Le mutuus dissensus est une locution latine de droit positif français. Elle est utilisée par la doctrine civiliste depuis la fin du XIXème siècle pour désigner une notion fondamentale du droit des conventions. La notion juridique de mutuus dissensus peut être définie comme la convention par laquelle toutes les parties consentent à la révocation de la convention qu’elles ont conclue antérieurement. La notion de mutuus dissensus présente une unité. Elle repose sur la réunion de deux éléments constitutifs essentiels. Le premier est une procédure classique : une convention. La convention de mutuus dissensus est une véritable convention extinctive plutôt qu’un nouveau contrat identique en sens inverse du contrat révoqué. Le second est un effet de droit spécifique : la révocation. La révocation par mutuus dissensus est plutôt une résiliation du contrat opérant uniquement pour l’avenir qu’une prétendue résolution d’un contrat à effet rétroactif. La notion de mutuus dissensus a un domaine très large en droit positif. La révocation par mutuus dissensus est un principe général du droit des conventions fondé sur l’article 1134, alinéa 2, du Code civil, qui a vocation à s’appliquer à toutes les conventions et dans toutes les matières. La notion de mutuus dissensus détermine un régime juridique spécifique. Les parties sont libres de déterminer les effets de la révocation par mutuus dissensus. Le principe de la liberté des parties est limité par l’ordre public. La sécurité des tiers est assurée par une protection générale et des protections spéciales reposant principalement sur le mécanisme de l’inopposabilité. / Mutuus dissensus is a latin expression in the French positive law. It has been used by civil doctrine since the end of the nineteenth century to designate a basic notion of Contract Law. The juridic notion of mutuus dissensus may be defined as an agreement between all the parties to rescind their precedent contract. The notion of mutuus dissensus has an unity. It stands on two essentials constituent elements. The first one is a classical procedure: an agreement. Mutuus dissensus agreement is a real subsequent agreement to end a contract, rather than a new identical contract but opposite to the rescinded contract. The second one is an effect of specific right: the rescission. Rescission by mutuus dissensus is the termination of a contract for the future rather than a supposed discharge of a contract with a retroactive effect. The notion of mutuus dissensus has a very wide field in positive law. Rescission by mutuus dissensus is a general principle of law of contracts based on section 1134, subsection 2, of the French civil code, which is to apply to every contract and in every subject. The notion of mutuus dissensus determines a specific juridical system. Parties are free to decide the effects of the rescission by mutuus dissensus. The principle of freedom of parties is limited by law and order. The protection of third parties is ensured by a general protection and special protections which limit the effects of the rescission of contract by mutuus dissensus.

La diversité des accords bilatéraux a constitué un moyen pour l'Union européenne d'étendre ses compétences externes. Cela rend compte du volontarisme mais surtout du pragmatisme de son action extérieure, ce qui n'est pas sans poser de problèmes.La mise en cohérence des accords bilatéraux devient alors une exigence impérieuse. Cette rationalisation des accords devra être confortée par un schéma institutionnel rénové autant que par la reformulation synthétique des fondements juridiques de la compétence externe de l'Union européenne. / The different bilateral agreement is a tool for the European Union to wide its external competences. This illustrates it voluntarism but even more it pragmatism of it external action, what is not without raise problems.The harmonization of bilateral agreements is a very strong need. This rationalization should be hold by an institutional scheme and by a reformulation of legal basis.

MA (ELT) / Department of Engliish / Learning English as a second language by the South African learners of English First Additional Language (FAL) causes many challenges, such as committing errors in concord as there are differences between the learners’ mother tongue and the target language. Even at Grade 12 level, which is the exit point to institutions of higher learning or to the workplace, learners still display some deficiencies in the mastery of the English concord. This happens despite the fact that, in many South African schools, English is used as a medium of instruction and learnt as a First Additional Language (FAL) especially at high schools. Through the analysis of the written concord errors committed by the 72 of the 720 sampled Grade 12 English FAL learners in Vhembe District, the study answered to two questions which formed its cornerstone which are: what are the most common types of written concord/ subject-verb agreement errors which are committed by Grade 12 FAL learners and what are the causes thereof? The study employed both the quantitative and the qualitative methods to pursue the primary question. Learners responded to the questionnaires and the researcher also analysed their teacher-marked English FAL composition scripts with the focus on concord/subject-verb agreement usage. The findings were that concord/subject-verb agreement was a challenge to the majority of the participants. There was not even a single question which recorded a 100% correct entry. The question on collective nouns was found to be the hardest to the participants while comparatively, the singular indefinite pronoun question recorded the best results. The learners’ written compositions were also found to have been marred by concord/subject-verb agreement errors. In most instances, the learners had resorted to simple sentences avoiding the complex sentence construction as those would have required complicated application of concord/ subject-verb agreement usage. Based on the findings, the following recommendations were made: teaching of grammar should be intensified, and that teachers of English should be retrained even if it will be through the in-service programmes

