Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) are a pathological dilation of the aorta greater than 2.5cm and affect more than 4% of the male population and 1% of women aged 60 years or older. Screening is recommended among men and women older than age 65, and is covered by Medicare for patients with a family history and men with a history of smoking. Due to its asymptomatic nature, AAA is usually found incidentally during another radiological investigation. Many factors are associated with AAA development, but it is most commonly found in conjunction with atherosclerosis. There is currently no pharmacological intervention specifically for AAA, though statin therapy has shown some promise. The aneurysm will invariably grow, with an average rate of expansion of less than 0.5cm per year. As the aneurysm grows larger the chance of the rupture increases significantly with this outcome carrying an extremely high rate of mortality. Surgical intervention is recommended once the diameter reaches 5.5cm in men or about 5cm in women. There are two approaches to the repair of the aorta: the open surgical approach and the endovascular approach. The open surgical procedure replaces the affected portion of the aorta with a graft. The endovascular procedure places an endograft within the intact aneurysm, effectively excluding the affected section of vessel. The endovascular method carries a lower perioperative mortality rate than the open procedure, but over time can require additional surgeries to prevent continued aneurysm expansion due to blood flow in the aneurysm sac. Additionally, lifetime surveillance of the endograft is required to monitor its integrity and effectiveness. Lifestyle changes and possible pharmacological interventions in patients with AAA should focus on cardiovascular health changes to improve overall health and minimize risk factors for continued development of the aneurysm. In patients who will require repair particular attention should be paid to individual risks and preferences. The open repair procedure may be preferable in patients with better overall health and a longer life expectancy, while endovascular repair may be beneficial for more elderly or frail patients. Research and technology in this area are developing quickly, particularly for endovascular procedures, and the near future may see important changes in the risk-benefit analysis of AAA surgical interventions.

Submitted by Gisely Teixeira (gisely.teixeira@uniceub.br) on 2018-06-12T18:07:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 51500775.pdf: 218657 bytes, checksum: 2a53a6e2ea21cb0d600a571ae81eaaaa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-12T18:07:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 51500775.pdf: 218657 bytes, checksum: 2a53a6e2ea21cb0d600a571ae81eaaaa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018 / A incontinência fecal é uma queixa muito comum em mulheres, acredita-se que uma das causas está relacionadas a via de parto, principalmente o parto vaginal. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar a associação de incontinência fecal e a via de parto. O método de pesquisa constituiu em aplicação de entrevista e o questionário de Wexner validado e traduzido para português, com n= 75 mulheres, na Rodoviária de Brasília. Nos resultados percebeu maior número (52%) de incontinentes em mulheres que realizaram parto vaginal do que aquelas de parto cesário. Conclui-se que, nas mulheres estudadas, houve maior frequência de sintomas de incontinência fecal nas que tiveram filhos por via de parto vaginal quando comparadas as que realizaram parto cesário.

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Resveratrol, um fitoestrógeno natural tem sido visto como um opção potencial de tratamento para mulheres com endometriose, porém nenhum estudo clínico adequado foi realizado. Objetivo: Em comparação com placebo, o resveratrol (40mg/dia) reduz níveis de dor após 42 dias de uso em mulheres com endometriose usando pílula anticoncepcional monofásica (PAM). Delineamento do estudo: Neste estudo clínico randomizado, duplo-cego, controlado com placebo clínico, as mulheres com endometriose foram randomizados para receber PAM por 42 dias, para ser tomado com 42 cápsulas idênticas contendo 40 mg de resveratrol ou placebo em frascos codificados Os escores médios de dor foram medidos utilizando uma escala visual analógica (EVA) nos dias 0, 7, 21 e 42. Resultados: Este estudo decorreu entre Junho e Setembro de 2015 envolvendo 44 pacientes. Um software foi utilizado para a geração da sequência da randomização. Foram utilizados envelopes opacos selados e codificados para o cegamento. O tamanho da amostra foi calculada para ter uma chance de 95% de detectar, como significativa ao nível de 1%, uma redução de 90% em comparação com placebo e resveratrol em uma escala de 0 a 10 dor. Uma redução significativa nos níveis de dor foi encontrada