Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:13:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MoniqueSR.pdf: 220248 bytes, checksum: 9b4812db208d8a1084dd383370f51150 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-02 / The National School Nutrition Program is the oldest program in the country directed at food and nutrition safety. Its aims are to offer nutritional food as a supplement to students of public and philanthropic schools. Studying school nutrition transcends the investigation as a purely social program, given that it reaches the fields of public health, nutrition and food, using a wide variety of approaches. Thus, it is characterized by a multidisciplinary study, where the disciplines work side by side in distinct aspects of a single problem. Aim: This study aims to assess hygiene practices during the preparation of meat-based meals in public schools in the city of Natal, Brazil. Methods: A list was applied at 27 schools to identify the procedures of good food preparation practices. In addition, cooking and meal distribution temperature were measured and a microbiological analysis of the final preparation and of the water used in preparing it was performed. For microbiological analyses of the food, we analyzed coliforms at 45?C, coliforms at 35?C and Enterococcus, and for the water, we analyzed thermotolerant coliforms and total coliforms, using the methods recommended by APHA, 1995. Results: Most of the schools did not meet the required standards in all the variables related to good food preparation practices, except for the time spent preparing the meat, in which 89% were within the norm. Cooking temperature of the meals was within the standard; however, the temperature at distribution and the time spent dispensing the meals were inadequate. Of the 27 schools, 22 (81.5%) showed the presence of coliforms at 35? C in at least one meal sample and 18 (66.7%) had values above the recommended limit for coliforms at 45?C. The presence of E. coli was identified in 6.1% of the samples analyzed. The presence of Enterococcus was not found at any of the schools. With respect to the water, the North district of the city was the only one that did not meet the standards for the two indicators evaluated. The contamination found was not associated with the hygiene or food storage problems observed. Conclusions: The results show that the hygiene-sanitary conditions of meat-based public school meals were unsatisfactory, demonstrating the need for improvements in the production process to preserve the health of the student population. Multidisciplinarity: Researchers from the areas of food microbiology, nutrition, public health and statistics took part in this study, a decisive factor for characterizing the research as multidisciplinary / O Programa Nacional de Alimenta??o Escolar ? o programa voltado ? seguran?a alimentar e nutricional mais antigo do pa?s e tem por objetivo oferecer alimentos, de qualidade, em car?ter suplementar aos estudantes de escolas p?blicas e filantr?picas. Estudar a alimenta??o escolar transcende a investiga??o enquanto programa social, atingindo os campos da sa?de p?blica, nutri??o e alimentos, nas suas mais variadas abordagens. Assim, caracteriza-se por um estudo de car?ter multidisciplinar, onde as disciplinas trabalham lado a lado em distintos aspectos de um ?nico problema. Objetivo: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar as pr?ticas de higiene durante a produ??o de prepara??es ? base de carne em escolas p?blicas municipais na cidade de Natal/RN. M?todos: Foram avaliadas 27 escolas, onde foi aplicada uma lista de verifica??o a fim de identificar os procedimentos de Boas Pr?ticas de Fabrica??o, e ainda, foi medida a temperatura de coc??o e distribui??o das prepara??es e realizada an?lise microbiol?gica da prepara??o pronta e da ?gua utilizada no preparo das mesmas. Para as an?lises microbiol?gicas do alimento, foram analisados coliformes ? 45?C, coliformes ? 35?C e Enterococcus, e para a ?gua, foram analisados coliformes termotolerantes e coliformes totais, atrav?s dos m?todos preconizados pela APHA, 1995. Resultados: A maioria das escolas estudadas apresentou n?o conformidades em todas as vari?veis analisadas quanto ?s Boas Pr?ticas de Fabrica??o, com exce??o do tempo de pr?-preparo das carnes, no qual 89% estavam dentro do padr?o. A temperatura de coc??o das prepara??es encontrou-se dentro do padr?o, entretanto a temperatura e o tempo de distribui??o apresentaram-se inadequados. Das 27 escolas, 22 (81,5%) apresentaram pelo menos uma amostra da prepara??o pronta com presen?a de coliformes ? 35?C, e 18 (66,7%) apresentaram valores acima do padr?o para coliformes ? 45?C. Foi identificada a presen?a de E. coli em 6,1% das amostras analisadas. N?o foi encontrada a presen?a de Enterococcus em nenhuma escola. Com rela??o ? ?gua, a regi?o Norte foi a ?nica com evid?ncias estat?sticas de estar fora do padr?o para os dois indicadores avaliados. A contamina??o encontrada n?o apresentou associa??o com as n?o conformidades referentes ? higiene peri?dica e a conserva??o dos reservat?rios. Conclus?es: Os resultados encontrados mostram que as condi??es higi?nico-sanit?rias das prepara??es ? base de carne servidas na alimenta??o escolar apresentaram-se insatisfat?rias, evidenciando a necessidade de melhoria do processo de produ??o, visando ?s condi??es de sa?de da popula??o estudantil assistida. Multidisciplinaridade: Este estudo teve a participa??o de pesquisadores das ?reas de microbiologia de alimentos, nutri??o, sa?de p?blica e estat?stica, fator decisivo para caracterizar a pesquisa como multidisciplinar

