O município de Camaquã está situado na parte centro-sul do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Do ponto de vista do relevo situa-se parte na Planície Costeira e outra no Planalto Sul-rio-grandense. Esse município estende-se desde as margens da Laguna dos Patos até o topo do Planalto (platô). Conforme pesquisa realizada pelos pesquisadores do Prointer, o município encontra-se em situação de dinamismo, sendo considerado o polo da área em estudo, caracteriza-se por uma agricultura diversificada e intensiva, seja patronal, ou familiar, ambas aparentemente com elevada produtividade. A expansão da fumicultura nos últimos anos na encosta do planalto nesse município instigou o estudo dessa área. Sendo assim, para tentar compreender a complexidade da relação sociedade-natureza aí existente, formulouse a questão que norteou o desenvolvimento da pesquisa: Como as práticas agrícolas adotadas pelos fumicultores de Camaquã (RS), transformam a paisagem local, assim como, implementam a constituição de um terroir do fumo? Através da observação criteriosa da paisagem foi possível analisar e interpretar a dinâmica resultante da interrelação da paisagem e as práticas agrícolas na construção de um terroir do fumo no município. A unidade da paisagem e o seu terroir representam uma porção local, com dinâmica e funcionamento diferenciados, relacionando elementos da morfologia da paisagem e a ocupação do território através dos seus sistemas produtivos, em estreita relação com o contexto histórico. A coleta de dados constou de observação dos indicadores visuais como a ocupação, as práticas, as estruturas, as relações e as formas de apropriações, de entrevistas com agricultores e informantes-chave do município, da análise documental, de fotografias e do mapeamento do meio físico. Pode-se verificar uma estreita relação do contexto histórico na construção e na modificação da Unidade de Paisagem Encosta do Planalto e na implementação do terroir, que se resumiu em momentos distintos, como, a colonização pelos portugueses, a imigração dos pomeranos e a modernização da agricultura. / The municipality of Camaquã is situated in south-central part of Rio Grande do Sul. Of point of view of relief lies part in Coastal Plain and one in Plateau Sul-riograndense. The municipality stretches from the shores of the Laguna of Patos to the top of the Plateau. According to research conducted by researchers from Prointer, the municipality is in a state of dynamism and is considered the hub of the study area, characterized by an intensive and diversified agriculture, or employers, or family, both apparently with high productivity. The expansion of tobacco growing in recent years on the slope of the plateau in this city prompted the study of this area. So to try to understand the complexity of the society-nature existing there, he formulated the question that guided the development of research: How do agricultural practices adopted by growers of Camaquã (RS), transform the local landscape, as well as implement the formation of a terroir of smoking? Through careful observation of the landscape was possible to analyze and interpret the dynamics resulting from the interplay of landscape and agricultural practices in the construction of a terroir of smoking in the municipality. The unity of the landscape and its terroir representing a local portion, with different dynamics and functioning, relating elements of the morphology of the landscape and the occupation of territory through their productive systems, in close relation with the historical context. Data collection included observation of visual indicators such as occupation, practices, structures, relations and forms of appropriation, interviews with farmers and key informants in the municipality, the analysis of documents, photographs and the mapping of the physical. You can check a close relationship with the historical context in the construction and modification of the Unit for Landscape Hill of Plateau and the implementation of terroir, which is summarized at different times, as the colonization by the portuguese, the pomeranian immigration and modernization of agriculture. / El municipio de Camaquã está situado en el parte centro-sur de Río Grande do Sul. Del punto de vista de alivio se encuentra parte de la Llanura Costera y una Meseta en el Sur-rio-grandense. El municipio se extiende desde las Orillas de la Laguna de los Patos hasta la cima del Meseta. Según un estudio realizado por investigadores de PROINTER, el municipio está en un estado de dinamismo y es considerado como el centro del área de estudio, que se caracteriza por una agricultura intensiva y diversificada, patronal, o familiar, ambos com alta con una alta productividad. La expansión