Diese Dissertation betrachtet die Beziehung zwischen Parser und Grammatik bei Muttersprachlern (Native Speakers, NS) und Heritage- (Erb-) Sprechern (HS) des Griechischen, indem sie die Mechanismen untersucht, die einer pseudo-Lizenzierung bei Verletzungen der Kongruenz des grammatischen Geschlechts zugrunde liegen. Diese Verletzungen sind Fehler, die auftreten, wenn eine intervenierende Phrase (Attraktor) nicht mit den Genusmerkmalen des Kopfnomens übereinstimmt, ein Phänomen, das in der Literatur (Gender-)Agreement Attraktion, hier Attraktion von Genuskongruenz, genannt wird. Die Dissertation testet, ob eine solche Attraktion von Genuskongruenz im Griechischen vorhanden ist und ob ein- und zweisprachige Muttersprachler gleichermaßen anfällig für Fehler bei der Attraktion sind. Die Dissertation untersucht für die Gruppe der HS außerdem die Genuskongruenz beim Echtzeit-Sprachverstehen und -produzieren. In der Arbeit zeige ich, dass sowohl NS als auch HS anfällig für Attraktionsfehler bei der Genuskongruenz sind. Das zeigen die Reaktionszeitmuster und die Urteile. Gleichzeitig zeigten bei mündlichen Erzählungen beide Sprechergruppen die gleichen Übergeneralisierungsmuster für maskulines Genus bei belebten Nomen sowie bei mündlichen Erzählungen und beschleunigten Grammatikalitätsurteilen für Neutrum bei unbelebten Nomen. Zusammengenommen deuten diese Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass NS und HS anfällig für die Attraktion von Genuskongruenz sind und dass beide Gruppen ähnliche Hinweise zum Abruf des Genus verwenden und somit ähnliche Attraktionsmuster aufweisen. HS unterscheiden sich jedoch von NS in der Verarbeitung der Genuskongruenz an sich, insbesondere bei femininen Kopfnomen (markiertes Genus) in Objekt-Klitika, was darauf hindeutet, dass sowohl Markiertheit als auch Kongruenz an den Schnittstellen die Leistung von HS beeinflusst. Wenn Fehler auftreten, folgen beide Gruppen den gleichen Mustern der Übergeneralisierung. / This dissertation explores the relationship between the parser and the grammar in Native Speakers (NSs) and Heritage Speakers (HSs) of Greek by examining the mechanisms underpinning the illusory licensing of gender agreement violations: errors occurring when an intervening phrase (attractor) mismatches the gender cues of the head noun, a phenomenon which is usually called (gender) agreement attraction. In this work, I show that both NSs and HSs are prone to gender agreement attraction errors in the nominal domain of Greek, as their reaction time patterns and (speeded or scaled) judgements revealed. At the same time, both groups showed the same overgeneralization patterns of the masculine value in agreement errors with animate nouns in their oral narrations, and of the neuter value with inanimate nouns in their oral narrations and their online speeded judgements. Taken together, these results suggest that NSs and HSs are prone to gender agreement attraction in Greek and that both groups employ retrieval cues similarly showing similar attraction patterns. However, HSs differ from NSs in the processing of gender agreement per se, particularly with feminine head nouns (marked gender value) on object-clitics, suggesting that markedness as well as agreement at Interfaces influence HSs’ performance. Finally, when errors occur, both groups follow the same overegeneralization patterns.