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:13:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaKCC.pdf: 364079 bytes, checksum: f1b3d299458adb60596529bc0976c051 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-12 / In Brazil school food is constitutionally guaranteed to public school students at the preschool and elementary level. This food must be nutritious, hygienic and sanitary. The aim of the present study was to assess the hygienic/sanitary conditions of food and table utensil handlers in municipal public schools in Natal, Brazil. In total, 27 public schools were assessed, using a checklist and microbiological analysis of the hands and table utensils. For the microbiological analyses of the hands, coliforms were analyzed at 45?C and for the utensils aerobic mesophilic bacteria, using methods recognized by AOAC, 2002 and APHA, 1992, respectively. Most of the schools studied did not exhibit good food and utensil handling practice procedures in any of the variables analyzed. It was shown that 74.1% of the handlers received no periodic training, 51.9% did not undergo annual health examinations and 100% did not practice proper hand hygiene, which reflected significantly (p < 0.05) in hand contamination, where fecal coliforms were detected on 55.6% of the hands analyzed. With respect to the utensils, it was found that 100% of the schools studied did not follow correct hygiene practices and most were classified as very bad ; that is, aerobic mesophilic bacteria values above the limits established by PAHO (Pan American Health Organization), with schools in the north and south districts recording the highest percentages. The results show that the hygienic-sanitary conditions of the food and utensil handlers in the schools studied were inadequate, demonstrating the need for implanting good handling practices aimed at protecting the health of children that take part in the program and offering safer foods. Researchers from the areas of food microbiology, nutrition, public health and statistics participated in this study, a decisive factor for characterizing it as multidisciplinary / No Brasil a alimenta??o escolar ? um direito constitucional dos alunos de escolas p?blicas que freq?entam a pr?-escola e ensino fundamental, devendo essa alimenta??o ser de boa qualidade em valores nutricionais e principalmente no aspecto higi?nico sanit?rio. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar as condi??es higi?nico-sanit?rias de manipuladores de alimentos e utens?lios de mesa de escolas p?blicas municipais na cidade de Natal/RN, no qual foram avaliadas 27 escolas p?blicas, utilizando um check-list e an?lise microbiol?gica das m?os e utens?lios de mesa. Para as an?lises microbiol?gicas das m?os de manipuladores, foram analisados coliformes ? 45?C e para os utens?lios bact?rias mes?filas aer?bias, atrav?s dos m?todos preconizados pela AOAC,2002 e APHA, 1992, respectivamente. A maioria das escolas estudadas apresentou n?o conformidades em todas as vari?veis analisadas. Foi verificado que 74,1% dos manipuladores n?o recebem treinamentos peri?dicos, 51,9% n?o realizam exames de sa?de anuais e 100% n?o fazem a higiene correta das m?os, o que refletiu significativamente (p< 0,05) na contamina??o das m?os, nas quais foram detectados coliformes fecais em 55,6% das m?os analisadas. Quanto aos utens?lios foi constatado que 100% das escolas estudadas n?o realizam procedimento adequado de higieniza??o e a maior parte apresentam classifica??o p?ssima , ou seja, valores de bact?rias mes?filas aer?bias acima dos limites estabelecidos pela OPAS Organiza??o Panamericana de Sa?de, sendo as escolas da regi?o Norte e Sul que apresentaram maiores percentuais. Os resultados encontrados mostram que as pr?ticas e condi??es de higiene dos manipuladores de alimentos e utens?lios utilizados nas escolas estudadas encontram-se inadequadas, sendo necess?ria implanta??o de boas pr?ticas de manipula??o, visando a prote??o da sa?de das crian?as que participam do programa, oferecendo alimentos mais seguros. Participou desse estudo pesquisadores das ?reas de microbiologia de alimentos, nutri??o, sa?de p?blica e estat?stica, fator decisivo para caracterizar a pesquisa como multidisciplinar

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:55:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AugustoSM.pdf: 335954 bytes, checksum: 833c494ed0bc45913cca52949553c8b6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-09-27 / This study has as objective to examine the level of perception of high school students from two private schools in Natal-RN about the existence of a direct link between alimentary habit and its effects on environmental. The research was lead with 433 students, who had their school alimentary habits investigated according to the 24-hour recall method and presents the results of data collection from their opinions on participating in the generation of industrialized solid residues and their yearnings about the improvements of the standard of the food offered in the school. The students show a high rate of grading age for level at school, traditional family structure, riding, predominantly, by car or by bus in the house-school-house way, have generally all three important meals at home, feed frequently at their school, getting it from their won school, which included, mainly, soft drinks and fried or grilled appetizers; show a good knowledge about selective collectors, however with a high variation in their correct use. They show significant approval in the existence of a connection between their alimentary habits and debased effects about environmental and consider their food compounds at school could improve the offering of health/natural food, slowing industrialized foods, which are highly used, sometimes. The study on the students knowledge and concern level with regard to the interface alimentary habit-environmental impact allowed delimitating some of the mainly involved components in the alimentary choices of the same students in the school environment, what might help to develop a set of proposals that stimulates the formation of a responsible consumption standard among teenagers and the need of a consideration about the consequences of their choices / Este estudo tem como objetivo verificar qual o n?vel de percep??o dos estudantes do ensino m?dio de duas escolas da rede privada em Natal-RN, sobre a exist?ncia de uma rela??o direta entre o h?bito alimentar e seus efeitos sobre o ambiente. A pesquisa foi conduzida com 433 estudantes, que tiveram seus h?bitos alimentares no ambiente escolar investigados com base no m?todo recordat?rio 24 horas e apresenta os resultados da coleta de dados de suas opini?es sobre como participam na gera??o de res?duos s?lidos industrializados e seus anseios quanto ?s melhorias do padr?o de oferta de alimentos na escola. Os estudantes apresentam alto ?ndice de nivelamento et?rio por s?rie, estrutura familiar tradicional (pai e m?e juntos), deslocando-se no trajeto resid?ncia-escola-resid?ncia, predominantemente, de