entre o dia 0 e o dia 42, no grupo placebo (P = 0.02- de Equações estimação generalizada - GEE) e no grupo de resveratrol (P = 0,003 -GEE). (95% IC) Os escores médios de dor no dia 0 foram de 5,4 (4,2-6,6) no placebo e 5,7 (4,8-6,6) no grupo de resveratrol. Após 42 dias de tratamento, os valores de dor mediana foram [3,5 (2,2-4,9); n = 22] e [2,9 (1,8 a 4); n = 22] em relação ao placebo e resveratrol, respectivamente (p = 0,8 - GEE); diferença média entre os grupos (95% CI) foi de 0,75 (-1,6 a 2,3). Conclusão: Em mulheres com endometriose fazendo uso de pílula anticoncepcional monofásica, os escores de dor após 42 dias de utilização diária de 40 mg de resveratrol não foram significativamente diferentes do placebo. / Background: Resveratrol, a natural phytoestrogen, has been suggested as a possible treatment option for women with endometriosis, but there are no proper randomized clinical trial. Objective : Compared to placebo, does resveratrol (40 mg/day) reduce pain scores after 42 days of use in women with endometriosis using monophasic contraceptive pill (COC). Study Design: In this randomized double-blinded, placebo controlled clinical trial, women with endometriosis were randomized to receive COC for 42 days, to be taken with 42 identical capsules containing 40 mg of resveratrol or placebo in coded bottles. Median pain scores measured with an analog visual scale (AVS) on day 42 was the primary outcome. Results: This trial took place between June and September 2015 and enrolled 44 subjects. A software generated the randomization sequence. Allocation sequence was concealed in coded sequenced opaque sealed envelopes. Sample size was calculated to have a 95% chance of detecting, as significant at the 1% level, a 90% reduction comparing placebo and resveratrol in a 0 to 10 pain scale. A significant reduction in pain levels was found between day 0 and day 42, in placebo ( P =0.02- Generalized Estimating Equations - GEE) and in the resveratrol group ( P =0.003 -GEE). Mean (95%CI) pain scores at day 0 were 5.4 (4.2 to 6.6) in placebo and 5.7(4.8 to 6.6) in resveratrol groups. After 42 days of treatment, median pain values were [3.5 (2.2 to 4.9); n=22] and [2.9 (1.8 to 4); n=22] in the placebo and in the resveratrol groups, respectively ( P =0.8 - GEE); median difference between groups (95%CI) was 0.75 ( -1.6 to 2.3). Conclusion : In women with endometriosis in use of monophasic contraceptive pill, pain scores after 42 days of daily use of 40 mg of resveratrol are not significantly different from placebo.

INTRODUÇÃO: O diâmetro transverso máximo (DTM) de um aneurisma da aorta abdominal (AAA), a medida mais comumente utilizada para determinar quando uma intervenção cirúrgica está indicada nos portadores desta afecção, tem limitações e não reflete o exato risco de rotura. Parâmetros biomecânicos e morfológicos detectados pelo ultrassom (US) com propriedades tridimensionais (3D), podem ajudar a melhor entender o comportamento dos AAA e a determinar o melhor momento para o tratamento cirúrgico deste grupo de pacientes. OBJETIVOS: Verificar a capacidade e a viabilidade do ultrassom bidimensional (US-2D) acoplado com algoritmos de speckletracking em avaliar as propriedades biomecânicas da aorta em pacientes com e sem AAA. Mensurar o volume parcial dos AAA através do ultrassom tridimensional (US- 3D) e compará-lo com o volume estimado pela tomografia computadorizada (TC). MÉTODOS: Este foi um estudo prospectivo. Trinta e um pacientes com aortas normais (grupo 1), 46 pacientes com AAA de diâmetro máximo entre 3,0 - 5,5 cm (grupo 2) e 31 pacientes com diâmetro dos AAA >- 5,5 cm (grupo 3) foram submetidos ao exame de US 2D/3D da aorta infrarrenal, e as imagens foram pós-processadas antes de serem analisadas. No diâmetro máximo, o strain (deformação) circunferencial global e a rotação global máxima acessados pelo algoritmo de speckle-tracking 2D foram comparados entre os três grupos. O strain regional da parede posterior foi também comparado com o da parede anterior em todos os grupos. Os dados de volumetria obtidos usando o US-3D de 40 pacientes foram comparados com os dados de volumetria obtidos por uma TC contemporânea. RESULTADOS: A mediana do strain circunferencial global foi 2,0% (interquartile range (IR): 1,0 - 3,0), 1,0% (IR: 1,0 - 2,0) e 1,0% (IR: 1,0 - 1,75) nos grupos 1, 2 e 3 respectivamente (p < 0,001). A mediana da rotação global máxima diminuiu progressivamente dos grupos 1 ao 3 (1,38º (IR: 0,77 - 2,13), 0,80º (IR: 0,57 - 1,0) e 0,50º (IR: 0,31 - 0,75) (p < 0,001)). Na análise regiãoespecífica, o pico de strain na parede posterior foi significativamente maior que na parede anterior apenas no grupo 3 (p = 0,003). Os volumes dos AAA estimados pelo US-3D tiveram boa correlação com a TC (R-square = 0,76). CONCLUSÕES: O US é capaz de detectar parâmetros biomecânicos distintos entre aortas normais, aneurismas pequenos e aneurismas grandes. A propriedade 3D