This thesis seeks to explain the outcomes of trade negotiations between the European Union (EU) and seventy-six of the world’s smallest developing countries in Africa, the Caribbean and Pacific (ACP). Puzzlingly, in spite of its vastly greater economic size, the EU was, for the main, unable to realise its objective of concluding six broad and deep free trade agreements with these countries. Deploying first historical institutional analysis then statistical modelling and finally by scrutinising a wealth of primary documents and transcripts of interviews with negotiators, the thesis reveals three factors that influenced outcomes. First, coercive pressure applied by the EU on countries dependent on EU for trade preferences and aid. Second, tactics within the negotiating process, with some ACP countries and regions manoeuvring more effectively than others. Third, differences in the underlying preferences of ACP governments, with most opposing major aspects of the EU’s proposals, but a minority embracing the EPA approach. Probing the underlying reasons, the thesis finds that, contrary to the prevailing literature, lobbying by domestic economic interest groups only provides part of the answer – the analytical and ideational processes within ACP government institutions also exerted an influence. The analysis shows that structural factors, particularly the depth of economic and political dependence on the larger state, establish the range of likely outcomes from a given negotiation. However the preferences of small states and the way in which they interact strategically with the larger state can definitively shape the final outcome. In particular, small states can exercise a degree of resistance and blocking power that is often underestimated. It also sheds light on the formation of trade preferences in small developing countries and shows that in addition to lobbying by external groups, information and ideas within government bureaucracies appear to play an important role.

1 januari 2015 infördes en ny paragraf i plan- och bygglagen som säger att de kommuner som avser att ingå exploateringsavtal ska upprätta riktlinjer som anger förutsättningarna för hur dessa avtal skrivs. Riktlinjerna ska ange vilka mål som finns samt hur kostnader, intäkter och andra åtaganden ska fördelas mellan parterna som ingår avtalet. Drygt ett år har gått sedan den nya bestämmelsen infördes och flera av landets kommuner har nu upprättat dessa dokument. Studien syftar till att undersöka hur landets kommuner hittills tillämpat regeln i plan- och bygglagen 6 kap. 39 §. Avsikten är att kartlägga vilka kommuner som har antagit riktlinjer för exploateringsavtal, vad dessa riktlinjer innehåller, hur de är utformade samt vilka åtaganden, intäkts- och kostnadsfördelningar som tydliggörs i dem. Sveriges samtliga 290 kommuner har kontaktats varav 193 kommuner har svarat på frågan om de antagit riktlinjer eller inte. De riktlinjer som har tagits med i studien är de som författarna tillhandahållit mellan datumen 2016-03-16 och 2016-04-16 och som antagits efter lagändringens ikraftträdande, det vill säga efter 2015-01-01. Totalt tillhandahölls 37 antagna riktlinjer. Texten i riktlinjerna kan enligt studien delas upp i följande tre huvudkategorier: - Generell informativ text som inte enbart är knuten till kommunen i fråga - Kommunspecifik informativ text - Text som tydliggör hur kostnader och andra åtaganden ska fördelas mellan kommun och exploatör i exploateringsavtal Den sistnämnda av de tre huvudkategorierna kan delas upp i ytterligare 33 underkategorier för att belysa vilka åtaganden och kostnadsfördelningar som tas upp i de olika riktlinjerna. Studien tyder på att flera kommuner har börjat tillämpa plan- och bygglagen 6 kap. 39 §. Riktlinjernas innehåll och omfattning skiljer sig åt mellan kommunerna. Slutligen tyder resultatet på att de flesta kommuner i sina riktlinjer tydliggör vilka åtaganden och kostnadsfördelningar som gäller mellan kommunen och exploatören vid ingående av ett exploateringsavtal. Ett fåtal av kommunerna tydliggör inte i riktlinjerna vem av kommunen och exploatören som kommer få bekosta eller vidta en åtgärd utan beskriver endast vilka poster av kostnader och andra åtaganden som kommer att behandlas vid själva ingåendet av exploateringsavtal. Ingen av de undersökta riktlinjerna behandlar intäktsfördelning, vilket riktlinjerna ska enligt plan- och bygglagen 6 kap. 39 §. / In 1 January 2015 a new paragraph was added to the Swedish planning and building act (PBL). According to the new paragraph, Swedish municipalities, are obliged to establish special guidelines for Land Development Agreements. Almost a year has passed since the new law was incorporated and today has several of the Swedish municipalities adopted the guidelines. The aim of the study is to investigate how the Swedish municipalities, so far, has applied PBL 6:39. The study intends to investigate which of the municipalities that has adopted guidelines, what these guidelines contains, how they are designed and which commitments, gains and costs they regulate. All 290 municipalities were contacted and 193 of them responded wheter they had adopted guidelines or not. The study contains of those guidelines that the authors recieved between 2016-03-16 and 2016-04-16. The study do only refers to guidelines, adopted after 2015-01-01. Totally 37 guidelines were received. According to this study, the texts of the received guidelines could be subdivided into three main categories: - General informative text - Informative text about the municipalities - Text about commitments, benefits and costs The last category was later on divided into 33 subcategories. The study shows that several municipalities have started to apply the new paragraph, but not yet all of them. Finally, most guidelines divides the commitments, gains and costs between the municipality and the land developer. But a few of them only make it clear which commitments, benefits and costs the municipality intends to regulate in a Land Management Agreement. None of the guidelines regulate benefits from land development, even though they are supposed to, according to PBL 6:39.