del cultivo de tabaco en los últimos años en la Ladera de la Meseta en este municipio, motivó el estudio de esta área. Así que para tratar de comprender la complejidad de la sociedad-naturaleza que allí existen, formuló la pregunta que guió el desarrollo de la investigación: ¿Cómo las prácticas agrícolas adoptadas por los productores de Camaquã (RS), transforma el paisaje local, así como aplicar la formación de un terroir del humo? A través de la observación cuidadosa del paisaje fue posible analizar e interpretar la dinámica resultante de la relación del paisaje y las prácticas agrícolas en la construcción de un terroir del humo en el municipio. La unidad del paisaje y su terruño que representan una parte local, con diferentes dinámicas y funcionamiento, sobre los elementos de la morfología del paisaje y la ocupación del territorio a través de sus sistemas productivos, en estrecha relación con el contexto histórico. La compilación de datos de observación de los indicadores visuales, tales como la ocupación, las prácticas, las estructuras de relaciones y formas de apropiación, entrevistas con los agricultores y los informantes clave en el municipio, el análisis de documentos, fotografías y la cartografía de la físico. Usted puede comprobar una estrecha relación con el contexto histórico en la construcción y modificación de la Unidad de Paisaje Ladera de la Meseta y la aplicación de terroir, que se resume en diferentes momentos, como la colonización por los portugueses, la inmigración pomerania y la modernización de la agricultura.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:31:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao Georgia 2010.pdf: 1011332 bytes, checksum: cb5eac1b3b5588272eb98cf11753e3f5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-09-15 / Goiânia has many conflicts that result from the misuse of water. Their streams, with the increasing urbanization, suffered degradation in water quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the different socio-environmental characteristics and its influence on the biotic and abiotic factors and the influence of human disturbance on the environment. Sites along the stream were selected for water sampling and also were used qualitative methodologies and techniques like questionnaires and interviews. Thus, this work scaled and assessed the importance of Cascavel stream for farmers who occupy the region close to this water source, located between Jardim Atlântico and Vila Rosa, Goiânia, Goiás. Questionnaires were applied, with the surrounding residents and gardeners who live in this area and carried out the diagnosis of biotic and abiotic factors, thus verifying the environmental characteristics. The study evaluated the whole process of human disturbance of the Cascavel stream until today. It appeared that the inhabitants of the surrounding ranchers and yearn for the improvement of the environment, because they live and depend on it, but want to be targeted for this benefit, as learning new techniques for planting or replanting the banks of the stream. It was further observed that the government, both in its municipal body, as in the state and the growers themselves, do not know the economic influence of these agricultural practices in the county. / Goiânia possui muitos conflitos do uso inadequado da água. Seus córregos, com crescente urbanização sofreram degradação na qualidade da água. O presente trabalho dimensionou as diferentes características socioambientais e a sua influência sobre os fatores bióticos e abióticos existentes e avaliou a importância do Córrego Cascavel para os agricultores que ocupam a região próxima a este manancial, em Goiânia, entre o Setor Jardim Atlântico e Vila Rosa. Ele foi desenvolvido em duas regiões associadas ao Córrego Cascavel, a primeira corresponde às nascentes, localizada no setor Vila Rosa, dentro do Parque Cascavel e a segunda corresponde à área compreendida entre o Parque Anhanguera e Jardim Planalto. Foram aplicados questionários, com os moradores do entorno e horticultores que vivem nesta área, bem como, realizado diagnóstico dos fatores bióticos e abióticos, verificando assim as características ambientais. O trabalho avaliou todo o processo de antropização do córrego Cascavel até a atualidade. Verificou-se que os moradores do entorno e os chacareiros anseiam pela melhoria do ambiente, pois eles vivem e dependem dele, mas querem ser orientados para este benefício, com a aprendizagem de novas técnicas de plantio ou revegetação das margens do córrego. Constatou-se ainda, que o poder público, tanto na sua instância municipal, como na estadual e até os próprios horticultores, não conhecem a influência econômica destas práticas agrícolas no município.