carro ou de ?nibus, fazem, geralmente, as tr?s refei??es convencionais em casa, costumam consumir alimentos diariamente na escola, adquirindo-os na pr?pria escola, estes consistem, principalmente, em refrigerantes e salgados fritos ou assados; os entrevistados apresentam relativo conhecimento sobre os coletores seletivos, por?m, com grande varia??o na freq??ncia do uso correto dos mesmos. Demonstram significativa anu?ncia quanto ? exist?ncia de conex?o entre seus h?bitos alimentares e efeitos degradantes sobre o ambiente e consideram que os complexos alimentares em suas escolas poderiam aumentar a oferta de alimentos naturais e/ou saud?veis, diminuindo a oferta, ora elevada, de alimentos industrializados. O estudo sobre o grau de conhecimento e de preocupa??o dos estudantes com rela??o ? interface h?bito alimentar-impacto ambiental permitiu delimitar alguns dos principais componentes envolvidos na determina??o dos h?bitos alimentares dos mesmos em ambiente escolar, o que poder? ajudar a desenvolver um conjunto de propostas que objetive o est?mulo ? forma??o de um padr?o de consumo respons?vel entre os adolescentes e ? necessidade de reflex?o sobre as conseq??ncias de suas escolhas

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:58:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarcosSA.pdf: 1402858 bytes, checksum: aafed934486c8c9ba68e0133cc239956 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-05-19 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / In 1998 the first decorticator was developed in the Textile Engineering Laboratory and patented for the purpose of extracting fibres from pineapple leaves, with the financial help from CNPq and BNB. The objective of the present work was to develop an automatic decorticator different from the first one with a semiautomatic system of decortication with automatic feeding of the leaves and collection of the extracted fibres. The system is started through a command system that passes information to two engines, one for starting the beater cylinder and the other for the feeding of the leaves as well as the extraction of the decorticated fibres automatically. This in turn introduces the leaves between a knife and a beater cylinder with twenty blades (the previous one had only 8 blades). These blades are supported by equidistant flanges with a central transmission axis that would help in increasing the number of beatings of the leaves. In the present system the operator has to place the leaves on the rotating endless feeding belt and collect the extracted leaves that are being carried out through another endless belt. The pulp resulted form the extraction is collected in a tray through a collector. The feeding of the leaves as well as the extraction of the fibres is controlled automatically by varying the velocity of the cylinders. The semi-automatic decorticator basically composed of a chassis made out of iron bars (profile L) with 200cm length, 91 cm of height 68 cm of width. The decorticator weighs around 300Kg. It was observed that the increase in the number of blades from 8 to twenty in the beater cylinder reduced the turbulence inside the decorticator, which helped to improve the removal of the fibres without any problems as well as the quality of the fibres. From the studies carried out, from each leaf 2,8 to 4,5% of fibres can be extracted. This gives around 4 to 5 tons of fibres per hectare, which is more than that of cotton production per hectare. This quantity with no doubt could generate jobs to the people not only on the production of the fibres but also on their application in different areas / No ano de 1998 foi patenteada uma desfibradeira que foi desenvolvida no laborat?rio de Engenharia T?xtil da UFRN, com objetivo de desfibrar a folha do abacaxi, com apoio do CNPq e BNB. O presente trabalho objetiva desenvolver uma desfibradeira automatizada com a mesma finalidade e se buscou a fabrica??o de uma nova desfibradeira com sistema semi-autom?tico. A desfibradeira ? acionada atrav?s de um quadro de comando, que passa informa??es para dois motores, um para acionamento do cilindro batedor e outro para os movimentos de alimenta??o das folhas e sa?da das fibras. A desfibradeira ? composta de um sistema de alimenta??o autom?tico, atrav?s de uma esteira sem fim, que desloca as folhas at? os cilindros alimentadores, que introduz as mesmas, entre uma espera (faca) e um batedor rotativo de vinte palhetas (desfibradeira anterior s? tinha 8 palhetas). Estas palhetas s?o apoiadas em tr?s flanges eq?idistantes com um eixo central de transmiss?o possibilitando um maior numero de batidas na folha. Portanto o operador tem a fun??o de colocar as folhas na esteira de alimenta??o e retirar as fibras que foram desfibradas, que est?o na esteira de sa?da. A qualidade das fibras extra?das pode ser melhorada atrav?s do controle da velocidade de entrada das folhas bem como a velocidade de cilindro batedor. Al?m disso, h? sistema de remo??o de polpa numa bandeja separadamente. A desfibradeira foi confeccionada com um chassi em cantoneiras (perfis L ) tendo com dimens?es b?sicas de comprimento de 200 cm, a altura de 91 cm e a largura de 68 cm. O peso total da desfibradeira ? de 250 kg. A caracter?stica mais importante da m?quina ? um maior numero de batida e uma menor turbul?ncia de ar dentro da m?quina. Isso facilitou a melhoria da qualidade das fibras. Os estudos mostram que de cada folha pode ser extra?do cerca de 2,8 a 4,5 % de fibras Assim sendo pode ser retirada cerca de 4 a 5 toneladas de fibras por hectare. Esta quantidade ? bem maior do que a produ??o de algod?o por hectare. Quando as fibras sendo empregadas no mercado podem gerar postos de trabalho e renda para popula??o do campo bem como das suas aplica??es