do US é capaz de determinar o volume dos AAA e apresenta boa correlação com o método padrão ouro (TC). Estudos prospectivos e com seguimento longo são necessários para aprofundar a compreensão não invasiva do comportamento biomecânico e morfológico dos AAA e correlacionar esses parâmetros com o risco de rotura / INTRODUCTION: The maximum transverse diameter of an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), the most common measurement utilized to determine whether surgical intervention is indicated, has limitations and does not reflect the exact risk of rupture. Biomechanical and morphological parameters detected by ultrasound (US), including three-dimensional (3D) properties, can help to better understand the behavior of AAA and to determine the optimal approach to treatment in this group of patients. OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate the feasibility and the ability of the US with speckletracking algorithms to evaluate biomechanical parameters of the aorta in patients with and without abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). To measure the partial aneurysm volume by 3D-US and to compare it with the aneurysm volume measured by computed tomography (CT). METHODS: It was a prospective study. Thirty-one patients with normal aortas (group 1), 46 patients with AAA measuring 3.0 - 5.5 cm (group 2) and 31 patients with AAA >- 5.5 cm (group 3) underwent a 2D/3D US examination of the infrarenal aorta, and the images were post-processed prior to being analyzed. In the maximum diameter, the global circumferential strain and the global maximum rotation assessed by 2D speckle-tracking algorithms were compared among the three groups. The regional strain on posterior wall was also compared to that in the anterior wall for all groups. The volumetry data obtained using 3D-US from forty AAA patients was compared with the volumetry data obtained by a contemporary CT. RESULTS: The median global circumferential strain was 2.0% (interquartile range (IR): 1.0 - 3.0), 1.0% (IR: 1.0 - 2.0) and 1.0% (IR: 1.0 - 1.75) in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively (p < 0.001). The median global maximum rotation decreased progressively from group 1 to 3 (1.38º (IR: 0.77 - 2.13), 0.80º (IR: 0.57 - 1.0) and 0.50º (IR: 0.31 - 0.75) (p < 0.001)). In the region-specific analysis, the strain in the posterior wall was significantly higher than anterior wall only in group 3 (p = 0.003). AAA volume estimations by 3D-US correlated well with CT (R-square = 0.76). CONCLUSIONS: The US can detect distinct biomechanical parameters between normal aorta, small aneurysms and big aneurysms. The 3D property of US is able to determine AAA volume and correlates well with the gold standard technique (CT). Prospective studies and with long-term follow-up are necessary in order to deepen the non invasive understanding of AAA biomechanical and morphological behavior and to correlate those parameters with rupture risk

Introdução: O aneurisma de aorta abdominal (AAA) é uma doença prevalente e silenciosa também relacionada com a atividade inflamatória. Atualmente, a abordagem endovascular tem sido utilizada como principal técnica devido à inúmeras vantagens. Porém tem uma maior taxa de reintervenções e necessita de seguimento periódico com angiotomografias, o que aumenta custos e tem implicações como alteração da função renal além do acúmulo progressivo de radiação. Tais condições justificam a busca por possíveis biomarcadores que possam contribuir para um melhor seguimento. Objetivos: Neste estudo, buscou-se correlacionar o microRNA-1281, proteína C reativa (PCR) e a avaliação da função renal de indivíduos com AAA com a evolução dos mesmos após o tratamento endovascular. Pacientes e métodos: Foram selecionados 30 pacientes consecutivos do Ambulatório de Cirurgia Vascular e Endovascular do HCFMRP-USP, no período de janeiro de 2104 a novembro de 2015, com aneurisma de aorta abdominal e com indicação para tratamento endovascular. As dosagens séricas e avaliações angiotomográficas foram feitas no pré-operatório e 6 meses após a intervenção. Resultados: Houve uma hiperexpressão do microRNA-1281 nos pacientes com aneurisma e uma significativa redução dos seus níveis séricos após a correção endovascular. A expressão do miRNA-1281 apresentou correlação positiva com o clearence de creatinina. Houve também correlação positiva da PCR com a presença do aneurisma, e com seu diâmetro e não houve alteração significativa da função renal mensurada através das dosagens séricas de uréia, creatinina e cálculo indireto de clearence. Conclusão: O estudo mostrou que o miRNA 1281 tem boa correlação com a evolução favorável pós-tratamento endovascular do AAA, não se observando o mesmo com a proteína C reativa. Novos estudos são necessários para validar e complementar tais achados. / Introduction: Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a prevalent and silent