Dans le contexte des grands bouleversements socio-économiques, technologiques et environnementaux des révolutions agricoles, les zones de montagnes sont souvent considérées comme favorables à la biodiversité et à des pratiques agricoles respectueuses de l'environnement. Pourtant, ces territoires subissent une pression anthropique réelle via l'agriculture ou la sylviculture menant à une des questions fondamentales du siècle à venir sur l'altération des ressources naturelles pas les activités anthropiques. Ces nouveaux systèmes agricoles ont entraîné l'émergence ou l'augmentation d'abondance d'espèces devenues des pestes agricoles. En raison des pertes de productions alimentaires, de la lutte chimique et des dégâts sur la faune non-cible, des réservoirs de zoonoses qu’ils représentent ou comme maillon essentiel des réseaux trophiques, les micro-mammifères et leurs pullulations représentent un domaine d’étude de première importance en écologie. Les politiques agricoles qui ont mené à une spécialisation des pratiques agricoles vers la production herbagère ont contribué à favoriser l’apparition des pullulations de campagnols prairiaux (campagnol terrestre et campagnol des champs) via l’augmentation de la production végétale et une homogénéisation du paysage agricole dans le Massif Jurassien et le Massif Central. Tandis que certains prédateurs comme les petits mustélidés se spécialisent dans la consommation de ces micro-mammifères. D’autres prédateurs, considérés comme généralistes, présentent une réponse fonctionnelle alimentaire en adaptant leur alimentation à la disponibilité de la ressource. Cette réponse fonctionnelle peut être à l’origine d’un report de prédation sur des proies alternatives aux micro-mammifères. Parmi toutes ces espèces, la petite faune chassable et patrimoniale représente à l’heure actuelle des enjeux de gestion et de conservation marqués.Cette thèse a pour but de comparer deux zones géographiques (vallée alpine de la Haute-Romanche et Massif Jurassien) présentant un degré a priori différent de connaissances sur les systèmes de pullulations de campagnols prairiaux. Nous avons, au travers de ce travail, comparé le phénomène de pullulation observé en Haute-Romanche avec les connaissances actuelles du Massif Jurassien. Nous avons également, par l’analyse de données de monitoring à long terme et la mise en place d’expérimentations de terrain, essayé d’apporter des informations quant aux relations entre proies et prédateurs dans un système de pullulation de campagnol prairiaux en milieu tempéré. L’objectif est de tenter une comparaison tant que faire se peut entre les deux zones géographiques pour améliorer la gestion de ces écosystèmes.Notre premier travail fut d’analyser les données récoltées entre 1998 et 2010 pour caractériser le fonctionnement spatio-temporel du campagnol terrestre en Haute-Romanche. Nous avons également confronté ces données à l’histoire agricole de la vallée entre 1810 et 2003 à l’échelle parcellaire. Dans un premier temps, nous avons constaté que le scénario historique agricole était similaire entre cette vallée de la Haute-Romanche et d’autres zones montagnardes européennes, avec une spécialisation sur la production herbagère et comme effet direct la disparition virtuelle des zones labourées, le cantonnement des zones de fauches dans les fonds de vallée et l’extension des zones de pâtures au reste des zones exploitées pour l’agriculture. En se basant sur ces données, nous avons pu mettre en évidence un lien corrélatif à l’échelle parcellaire entre l’occupation du sol actuelle et l’intensité de la pullulation du campagnol terrestre. Les zones pâturées ont présenté une amplitude de l’abondance en campagnol terrestre moins importante que les zones fauchées. L’occupation agricole actuelle étant directement dépendant de l’histoire agricole de la vallée, il apparaît vraisemblable que la spécialisation agricole vers la production herbagère dans cette vallée est, comme dans le Jura, à l’origine / In the context of the great socio-economic, technological and environmental upheavals of agricultural revolutions, mountain areas are often considered as favorable to biodiversity and environmentally friendly agricultural practices. However, these territories are under real anthropic pressure via agriculture or forestry leading to one of the fundamental questions of the coming century on the alteration of natural resources, not human activities. These new farming systems have