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FranciscoCMF_DISSERT.pdf: 2311444 bytes, checksum: 85931d2109432c72956fc554bf2cff9d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-06 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / This work studies the development, implementation and improvement of a macroscopic model to describe the behavior of the spouted bed dryer with continuous feeding for pastes and suspensions drying. This model is based on the CST model (Freire et al., 2009) and the model of Fernandes (2005), whose theoretical foundation is based on macroscopic mass and heat balances for the three phases involved in the process: gas, liquid and solid. Because this technique is quite relevant, the studies of modeling and simulation of spouted bed drying are essential in the analysis of the process as a whole, because through them it is possible to predict and understand the behavior of the process, which contributes significantly to more efficient project and operation. The development and understanding of the phenomena involved in the drying process can be obtained by comparing the experimental data with those from computer simulations. Such knowledge is critical for choosing properly the process conditions in order to obtain a good drying efficiency. Over the past few years, researches and development of works in the field of pastes and suspensions drying in spouted bed has been gaining ground in Brazil. The Particulate Systems Laboratory at Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, has been developing several researches and generating a huge collection of experimental data concerning the drying of fruit pulps, vegetables pastes, goat milk and suspensions of agro-industrial residues. From this collection, some data of goat milk and residue from acerola (Malpighia glabra L.) drying were collected. For the first time, these data were used for the development and validation of a model that can describe the behavior of spouted bed dryer. Thus, it was possible to model the dryer and to evaluate the influence of process variables (paste feeding, temperature and flow rate of the drying air) in the drying dynamics. We also performed water evaporation experiments in order to understand and to study the behavior of the dryer wall temperature and the evaporation rate. All these analysis will contribute to future works involving the implementation of control strategies in the pastes and suspensions drying. The results obtained in transient analysis were compared with experimental data indicating that this model well represents the process / No presente trabalho estuda-se o desenvolvimento, a aplica??o e o aprimoramento de um modelo macrosc?pico para descrever o comportamento do secador leito de jorro com alimenta??o cont?nua para a secagem de pastas e suspens?es. Tal modelo est? baseado nos modelos CST (Freire et al., 2009) e de Fernandes (2005), cuja base te?rica ? fundamentada em balan?os macrosc?picos de calor e massa para as tr?s fases envolvidas no processo: gasosa, l?quida e s?lida. Pelo fato dessa t?cnica ser bastante relevante, os estudos da modelagem e simula??o da secagem em leito de jorro s?o fundamentais na an?lise do processo como um todo, pois atrav?s deles ? poss?vel prever e compreender o comportamento do processo, o que contribui significativamente para um projeto e opera??o mais eficazes. O desenvolvimento e entendimento dos fen?menos envolvidos no processo de secagem podem ser adquiridos atrav?s da compara??o dos dados obtidos experimentalmente com os provenientes de simula??es computacionais. Tal conhecimento ? de suma import?ncia para que haja a escolha adequada das condi??es de processo, a fim de se obter uma boa efici?ncia da secagem. Ao longo dos ?ltimos anos, a pesquisa e o desenvolvimento de trabalhos voltados ? secagem de pastas e suspens?es em leito de jorro vem ganhando espa?o no Brasil. O Laborat?rio de Sistemas Particulados, localizado na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, vem desenvolvendo diversas pesquisas e gerando um enorme acervo de dados experimentais relativos ? secagem de polpas de frutas, pastas de legumes, leite de cabra e de suspens?es de res?duos da agroind?stria. Desse acervo foram coletados dados para secagem de leite de cabra e res?duo da acerola (Malpighia glabra L.). Pela primeira vez esses dados foram utilizados para o desenvolvimento e valida??o de um modelo que consiga descrever o comportamento do secador leito de jorro. Com isso, foi poss?vel modelar o secador e avaliar a influ?ncia das vari?veis de processo (vaz?o da pasta, temperatura e vaz?o do ar de secagem) na din?mica da secagem. Foram realizados ainda, experimentos de evapora??o de ?gua a fim de entender e equacionar o comportamento da temperatura na parede do secador e da taxa de evapora??o. Todas essas an?lises contribuir?o para trabalhos futuros que envolvam a implementa??o de estrat?gias de controle na secagem de pastas e suspens?es. Os resultados obtidos nas an?lises em regime transiente foram comparados com dados experimentais indicando que o modelo representa bem o processo

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:36:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarinoEAN_TESE.pdf: 1510121 bytes, checksum: 824b52d7ab71a45fa42ff2c16c22da7c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-28 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Shrimp farming in Brazil is a consolidated activity, having brought economical and social gains to several states with the largest production concentrated in the northeast. This fact is also reflected in higher feed intake, necessitating a more efficient feed management. Currently, management techniques already foresee food loss due to molting. In this sense, studies relating shrimp s digestive physiology, molting physiology and behavioral response of shrimp feed can optimize the feed management. Thus, our study aimed to evaluate the behavioral response of the marine shrimp L. vannamei (Crustacea: Penaeidae) in accordance with the stages of moulting cycle and feeding schedules based on higher or lower activity of proteolytic digestive enzymes; also, to investigate the influence of feeding schedule on hepatosomatic index and non-specific and specific protease activity (trypsin). Experiments were carried out at the Laboratory of Shrimp Behavioral Studies at UFRN in partnership with the Laboratory of Enzimology UFPE. Juveniles of L. vannamei weighting 5.25 g (+ 0.25 g) were kept in aquaria at a density of 33 shrimp m -2. In the first experiment, shrimp were fed in the light phase or in the dark phase for 8 days; in the ninth day, the animals were observed for 15 minutes every hour during the 12 hours of each phase of the photoperiod. We recorded the frequency of inactivity, exploration, food intake, burrowing, swimming and crawling behavior. At the end of the 12th observation session, the shrimp were