The purpose of this diploma thesis is to analyse certain aspects of the agreement on the performance of an office, a legal instrument with a long history in the Czech legal system. The foregoing type of agreement is regulated by the relevant provisions of the Act on Business Corporations (hereinafter the "ABC"). The paper focuses on the general definition of the agreement on the performance of an office, the subsidiary application of provisions relating to contract of mandate, as well as matters concerning the remuneration stemming from such agreements. The thesis is composed of an introduction, a main part comprising three chapters, and a conclusion. The individual topics make up chapters which are then divided into sub-chapters (the more extensive of which are further split into sections for the purposes of conciseness). The main conclusions of each chapter are summarised in a partial summary at the end of each chapter. The conclusion summarises all partial summaries and conclusions drawn from the thesis as a whole. The first chapter is introductory and defines the agreement on the performance of an office as a contract regulating the rights and obligations of a business corporation and a member of its body vis-à-vis each other. The terms of this type of agreement, the conclusion of which is not...

Le Cloud Computing est de plus en plus reconnu comme une nouvelle façon d'utiliser, à la demande, les services de calcul, de stockage et de réseau d'une manière transparente et efficace. Dans cette thèse, nous abordons le problème d'ordonnancement de workflows sur les infrastructures distribuées hétérogènes du Cloud Computing. Les approches d'ordonnancement de workflows existantes dans le Cloud se concentrent principalement sur l'optimisation biobjectif du makespan et du coût. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons des algorithmes d'ordonnancement de workflows basés sur des métaheuristiques. Nos algorithmes sont capables de gérer plus de deux métriques de QoS (Quality of Service), notamment, le makespan, le coût, la fiabilité, la disponibilité et l'énergie dans le cas de ressources physiques. En outre, ils traitent plusieurs contraintes selon les exigences spécifiées dans le SLA (Service Level Agreement). Nos algorithmes ont été évalués par simulation en utilisant (1) comme applications: des workflows synthétiques et des workflows scientifiques issues du monde réel ayant des structures différentes; (2) et comme ressources Cloud: les caractéristiques des services de Amazon EC2. Les résultats obtenus montrent l'efficacité de nos algorithmes pour le traitement de plusieurs QoS. Nos algorithmes génèrent une ou plusieurs solutions dont certaines surpassent la solution de l'heuristique HEFT sur toutes les QoS considérées, y compris le makespan pour lequel HEFT est censé donner de bons résultats. / Cloud Computing is increasingly recognized as a new way to use on-demand, computing, storage and network services in a transparent and efficient way. In this thesis, we address the problem of workflows scheduling on distributed heterogeneous infrastructure of Cloud Computing. The existing workflows scheduling approaches mainly focus on the bi-objective optimization of the makespan and the cost. In this thesis, we propose news workflows scheduling algorithms based on metaheuristics. Our algorithms are able to handle more than two QoS (Quality of Service) metrics, namely, makespan, cost, reliability, availability and energy in the case of physical resources. In addition, they address several constraints according to the specified requirements in the SLA (Service Level Agreement). Our algorithms have been evaluated by simulations. We used (1) synthetic workflows and real world scientific workflows having different structures, for our applications; and (2) the features of Amazon EC2 services for our Cloud. The obtained results show the effectiveness of our algorithms when dealing multiple QoS metrics. Our algorithms produce one or more solutions which some of them outperform the solution produced by HEFT heuristic over all the QoS considered, including the makespan for which HEFT is supposed to give good results.