led to the emergence or increase in abundance of species that have become agricultural pests. Due to loss of food production, chemical control and damage to non-target fauna, reservoirs of zoonoses they represent or as an essential link in food webs, micro-mammals and their outbreaks represent an area of study of primary importance in ecology. Agricultural policies that have led to a specialization of agricultural practices towards grassland production have contributed to the emergence of outbreaks of prairie voles (ground vole and field vole) through increased crop production and homogenization of the agricultural landscape. in the Jurassic Massif and the Massif Central. While some predators like small mustelids specialize in the consumption of these micro-mammals. Other predators, considered as generalists, present a functional food response by adapting their diet to the availability of the resource. This functional response may be at the origin of a postponement of predation on prey alternatives to micro-mammals. Of all these species, hunting and heritage small-scale wildlife presently represent marked management and conservation issues. The purpose of this thesis is to compare two geographical zones (Upper Romans valley and Upper Jurassic mountains) with a priori different degree of knowledge about prairie volcano outbreak systems. Through this work, we compared the phenomenon of outbreaks observed in Haute-Romanche with current knowledge of the Jurassian Massif. We also, through the analysis of long-term monitoring data and the implementation of field experiments, tried to provide information on the relations between prey and predators in a meadow vole breeding system in a temperate environment. . The objective is to try to make a comparison as much as possible between the two geographical areas to improve the management of these ecosystems. Our first work was to analyze the data collected between 1998 and 2010 to characterize the spatio-temporal functioning of the ground vole in Haute-Romanche. We also compared these data to the agricultural history of the valley between 1810 and 2003 at the plot scale. Firstly, we found that the agricultural historical scenario was similar between this valley of Haute-Romanche and other European mountain areas, with a specialization on grassland production and as a direct effect the virtual disappearance of plowed areas, the cantonment of mowing areas in the valley bottoms and extension of grazing areas to the rest of the areas used for agriculture. Based on these data, we were able to highlight a correlative link at the plot scale between the current land use and the intensity of the vole's overgrowth. Grazing areas had a lower vole abundance than mowed areas. The current agricultural occupation being directly dependent on the agricultural history of the valley, it seems likely that the agricultural specialization towards grassland production in this valley is, as in the Jura, the origin

Avec la mondialisation et l'industrialisation de l'alimentation, la fraude et les cas de contamination des aliments peuvent avoir un impact international et entraîner des conséquences de grande envergure à la fois sur l'économie et la santé des consommateurs (Cubero-Leon et al., 2014). La fraude et l'authentification sont donc devenues des sujets émergents dans le secteur alimentaire. D'autant que les fraudes sont de plus en plus sophistiquées pour contourner au mieux les contrôles et donc de plus en plus difficiles à détecter par des analyses classiques. Les aliments issus de l'agriculture biologique (AB ou bio) font d'ailleurs partie des aliments qui risquent le plus de faire l'objet de fraude. Mais la traçabilité des aliments est principalement garantie par des moyens administratifs (règlement UE 178/2002). C'est pourquoi il est nécessaire de recourir à des techniques analytiques avancées pour détecter les produits non-conformes et pour garantir la traçabilité et l'authenticité des aliments, notamment ceux issus de l'AB. Notre étude est basée sur l'hypothèse que les traitements, associés à différents types d'agriculture, ont un impact mesurable sur la microflore des aliments. L'objectif principal était de pouvoir utiliser l'environnement microbien des aliments pour les discriminer en fonction de leur mode de production. La PCR-DGGE, un outil moléculaire d'écologie microbienne, pourrait servir à discriminer les modes de production d'aliments par analyse des profils génétiques