sacrified and classified by the method of setogenesis in the molt cycle stages A, B, C, D0, D1, D2 or D3. We found that the shrimp in A stage show high levels of inactivity. Moreover, the frequency of food intake was very low. The shrimp in D3 stage also had low food intake and high inactivity associated with elevated frequencies of burrowing. In the second experiment, shrimp were kept in physiological acclimation to experimental conditions for 28 days, distributed in 12 treatments in the light phase and 12 treatments in the dark phase. In the end, the animals were sacrified and dissected to assess non-specific and specific protease activity (trypsin) activity. In general, these parameters did not vary among animals fed in the light phase and those fed in the dark phase. However, significant differences were found in the activity of specific and nonspecific proteases in relation to food treatment. In the light phase, the major proteolytic activities converged to 10 hours after the start of the light phase, while the lowest activities converged to 6 hours after the beginning of this phase. In the dark phase, the highest enzyme activity converged to 12 hours after the onset of phase, while the lowest activities converged to 3 hours after the onset of phase. In the third experiment, we sought to evaluate the behavioral responses of shrimp in relation to dietary treatments based on higher or lower activity of proteolytic enzymes, considering the results of the second experiment. The behavioral categories observed were the same as the ones in the first experiment, with observations of 30 minutes (15min before and 15min after food supply). We found variation in behavioral responses as a function of the treatments, with greater intake of food in shrimp fed during the period of greatest activity of proteolytic enzymes, in the light phase. Thus we see that periodic events associated with the shrimp s physiology interfere in their behavioral responses, revealing situations that are more adjustable to the provision of food, and consequently optimizing feeding management / A carcinicultura brasileira ? uma atividade consolidada, pois trouxe ganhos econ?micos e sociais a v?rios estados, com a maior produ??o e ?rea cultivada localizada na regi?o nordeste. Esse fato tamb?m se reflete no maior consumo de ra??o, tornando necess?rio um manejo alimentar mais eficiente. Atualmente, as t?cnicas de manejo j? prev?em sobra alimentar em decorr?ncia dos processos de muda. Nesse sentido, estudos relacionando fisiologia digestiva, fisiologia da muda e resposta comportamental do camar?o podem otimizar o manejo alimentar. Assim, nosso trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar a resposta comportamental do camar?o marinho L. vannamei (Crustacea: Penaeidae) de acordo com os est?gios do ciclo de muda e com a alimenta??o baseada em hor?rios de maior ou de menor atividade de enzimas digestivas proteol?ticas, bem como investigar a influ?ncia do hor?rio de alimenta??o sobre o ?ndice hepatossom?tico, atividade de protease espec?fica (tripsina) e n?o espec?fica. Para tanto, foram realizados tr?s experimentos no Laborat?rio de Estudos do Comportamento de Camar?es Departamento de Fisiologia da UFRN, em parceria com o Laborat?rio de Enzimologia Departamento de Bioqu?mica da UFPE. Juvenis de L. vannamei pesando 5,25 g (+ 0,25 g), foram mantidos em aqu?rios a uma densidade de 33 camar?es m-2. No primeiro experimento, os camar?es foram alimentados na fase de claro ou na fase de escuro durante 8 dias; no nono dia, os animais foram observados por 15 minutos a cada hora, durante as 12 horas de cada fase do fotoper?odo, sendo registradas as freq??ncias de ocorr?ncia dos comportamentos parado, explora??o, ingest?o de alimento, enterramento, nata??o e rastejamento. Ao final da 12? sess?o de observa??o, foram sacrificados e classificados pelo m?todo da setog?nese, nos est?gios do ciclo de muda A, B, C, D0, D1, D2 ou D3. Como resultado, encontramos que os camar?es em est?gio A apresentam elevada frequencia do comportamento parado. Por outro lado, a freq??ncia de ingest?o de alimento foi muito baixa. Os camar?es em est?gio D3 tamb?m apresentaram baixa ingest?o de alimento e elevada inatividade, associada a elevadas freq??ncias de enterramento. No segundo experimento, os camar?es foram mantidos em aclimata??o fisiol?gica ?s condi??es experimentais por 28 dias, distribu?dos em 12 tratamentos na fase de claro e 12 tratamentos na fase de escuro. Ao final, os animais foram sacrificados e dissecados para avalia??o da atividade de protease espec?fica (tripsina) e atividade de protease n?o espec?fica. De modo geral, esses par?metros n?o variaram entre os animais alimentados na fase de claro e aqueles alimentados na fase de escuro. No entanto, percebemos diferen?as significativas na atividade das proteases espec?fica e n?o espec?fica em rela??o ao tratamento alimentar. Na fase de claro, as maiores atividades proteol?ticas convergiam para a 10? hora ap?s o in?cio da fase de claro, enquanto as menores atividades convergiram para a 6? hora ap?s o in?cio dessa fase. Na fase de escuro, as maiores atividades dessas enzimas convergiram para a 12? hora ap?s o in?cio da fase, enquanto as menores atividades convergiram para a 3? hora ap?s o in?cio da fase. No terceiro experimento, buscamos avaliar as respostas comportamentais dos camar?es a tratamentos alimentares baseados na maior ou menor atividade de enzimas proteol?ticas, considerando os resultados do segundo experimento. As categorias comportamentais observadas foram ?s mesmas do primeiro experimento, com observa??es de 30 minutos (15min antes e 15min depois da oferta alimentar). Encontramos uma varia??o na resposta comportamental em fun??o dos tratamentos, com maior ingest?o de alimento nos camar?es alimentados no hor?rio de maior atividade de enzimas proteol?ticas, da fase de claro. Assim, percebemos que eventos peri?dicos associados ? fisiologia dos camar?es interferem em suas respostas comportamentais, revelando situa??es mais prop?cias ? oferta de alimento, capazes de otimizar o manejo alimentar