Au-delà de la variété des techniques juridiques réalisant une opération de crédit, le contrat de crédit possède une définition qui lui est propre. Il revêt la forme d'un prêt d'argent, d'une ouverture de crédit, d'un crédit-bail ou d'une location-vente. L'affirmation d'une unité conceptuelle et d'une autonomie de ce contrat spécial implique toutefois de dépasser les problématiques liées à son interdépendance avec le contrat financé, au monopole bancaire et ses nombreuses exceptions, et enfin, à la distinction notionnelle professionnel/consommateur. L'unité fonctionnelle apparaît dans l'adaptation des principes du droit commun des contrats par les règles applicables aux contrats de crédit. Le consensualisme, la liberté contractuelle et la force obligatoire des contrats sont confrontés aux mécanismes caractéristiques des contrats de crédit (formalités, devoir de mise en garde, délai de rétractation, interdépendance, remboursement anticipé, déchéance du terme, etc.). Toutefois, cette unité est mise à mal par le constat de dispositions spécifiques aux contrats de crédit consentis à des consommateurs. / Beyond the diversity of legal techniques aimed at performing a credit operation, the credit agreement has its own unique definition. It can take the form of a money loan, a credit opening, a leasing agreement or a hire purchase. However, claiming the existence of a conceptual unity and autonomy for this special agreement implies going beyond the issues related to its interdependence with financed agreements, to the banking monopoly and its numerous exceptions, and to the distinction to be made between professional and consumer. Functional unity is visible in the adaptation of ordinary law of agreements principles through the rules applicable to credit agreements. Consensualism, contractual freedom and the binding force of agreements are confronted with credit agreements' typical mechanisms (formality, duty to warn, period of withdrawal, interdependence, early repayment, repayment by acceleration, etc.). This unity is nevertheless compromised by the acknowledgement of provisions specific to credit agreements granted to consumers.

La recherche est consacrée à l’analyse du régime juridique d’adhésion appliqué par l’UE dans le cas de la Macédoine. L’étude est divisée en deux volets – la stabilisation et l’association –, conformément aux objectifs de la politique du PSA de l’UE envers les États des Balkans occidentaux. En ce qui concerne la politique de stabilisation, sont abordées les modifications constitutionnelles et législatives provenant de l'accord-cadre d'Ohrid – l’élément central du cadre de la conditionnalité d’adhésion à l’UE posé à la Macédoine – ensuite, est recherchée l’application du principe de bon voisinage dans le cas de la Macédoine, notamment en ce qui concerne les divergences avec deux États voisins – le Grèce et la Bulgarie. Le volet association de la thèse est consacré à l’analyse du rapprochement du droit de la Macédoine de l’acquis communautaire en ce qui concerne le droit économique, ainsi que le droit non économique. La thèse vise à combler une lacune dans la littérature existante concernant les relations entre la Macédoine et l'Union européenne. / The research is dedicated to the analysis of the application of the legal regime regulating the enlargement of the European Union toward Macedonia. The work is divided in two parts – the stabilisation and the association –, in accordance to the objectives of the policy of SAP of the UE towards the states of the Western Balkans. The research of the policy of stabilization concerns the constitutional and legislative modifications introduced by the Ohrid Framework Agreement – the central element of the enlargement conditionnality framework imposed on Macedonia –, as well as the application, in the case of Macedonia, of the principle of good neighborliness, in particular the bilateral disputes with its two neighbors – Greece and Bulgaria. The part of the thesis dedicated to the policy of association analyses the rapprochement of the national law of Macedonia to the acquis communautaire in the fields of economic law, as well as the non-economic law. The thesis therefore fills a certain gap in the literature concerning the relations between Macedonia and the European Union.