des ADNr bactériens et fongiques. L'analyse des profils génétiques microbiens de nectarines, pêches, bananes et de pommes a montré qu'il était possible de différencier les fruits en fonction de leur mode de production. La robustesse de notre méthodologie a été démontrée en comparant les résultats obtenus sur deux années de récolte successives. Létude des variation intra-parcellaires ont également permis de démontrer que les fruits bio pouvaient être différenciés des conventionnels indépendamment de leur position dans la parcelle (centre vs bord) ou encore sur l'arbre. Les différences observées au niveau de la structure des communautés microbiennes étaient donc suffisamment importantes pour conclure que les traitements appliqués ont un impact significatif sur ces communautés. De plus, l'identification des espèces microbiennes obtenues après PCR-DGGE et NGS a révélé que certains groupes microbiens (fongiques et bactériens) pourraient être spécifiques aux aliments bio. Cependant, l'effet terroir est un critère important à prendre en compte dans la mise en place d'un outil d'authentification des aliments bio. Une application sur le terrain serait donc difficile à prévoir si elle est parcelle-spécifique. Cette étude s'inscrit à la base de la mise au point d'un outil analytique qui pourrait permettre de répondre aux besoins des professionnels de l'industrie alimentaire en termes d'authenticité et de sûreté alimentaire, en particulier pour aider les organismes certificateurs à contrôler et authentifier les aliments bio. Cette étude a également permis d'enrichir les connaissances actuelles sur l'écosystème microbien des fruits en fonction des pratiques agricoles. / Globalization of trades and industrialization of food have increased the occurrence of food fraud. Cases of food contamination now have a global impact and lead to far-reaching consequences both on the economy and the health of consumers (Cubero-Leon et al., 2014). Thus, fraud and authentication became important topics in the food sector. Especially as food frauds are becoming more sophisticated to bypass controls and are therefore more difficult to detect by classical approaches. Organic foods are part of foods that are the most likely to be subject of fraud. But traceability of foods is mainly performed by administrative means (UE Regulation 178/2002). That is why it is necessary to resort advanced analytical techniques to detect non-compliant products and to ensure traceability and authentication of foods, including those from organic agriculture. Our study is based on the hypothesis that treatments associated to various farming types have a measurable impact on food microflora. That is why, the main objective of this study was to use the microbial environment of foods to discriminate them according to their production mode. PCR-DGGE, a molecular tool of microbial ecology, could be used as to discriminate food production modes using bacterial and fungal rDNA profiles. The analysis of microbial genetic profiles of nectarines, peaches, bananas and apples showed that it was possible to differentiate fruits according to their farming types. It was possible to verify the robustness of our methodology by comparing results obtained on two successive harvest years. We estimated also the intra-plot variations and observed that organic apples could be discriminated from conventional ones independently upon their position in the field (centre or border) or even on the tree. The observed differences in microflora between organic and conventional apples were significant enough to conclude that the applied treatments have a significant impact on this microflore. Furthermore, the analysis of DNA sequences obtained from PCR-DGGE and NGS allowed some microbial groups (fungal and bacterial) to be identified as specific to organic foods. However, the “terroir effect” is an important criterion to take into account for the implementation of an authentication tool for organic products. So, an application in the field would be difficult to predict if it is plot-specific. This study constitutes the basis for the development of an analytical tool that could meet the needs of food industry professionals in terms of authenticity and food safety, especially to assist certifying bodies to control and authenticate organic food products. This study enabled also to enrich the existing knowledge on the microbial ecosystem of fruits from different agricultural practices.