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2017-05-30T12:42:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 - Maristela Soares Louren?o.pdf: 4369198 bytes, checksum: 2ec3a82b696b5d2a8be25a4f931cf3b1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-30T12:42:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 - Maristela Soares Louren?o.pdf: 4369198 bytes, checksum: 2ec3a82b696b5d2a8be25a4f931cf3b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-03 / The food production chain, from primary production, such as aquaculture, to the preparation and consumption of food depends on the use of natural resources and involves some form of environmental impacts. The methodology of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), this perspective can be a tool, in that it provides a critical analysis of industry activities and environmental aspects associated. The LCA stands out both as a technique and a ?model of thinking? to integrating information about fluxes of energy and matter and evaluated the impacts along the supply chain, since the extraction of raw materials of nature to the final disposal of products or processes of interest, process that demands intense interdisciplinary in the representations of the phenomena studied in multiple dimensions of analysis. The aim of this study was to analyze the fishery production chain in a broader sense, in other words, the production process of Aquaculture and Seafood Industries Portuguese, as well as the production process of fish meals in the Food Service Segment in Brazil and Portugal, addressing water use and effluent generation through the LCA. The methodology was qualitative, quantitative, descriptive and exploratory in the segments studied in Brazil and Portugal. Analyzes carried out physical-chemical and microbiological for identification of water quality and type of effluents generated in the processes studied. The results show that in all processes, water management is not integral part of environmental management, only in the Food Service Segment in Brazil presents control water by hydrometers and one of the Seafood Industry in Portugal is carried out effluent treatment. The measurement of the water quantity in the steps of Aquaculture, Seafood Industry and Food Service Segment contemplates water footprint in the process, with the measurement, it is necessary to reflect on the procedures adopted and control of water consumption, as also the generation of effluents originating from the process. With regard to analysis, the effluents generated in some steps of the processes showed high levels of organic matter and total solids, and appreciable levels of fecal coliform, total coliform as well as heterotrophic bacteria were found. It is concluded that this analysis points to the need to introduce strategies in order to monitor and manage the use of water in the segments studied and to base more extensive reflections on the consumption of water resources and potential environmental impacts from the perspective of the life cycle of the product. / A cadeia produtiva dos alimentos, desde a produ??o prim?ria, como a aq?icultura, at? a prepara??o e consumo do alimento depende da utiliza??o de recursos naturais e implica de alguma forma em impactos ambientais. A metodologia de Avalia??o do Ciclo de Vida (ACV), nesta perspectiva, pode ser uma ferramenta, na medida em que, proporciona uma an?lise cr?tica das atividades das ind?strias e dos aspectos ambientais associados. A ACV se apresenta como t?cnica e, ao mesmo tempo, ?modelo de pensamento? relevante para integrar informa??es sobre os fluxos f?sicos de mat?ria e avaliar os impactos ao longo das cadeias de suprimento, desde a extra??o da mat?ria-prima da natureza at? a disposi??o final dos produtos ou processos de interesse; processo que demanda intensa interdisciplinaridade nas representa??es dos fen?menos estudados, em m?ltiplas dimens?es de an?lise. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a cadeia produtiva da pesca em um sentido mais amplo, ou seja, o processo de produ??o da Aq?icultura e Ind?strias de Pescados portuguesas, bem como o processo produtivo de refei??es com pescado do Segmento de Alimenta??o Coletiva no Brasil e em Portugal, abordando o uso da ?gua e a gera??o de efluentes atrav?s da ACV. A metodologia adotada teve car?ter qualitativo, quantitativo, descritivo e explorat?rio nos segmentos estudados no Brasil e em Portugal. Foram realizadas an?lises f?sico-qu?micas e microbiol?gicas para identifica??o da qualidade da ?gua e o tipo de efluentes gerados nos processos estudados. Os resultados apontam que em todos os processos, a gest?o da ?gua n?o ? parte integrante da gest?o ambiental, apenas no Segmento de Alimenta??o Coletiva do Brasil apresenta controle de ?gua por hidr?metros e em uma das Ind?strias de Pescados em Portugal ? realizado o tratamento de efluentes. A mensura??o da quantidade de ?gua nas etapas da aq?icultura, da Ind?stria de Pescados e do Segmento de Alimenta??o Coletiva contempla a pegada h?drica nos processos, com esta aferi??o, torna-se necess?ria a reflex?o sobre os procedimentos adotados e o controle de consumo de ?gua, como tamb?m a gera??o de efluentes advindos dos processos. Com rela??o ?s an?lises, os efluentes gerados em algumas etapas dos processos apresentaram elevados teores de mat?ria org?nica e s?lidos totais, bem como n?veis apreci?veis de coliformes termotolerantes, coliformes totais e bact?rias heterotr?ficas. Conclui-se que este diagn?stico aponta para a necessidade de introduzir estrat?gias com objetivo de monitorar e racionalizar o uso da ?gua nos Segmentos estudados e embasar reflex?es mais amplas sobre o consumo dos recursos h?dricos e os potenciais impactos ambientais sob a perspectiva do ciclo de vida do produto.