disease. Currently, the endovascular approach has been widely used and is the main technique due to the innumerable advantages. However, it has a higher rate of reintervention and requires periodic follow-up with tomography over the years, which increases its costs and has implications such as altered renal function besides the accumulation of radiation. Such conditions justify the search for possible biomarkers that may perhaps replace CT. Objectives: In this study, we sought to correlate the microRNA-1281, Creactive protein (CRP) and the renal function evaluation of individuals with AAA with their evolution after endovascular treatment. Patients and methods: We selected 30 consecutive patients from the Ambulatory of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery of the HCFMRP-USP, in the period from January of 2104 until November of 2015, with abdominal aortic aneurysm and with indication for endovascular treatment. Serum dosages were made preoperatively and 6 months after the intervention Results: There was a hyperexpression of the micro-RNA -1281 in patients with aneurysm and a significant reduction of their serum levels after endovascular correction. Expression of miRNA-1281 showed a positive correlation with creatinine clearence. There was also a positive correlation of CRP with the presence of the aneurysm, and with its diameter, and there was no significant alteration of renal function measured through serum urea, creatinine and indirect clearance calculations. Conclusion: The study showed that 1281 miRNAs may prove to be a potential biomarker for eventual follow-up of patients undergoing AAA endovascular repair. New studies are needed to validate and complement these findings.

INTRODUCCIÓN La gastrosquisis es un defecto congénito de la pared abdominal que constituye una urgencia quirúrgica en pediatría. La sobrevida de estos pacientes ha aumentado con el advenimiento de las unidades de cuidados intensivos, las técnicas de cierre diferido y la nutrición parenteral total. Se busca determinar las características clínico epidemiológicas de esta entidad, relacionándolas a mortalidad, en el Instituto Especializado de Salud del Niño (IESN), principal centro de referencia para patologías quirúrgicas pediátricas y neonatales en Perú. METODOS Se realizó un estudio descriptivo comparativo, de revisión de casos, de los pacientes con diagnóstico de gastrosquisis operados en el IESN durante un periodo de 10 años (1995-2004). La unidad de muestreo usada fue la Historia Clínica . RESULTADOS Se revisaron 32 historias clínicas de neonatos con Gastrosquisis, de los cuales 56,3% eran de sexo femenino. La tasa de mortalidad fue de 56,3%. El 56,3% tuvieron bajo peso al nacer. La edad materna promedio fue de 21,21 años. La edad gestacional promedio fue de 36,53 semanas. Las madres de 68,8% de los neonatos tuvieron control prenatal. . El 51,6% recibió tratamiento quirúrgico dentro de las primeras 12 horas de vida. Se realizó colocación de Silo en 71,9% y el cierre primario en 28,1%. Se encontró asociación entre falta de control prenatal, requerimiento de ventilación mecánica y ausencia de cierre quirúrgico de pared abdominal con mortalidad por gastrosquisis. Las principales causas de muerte fueron shock séptico, bronconeumonía y peritonitis. CONCLUSIONES La tasa de mortalidad es bastante alta en nuestra medio. Se debe mejorar el control prenatal. El cierre primario de pared demostró mayores ventajas que otras opciones quirúrgicas. / BACKGROUNG Gastroschisis is a congenital defect of the abdominal wall considered a surgical urgency in pediatrics. Survival has improven with intensive care units, delayed surgical repair and total parenteral nutrition. The aim is to determine the clinical-epidemiological characteristics of Gastroschisis in the Instituto Especializado de Salud del Niño (IESN), main referral center for pediatric and neonatal surgical entities in Peru. METHODS This is a descriptive, comparative study, case review of patients with Gastroschisis operated in IESN in a period of 10 years (1995-2004). The patient reports were used as the muestral unit. RESULTS Thirty two reports were reviewed. The 56,3% were female. Mortality was of 56,3%. Newborns with low birth weight were 56,3%. Average maternal age was 21,21 years old. Average gestational age was of 36,53 weeks. There were lack of prenatal control in 68,8%. Surgical repair was done in 51,6% among the first 12 hours of life. A Silo was placed in 71,9% and a primary repair in 28,1%. There was found association between lack of prenatal control, mecanical ventilatory support and lack of surgical closing of abdominal wall with mortality for Gastroschisis. Main causes of death were septic shock, pneumonia and peritonitis. CONCLUSIONS: Mortality is very high in our society. It is important to ameliorate prenatal control. Primary repair of abdominal wall has more advantages than other surgical options.