Pour de nombreux pays, la sécurité alimentaire est le défi majeur que l’agriculture doit relever, tout en assurant la durabilité environnementale. L’intensification durable de la production et la prévention des pertes de récoltes sont des éléments clés pour augmenter les productions et garantir leur régularité, l’utilisation massive d’intrants (Engrais, pesticides) est le plus souvent la solution la plus facile et la sure à court terme. Ces pratiques d’intensification entrainant des consommations parfois excessives d’engrais et de produits phytosanitaires ont un impact négatif sur l’environnement et la santé, ce qui pose aujourd’hui le problème de la durabilité de ces modes de production. Assurer la sécurité alimentaire par des processus d’intensification et la durabilité environnementale semblent être alors en opposition. Les conséquences sur l’environnement et la santé humaine de l’intensification des pratiques agricoles avec l’utilisation croissante de produits chimiques ont amené la société civile, et les pouvoirs publics à s’interroger sur la pérennité de ce système de développement et à interroger le monde scientifique pour proposer d’autres modes de production permettant un développement durable. Comment mettre en place des systèmes de production agricole durables dans les territoires, tout en répondant aux objectifs d’accroissement de la production pour assurer un niveau acceptable de sécurité alimentaire. Cette question aujourd’hui, s’inscrivant dans un contexte de changement climatique est devenue centrale pour les responsables des politiques. L’agriculture est associée à la notion de territoire, la durabilité environnementale à une problématique collective, ce qui modifie les paramètres de formulation des actions de politiques publiques. Il faut aujourd’hui construire des démarches de gestion intégrées et collectives de l’agriculture dans ses territoires, en prenant en compte les acteurs locaux et les potentialités et les spécificités de l’environnement physique. Pour construire un projet collectif, il est donc nécessaire de comprendre les représentations que les usagers et parties prenantes dans la gestion et l’utilisation de l’écosystème se font de sa dynamique et des interactions entre règles d’usages et comportements des acteurs locaux. Quels outils et méthodes doivent mettre en place les décideurs dans les territoires pour répondre à ces objectifs ? Le cadre de travail se situe à l’interface de différents champs scientifiques ; agronomie, géographie et économie. Une modélisation du fonctionnement du territoire comme instrument de support au dialogue semble être appropriée pour une telle démarche ; devant permettre de simuler différentes alternatives et de permettre des regards croisés. La première partie de la thèse va s’attacher à une revue de littérature des instruments et méthodes existant dans ce domaine, notamment en termes d’indicateurs de caractérisation et de solutions alternatives en terme de production. Le choix en terme de méthode générique s’oriente pour l’instant vers l’élaboration d’outils de simulation spatialisés, collectifs et interactifs. L’objectif est de pouvoir construire une méthode d’élaboration de plans stratégiques agricoles permettant de poser les fondements d’une politique publique territorialisée. Le terrain d’application sera la région de la Bekaa au Liban , qui est une zone d’intensification agricole au Liban, et contribuant de manière très importante à la production agricole du Liban. / For many countries, food security is the biggest challenge facing agriculture, while ensuring environmental sustainability. Sustainable intensification of production and preventing crop losses are key element to increase production and ensure their consistency, massive inputs (fertilizers, pesticides) use is most often the easiest and the safe solution in the short term. These intensification practices resulting sometimes in increasing excessive consumption of fertilizers and pesticides have a negative impact in both environment and human health, which today pose the problem of the sustainability of these production methods. Ensuring food security through process intensification and environmental sustainability seem to be in opposition. The impact on the environment and human health from the intensification of agricultural practices with the increase in using chemicals has carry civil society and governments to query the sustainability of this development system and to question the scientific community to provide other types of production for sustainable development. How to build sustainable systems of agricultural production in the territories, while responding to the objectives of increased production to ensure an acceptable level of food security. This question as part of climate change today has become central to policy makers. Agriculture is associated to the concept of territory, environmental sustainability to a collective problem; modify the parameters for the formulation of public policy actions. We must now build integrated management approaches and collective agriculture in these territories, taking into consideration the local stakeholders, the potentialities and the specifications of the physical environment. To build a collective project, it is crucial to understand the representations that users and stakeholders in the management and the ecosystem uses should be done in dynamics and interactions between rules of practice and behavior of local actors. What tools and methods must implement policy-makers in the territories to meet these goals? The framework is at the interface of different scientific fields; agronomy, geography and economics. A model of the operation planning as an instrument of support for the dialogue seems to be appropriate for such approach; possible to simulate different alternatives and allow viewpoints. The first part of the thesis will focus on a literature review of existing instruments and methods in this area, particularly in terms of indicators of characterization and alternative solutions in terms of production. The choice in terms of generic method is oriented on elaborating of tools in spatially, collective and interactive simulation. The goal is to build a method for developing an agricultural strategic planning to allow the basis of a territorial public policy. The field of application will be the Bekaa region in Lebanon, which is an intensive farming area in Lebanon, and contributing very significantly to agricultural production in Lebanon.