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-04T11:45:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jose_Carlos_Lucentini.pdf: 1360712 bytes, checksum: eb9a45819aea4c3310d5b86e51c29cc4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002-11-18 / The cost on the payroll is a considerable part in the composition of labour costs, mainly those related to intensive labour. An important part of this cost, the fine on the FGTS fund, laid down on the article 22 of the Law Decree 53820 of December 20th 1966 and its last updating through the complementary Law 110/01 of June 29th 2001, whose validity goes from October 1st 2001 to September 30th 2006 and which was raised from 40% to 50%, i.e. an increase of 25% on the companies costs in this matter. The article 22 of the Law Decree 53280 is recently estimated on the paragraph 1?? of the article 18 of the Law 8036/90. In this thesis we will use as reference the article 22 that originated the fine of 'FGTS'. This fine is applicable to labour agreement rescission, more exactly, to fair dismissal, levied on the amount of deposits and its monetary correction, made on the employee's account at and controlled by the Caixa Econ??mica Federal. In this thesis we made deep studies on the way of bookkeeping, as well as its effects on the results, the displaying of financial highlights and the resulting impacts due to tax and dividends anticipations. We carried out a survey on companies providing meals for others, however, it's worth emphasizing that the conclusions are applicable to any kind of activity segment. On chapter 4 we developed a mathematical model that allows management to simulate and evaluate the effects and impacts on their companies. Our aim was to contribute to the scientific community, which we hope to have achieved. / O custo com a folha de pagamento ?? uma parcela relevante na composi????o dos custos com m??o de obra, sobretudo, naqueles relativos ?? m??o de obra intensiva. Uma fia????o importante deste custo, a multa do FGTS, estabelecida pelo art.22 componente do Decreto Lei 53.820 de 20 de dezembro de 1966 e, a sua ??ltima atualiza????o por meio da Lei Complementar 110/01 de 29/6/2001, cuja vig??ncia ser?? de 1 de outubro de 2001 a 30 de setembro de 2006, acresceu-a de 40% a 50%, ou seja, um incremento de 25% no custo das empresas. O art. 22 do Decreto Lei 53.820 ?? previsto mais recentemente no par??grafo 1?? do art. 18 da Lei 8.036/90. Nesta disserta????o utilizaremos como refer??ncia o art. 22 que originou a multa do FGTS. Esta multa ?? aplic??vel nas rescis??es de contrato de trabalho, sem justa causa, incidente sobre os dep??sitos e respectiva atualiza????o monet??ria, existentes em nome do funcion??rio, em conta sob controle da Caixa Econ??mica Federal. Nesta disserta????o aprofundamos os estudos, sobre o tratamento cont??bil adotado, bem como os seus efeitos sobre os resultados, a evidencia????o das demonstra????es fmanceiras e seus impactos decorrentes da antecipa????o de tributos e dividendos. Elaboramos uma pesquisa em empresas de presta????o de servi??os de alimenta????o, todavia, cabe ressaltar que as conclus??es s??o aplic??veis a qualquer tipo de segmento de atividade. Desenvolvemos no cap??tulo 4, um modelo matem??tico que permitir?? aos gestores simular e avaliar os efeitos e impactos em suas respectivas empresas. O nosso intuito foi o de trazer contribui????es ?? comunidade cient??fica, o que esperamos ter atingido.

Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2018-08-23T12:55:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Manuela Valim Braganholo.pdf: 16526428 bytes, checksum: 3470f1cd2303ac69aad32a89576618ab (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T12:55:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Manuela Valim Braganholo.pdf: 16526428 bytes, checksum: 3470f1cd2303ac69aad32a89576618ab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-28 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq / This dissertation investigates the processes that brought artisanal flourmills to modernity, as well as the construction of networks and patrimonialization as political strategies for the continuity of those flourmills. Cassava flour (manioc flour) was the staple food and the main economic activity in the coastal region of Santa Catarina, according to historical records. Cassava flourmills ensured food security for the local populations and the possibility of exchanges in the domestic market until the middle of the 20th century. The pressure for land for industrial and tourism development projects, however, as well as unplanned urbanization of the territories, changed flour production and consumption relationships. The reduction of cultivated lands and de-characterization of traditional flourmills to comply with sanitary standards have since removed the artisanal flour from its regional economic spotlight, closing or transforming the productive character of many mills. In the 21st century, flour continues to be artisanally produced, along with ?beijus?, couscous, and various other symbolic meanings for coastal populations. Contemporaneously, the flourmills (re)appear in discourses that interconnect agroecology, tourism, regional gastronomy, land demands, and cultural valorization. Social relations, traditions and practices performed in and through the flourmills are, thus, articulated among diverse actors in the Santa Catarina Flourmill Network, giving the product its recognition as a Cultural Heritage of Brazil / Esta disserta??o investiga os processos que trouxeram os engenhos artesanais at? a contemporaneidade e a constru??o da articula??o em rede e da patrimonializa??o como estrat?gias pol?ticas para a continuidade dos engenhos de farinha. A farinha de mandioca foi o alimento b?sico e a principal atividade econ?mica do litoral de Santa Catarina, especialmente a partir do s?culo XVIII. Os engenhos de farinha garantiram a seguran?a alimentar das popula??es locais e a possibilidade de trocas no mercado interno at? meados do s?culo XX. A partir dessa ?poca, a press?o por terras para projetos de desenvolvimento industriais e tur?sticos, bem como urbaniza??o n?o planejada dos territ?rios, modificou as rela??es de produ??o e consumo da farinha. A redu??o das terras cultivadas e a descaracteriza??o dos engenhos tradicionais para o atendimento de normas sanit?rias destituiu a farinha artesanal de seu destaque econ?mico regional, fechando ou transformando o car?ter produtivo de muitos engenhos. No s?culo XXI, as farinhadas seguem produzindo farinha, beijus, cuscuz e diversos significados simb?licos, reatualizando tradi??es das popula??es litor?neas, contudo. Contemporaneamente os engenhos (re)aparecem em discursos que interligam agroecologia, turismo, gastronomia regional, demandas fundi?rias e por valoriza??o cultural. As sociabilidades, tradi??es e pr?ticas vividas nos engenhos s?o articuladas entre diversos atores na Rede Catarinense de Engenhos de Farinha, ensejando o reconhecimento como Patrim?nio Cultural do Brasil

