen Einsparungen 50 Prozent und gesteigerten Einnahmemöglichkeiten 25 Prozent betragen. Die Zugehörigkeit zu einem Flughafensystem reduziert die Effizienz um 5 Prozent. Das durchschnittliche Break-Even Passagieraufkommen hat sich im letzten Jahrzehnt mit 464.000 Passagiere mehr als verdoppelt. Die Flughäfen hätten ihre Kosten mit allein 166.000 Passagiere decken können, wären sie effizient betrieben worden. Der zweite Teil beschäftigt sich mit einem Vergleich der Flughäfen von AENA und DHMI (2009-2011). Eine „Russell measure“ der DEA zeigt, dass die Mehrheit der Flughäfen unter zunehmenden Skalenerträge arbeitet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen höhere durchschnittliche Effizienz der spanischen Flughäfen. Aber ein verstärkte privates Engagement steigert die Effizienz in den türkischen Flughäfen. Wir schlagen verschiedene wirtschaftspolitische Optionen vor um die Effizienz zu verbessern, wie zum Beispiel die Dezentralisierung von Flughafen-Management und die Verbesserung des Flughafennetzes durch die Schließung ineffizienter Flughäfen. Im letzten Teil wird eine räumliche Regressionsmethode verwendet um verschiedene Hypothesen zu testen. Die Ergebnisse von subventionierten französischen und norwegischen Flughäfen zeigen eine negative Auswirkung von Subventionen auf Kosteneffizienz der Flughäfen. Darüber hinaus wird die Bedeutung von Skaleneffekten veranschaulicht. / Small and regional airports often have insufficient revenues to cover their costs. The question is how such airports could be efficiently structured, managed and financially supported. Some airports are operated individually and receive direct subsidies from the local and federal governments. Others survive through cross-subsidizations. This dissertation first deals with the efficiency of 85 small regional European airports for the years 2002-2009 by applying a data envelopment analysis. Estimates show the potential savings and revenue opportunities to be 50 percent and 25 percent respectively. Belonging to an airport system reduces efficiency by about 5 percent. The average break-even passenger throughput over the last decade more than doubled to 464 thousand passengers. However airports behaving efficiently could have covered their operational costs with a mere 166 thousand passengers annually. The second part addresses the comparison of airports belonging to AENA and DHMI for the years between 2009 and 2011. The majority of airports operate under increasing returns to scale. A Russell measure of data envelopment analysis is implemented. Results indicate higher average efficiency levels at Spanish airports, but private involvement enhances efficiency at Turkish ones. Certain policy options including a greater decentralization of airport management and the restructuring of the airport network (by closing some inefficient airports) should be considered to increase the airport systems’ efficiency. In the final part of the dissertation, we have studied how the airport specific characteristics drive the unit costs. In order to capture the spatial interdependence of airport costs, a spatial regression methodology is applied. Two separate datasets of subsidized French and Norwegian airports are used to test various hypotheses. The results show a negative effect of subsidies on airport cost efficiency. Furthermore, the significance of scale economies is illustrated.