No description available.

A cadeia do leite tem um importante papel na ordem econômica e social do agronegócio brasileiro. A qualidade do leite produzido no Brasil ainda está abaixo do tecnicamente recomendável, fazendo com que fique comprometida a inocuidade dos alimentos lácteos ofertados à população e também às possibilidades do Brasil de se estabelecer como um forte competidor no mercado internacional. A melhoria da qualidade sanitária do leite está relacionada a adoção de Boas Práticas Agropecuárias (BPA), visando prevenir possíveis falhas no processo de produção. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar as características das propriedades produtoras de leite associadas a uma Cooperativa do estado do RS, bem como avaliar a eficácia da implantação do Programa Alimentos Seguros (PAS Leite Campo), no âmbito dos critérios legais de conformidade na qualidade higiênico-sanitária do leite produzido. Para isto foi utilizada a metodologia de Implantação Orientada desenvolvida pelo PAS Campo – Leite, em 59 produtores. No início e no final da implantação foram identificados dados para caracterização das propriedades e avaliados os indicadores de percentagem de conformidade dos itens da lista de verificação das BPA, que foram divididos em localização e instalações; segurança da água; capacitação e saúde do trabalhador; manejo da ordenha; higiene de equipamentos e utensílios; refrigeração e estocagem; controle de pragas; manejo sanitário e armazenamento dos alimentos, bem como da qualidade higiênico-sanitária da matéria-prima (leite), através de análises de contagem de células somáticas (CCS) e contagem de bactérias totais (CBT), antes e no decorrer da implantação do programa Para analisar os dados foi utilizado o software “Statistical Package for the Social Sciences” (SPSS), através do teste de ANOVA, a fim de identificar a diferença estatística entre resultados com significância de 5% para análise das médias. Todas as propriedades estudadas possuíam ordenha mecânica e equipamento de refrigeração, uma produção média de 22,91 L/vaca /dia, em um plantel de 3.127 vacas, sendo 1.577 em lactação, totalizando a produção de 36.130 litros por dia. Os resultados de conformidade geral apresentaram uma evolução positiva de 64,41% inicialmente e alcançaram no final da implantação 96,20% do total. As contagens de CCS e CBT apresentaram quedas significativas no desenvolver do projeto. Com base no exposto, pode-se concluir que a adoção da BPA através do PAS foi eficaz para adequação das propriedades produtoras de leite aos critérios legais, bem como para a melhoria-higiênico sanitária do leite. / Milk food chain has an important role in the economic and social order of Brazilian agrobusiness. Sanitary quality of milk produced in Brazil still remains well below the technically recommended, compromising both the harmlessness of dairy products offered to population and Brazil’s possibilities to be established as a strong competitor in international market. Improvements in milk sanitary quality are linked with the adoption of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP), aiming to correct possible flaws in the production process. The objective of the present study was to identify the characteristics of milk producing proprieties associated with a state’s Cooperative from Rio Grande do Sul (RS), as well as evaluate the efficacy of the implantation of the Safe Food Program (SFP Milk - Field) in the scope of conformity legal criteria in the hygienic-sanitary quality of milk produced. For that, methodology of Oriented Implantation developed by the SFP Milk - Field was used, in 59 milk producers. At the start and ending of the implantation, data for the characterization of proprieties was identified, whereas indicators of the conformity percentage of items from the verification list of GAP were evaluated, the last being divided in localization and installations; water safety; health and capacity of workers; milking handling; hygiene of equipment and utensils; refrigeration and storage; plague control; sanitary handling and food storage, as well as hygienic-sanitary quality of raw material (milk), through the analyses of somatic cell count (SCC) and total bacterial count (TBC), before and during the program’s implantation For data tabulation, software “Statistical Package for the Social Sciences” (SPSS) was used together with ANOVA test, aiming to identify the statistical difference between results with significance of 5% for average analysis. All proprieties studied had mechanical milking and refrigeration equipment; average milk production was of 21.81 L/cow/day, in a herd of 3,127 cows, being 1,577 in lactation, totalizing a production of 36,130 Liters per day. General conformity results showed a positive evolution of 64.41%, reaching up to 96.20% at the end of implantation. SCC and TBC counting showed significant decreases with the development of the project. Based on the exposed, it is possible to conclude that the adoption of GAP through SFP is effective for the adequacy of milk producing proprieties to legal criteria, as well as to the improvement of milk hygienic and sanitary quality.