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2018-08-23T20:48:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Vanessa Schottz.pdf: 2466655 bytes, checksum: 43c66ef0b42bc287ab8efa3280adf6b2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T20:48:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Vanessa Schottz.pdf: 2466655 bytes, checksum: 43c66ef0b42bc287ab8efa3280adf6b2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-31 / CAPES / Since 2003, the National School Feeding Program (PNAE) has been going through changes that involve the reformulation of its goals, principles and guidelines, as well as its operational design from the intersectoral perspective of Food and Nutritional Security (FNS). The legal framework for the program, endorsed in 2009, aims to establish a link between the supply of healthy food in the school, the educational process of learning and family-based agriculture, recognizing school meals as a human right. In accordance with some principles of FNS, innovations in the operating mode of the program are being introduced, principally with respect to the dynamics of public acquisition of food, by making the allocation of at least 30% of the funds for the direct purchase of products of family-based agriculture a compulsory measure, with exemption from public bids. This thesis proposes to analyze PNAE's historical trajectory and recent reformulation from an angle yet not much explored in public policies analysis: its instruments. It aimed to understand, based on an approach that focuses on the Instrumentation of Public Action (IAP), the following questions: i) how the choosing process of instruments to operationalize food acquisition from family-based agriculture took place; ii) which principles from FNS Security were incorporated to the instruments; iii) which actors participated on the process and which interaction were established between them; iv) which public controversies were present. The study has pointed out that that the context of strengthening of the dynamics of social-estate interfaces and the greater permeability of the Estate to public policies reorientation proposals in the light of FNS's principles has created opportunities for actors coalitions (governmental mand non-governmental) that were linked to the defense of FNS causes and family-based agriculture to articulate themselves around that new legal framework. There was an effort both to reorient the guidelines of PNAE and to participate on the choosing of instruments by these actors. The introduction of new acquisition mechanisms in the PNAE involved the conformation of new field of controversies, because the changes affect the interface between public and market action. The mapping process done within the PNAE Managing Committee and Advisory Group (formal spaces aiming at the program's regulaion) has pointed out that the main controversies revolved around the following questions: i) the choosing of the operationalization modality to purchase from family-base agriculture; ii) the adoption of selection criteria bounded to the guidelines of PNAE substituting the purchasing processes that were linked to low-prices; iii) the definition of the price methodology; iv) the definition of a selling limit in a year; v) the connection between the Food Acquisition Program (PAA) and the PNAE. When we investigate the ... / Desde 2003, o Programa Nacional de Alimenta??o Escolar (PNAE) vem passando por mudan?as que envolvem a reformula??o de seus objetivos, princ?pios e diretrizes e desenho operacional a partir da perspectiva intersetorial de Seguran?a Alimentar e Nutricional (SAN). O marco legal do Programa, aprovado em 2009, estabelece um elo entre a oferta de alimentos saud?veis na escola, o processo de ensino-aprendizagem e a agricultura familiar, reconhecendo a alimenta??o escolar como um direito humano. Em conson?ncia com alguns princ?pios de SAN, foram introduzidas inova??es no modus operandi do programa, principalmente no que se refere ?s din?micas de aquisi??o p?blicas de alimentos, ao tornar obrigat?ria a destina??o de no m?nimo trinta por cento dos recursos para a compra direta da agricultura familiar, com dispensa de licita??o. Essa tese se prop?s a analisar a trajet?ria hist?rica e o processo recente de reformula??o do PNAE a partir de um ?ngulo ainda pouco explorado nas an?lises de pol?ticas p?blicas, os seus instrumentos. Buscou-se compreender, a partir da abordagem da Instrumenta??o da A??o P?blica (IAP), as seguintes quest?es: i) como se sucedeu a escolha dos instrumentos para operacionalizar a aquisi??o de alimentos da agricultura familiar; ii) quais foram os princ?pios de SAN incorporados aos instrumentos; iii) quais foram os atores que incidiram sobre esse processo e quais as din?micas de intera??o estabelecidas entre eles; iv) que controv?rsias estiveram presentes. O estudo apontou que o contexto de fortalecimento das interfaces socioestatais e de maior permeabilidade do Estado ? reorienta??o das pol?ticas p?blicas, ? luz dos princ?pios de SAN, criou oportunidades para que coaliz?es de atores (governamentais e n?o governamentais), vinculados ? defesa das causas da SAN e da agricultura familiar, se articulassem em torno desse novo marco legal. Houve, por parte destes atores, tanto um esfor?o por reorientar as diretrizes do PNAE, quanto por incidir sobre a escolha dos instrumentos. A introdu??o de novos mecanismos de compra no ?mbito do PNAE envolveu a conforma??o de um campo de controv?rsias, j? que as mudan?as incidem na interface entre a a??o p?blica e um mercado bem estabilizado. O mapeamento efetuado no ?mbito do Comit? Gestor e do Grupo Consultivo do PNAE (espa?os formais voltados para a regulamenta??o do programa) apontou que as principais controv?rsias giraram em torno das seguintes quest?es: i) a escolha da modalidade de operacionaliza??o de compra da agricultura familiar; ii) a ado??o de crit?rios de sele??o vinculados ?s diretrizes do PNAE em substitui??o ? compra pelo menor pre?o; iii) a defini??o da metodologia de pre?os; iv) o estabelecimento do limite de venda por ano; v) a conex?o entre o Programa de Aquisi??o de Alimentos (PAA) e o PNAE. Ao colocar uma lente sobre a instrumenta??o, buscamos evidenciar que as din?micas associadas ? constru??o desses dispositivos s?o t?o importantes quanto os princ?pios e os objetivos que orientam as pol?ticas p?blicas, particularmente quando se trata de abordagens inovadoras e de car?ter intersetorial como a SAN.