Background: Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a degenerative disease prevailing in men aged 65 years and above. Most AAA patients are asymptomatic until the disease develops to a very severe stage. Systematic screening could detect AAA in an early stage and early treatment is therefore provided to prevent AAA rupture and reduce AAA-related death. Ultrasonography is a recommended tool for AAA screening, which has been widely used in several western countries. Hong Kong currently has not introduced this screening programme yet. The present study attempts to investigate the health related quality of life (HRQOLO) of AAA patients in Hong Kong and then examine whether a systematic screening in elderly men in Hong Kong is cost effective compare with current practice (Non-screening strategy) Methods: Firstly, a questionnaire based study was conducted in a local university-affiliated vascular tertiary referral center targeting on AAA patients. Quality of life data was collected by a face-to-face interview using the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36). A controlled group was obtained from a large local population study matched by gender and age to the AAA group. The SF-36 scores were compared between the two groups; a stepwise multivariate regression analysis was conducted to show the association between the disease and the SF-36 scores. Secondly, a cost effectiveness analysis based on a Markov model was conducted to compare the screening strategy against non-screening practice. Incremental cost effectiveness ratios (ICER) was adopted as the rule of decision making. One-way sensitivity analysis and probabilistic analysis were performed to explore the uncertainty around the parameters. Results: 172 out of 252 patients participated the interview, among which 80% were aged 65 years or above, and 85% were males. Around 80% patients were detected incidentally. Comparing with the age and gender matched control group, AAA patients had an impaired HRQOL The disease adversely affected mental health summary of AAA patients. Under the discount rate of 3% on costs and effectiveness, the incremental costs of systematic screening against non-screening is HK$3,710.3; and the incremental life year gained and quality adjusted life year (QALY) gained are 0.024 and 0.014, respectively. The ICER is HK$ 151,070.1 per life year gained and HK$ 268,897.6 per QALY gained, which is cost effective under the threshold of one GDP per capita (HK$285,403) for one QALY gained. Conclusion: The economic evaluation based on the Markov model indicated systematic screening for AAA among elderly men in Hong Kong is cost effective. Government in Hong Kong should consider introducing the screening programme when resource is available. / published_or_final_version / Public Health / Master / Master of Philosophy

Las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles alcanzan proporciones epidémicas en América y contribuyen substancialmente a la mortalidad general y la carga de enfermedad en la Región. Entre las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, las enfermedades cardiovasculares son una causa principal de morbilidad y mortalidad, afectando de manera creciente a poblaciones en edad laboral y, por tanto, contribuyendo desproporcionadamente a la pérdida de años potenciales de vida saludable y de productividad económica. Esta situación es reconocida como un problema de salud pública mayúsculo y creciente.

Colonic ischaemia (CI), Intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) and abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) are devastating complications after abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) surgery. The aims of this thesis were to study the incidence and clinical consequences of IAH/ACS and the association between CI and intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) among patients undergoing OR for ruptured AAA (rAAA), to compare extraluminal pHi monitoring, with standard intra-luminal monitoring among patients operated on for AAA, and to study the frequency and clinical consequences of IAH/ACS after endovascular repair (EVAR) for rAAA. The incidence of ACS was 26% in a retrospective study of 27 patients undergoing OR for rAAA. Consensus definitions on IAH/ACS were appropriate for patients after OR for rAAA: 78% (7/9) of patients with IAH grade III or IV developed organ failure and all patients who developed CI had some degree of IAH. Active fluid resuscitation treating hypovolaemia to avoid CI may partly cause IAH. The association between CI and IAP was investigated in a prospective study on 29 patients operated on for rAAA, 86% (25/29) were treated for hypovolaemia and ten (34%) had both IAH and CI. Since monitoring colonic perfusion is very important and there is no ideal method, a new technique, extraluminal colonic tonometry to detect colonic perfusion was compared with standard intraluminal tonometry. Although, this new method was not able to determine the severity of ischaemia it may serve as a screening test. EVAR of rAAA is feasible and patients may benefit from this less invasive procedure. Of 29 patients treated with this technique, 10% developed ACS, and all patients except one with preoperative shock developed some degree of IAH. In conclusion, IAP/ACS is common after both OR and EVAR for rAAA, and is associated with adverse outcome. Monitoring IAP and colonic perfusion with timely intervention may improve outcome.