O boom do consumo e da produção de quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) é um fenômeno recente que representa a transição de um cultivo andino negligenciado e subutilizado durante séculos para um supercultivo moderno do século XXI, dado o seu aporte nutricional. Nesse sentido, a presente tese apresenta e discute questões que o boom da quinoa suscita acerca das tendências das mudanças no uso da terra no Peru ― país que se tornou o maior produtor e exportador mundial do produto a partir de 2014. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa realizaram-se dois estudos. O primeiro deles objetivou analisar a dinâmica da expansão do cultivo de quinoa e identificar as mudanças no uso da terra resultantes do boom da quinoa, assim como determinar se tais mudanças ameaçam a agrobiodiversidade na principal região produtora de quinoa: Puno. O segundo estudo buscou calcular o impacto do boom da quinoa na expansão do seu cultivo, em termos de área ocupada, além de discutir os mecanismos pelos quais a expansão da demanda internacional por este produto ocasiona mudanças no uso da terra no Peru. Ambos os estudos se basearam em dados disponibilizados por entidades e órgãos oficiais do Peru, os quais foram coletados separadamente para as 18 regiões produtoras de quinoa, no período de 1995-2014. Para a análise dos dados, construíram-se mapas temáticos com as variáveis: área cultivada e variação porcentual anual de área cultivada. Também foram utilizadas as seguintes técnicas estatísticas: estatística descritiva, Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA) e exponential smoothing. Os resultados evidenciaram que o boom da quinoa no Peru começou em 2009, sendo que, a partir desse ano, a configuração da área cultivada com quinoa foi alterada drasticamente. Já no ano de 2014, inicia-se um período de expansão sem precedentes na história de sua produção. Cabe destacar, nesse sentido, que se o boom da quinoa não tivesse ocorrido, no ano de 2014 teria sido cultivada uma área 43% menor de quinoa do que foi efetivamente observado. A partir disso, foram constatados três fenômenos: (i) a evolução de uma nova geografia da produção de quinoa; (ii) a redução do uso de práticas agrícolas tradicionais (p.ex.: rotação de cultivos, descanso do solo) decorrente da intensificação da produção de quinoa; e (iii) a tendência de competição pelo uso da terra para produção de cultivos Andinos na região Puno (cañigua, mashua, oca e tarhui). Dessa forma, a expansão do mercado internacional de quinoa a partir de 2008 já começa a revelar suas consequências sobre as mudanças no uso da terra no Peru: (i) efeito de deslocamento (migração de atividades de um lugar para outro de uma maneira a ocasionar mudanças no uso da terra em novas localidades), (ii) efeito rebote (mudanças no uso da terra com as medidas adotadas para incrementar a eficiência da produção e aumento do número de empresas atuando no setor), e (iii) efeito cascata (perturbações que afetam o sistema terrestre em decorrência da substituição de áreas destinadas à produção de outros cultivos em condições agroecológicas específicas). Ao trazer uma perspectiva sobre a relação entre a intensificação do comércio internacional da quinoa e a expansão de terra cultivada no Peru, este trabalho contribui para a literatura, ainda em construção, sobre consequências das mudanças no uso da terra na sustentabilidade dos sistemas agrobiológicos. / The boom in consumption and production of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a recent phenomenon that represents the transition from a neglected and underutilized Andean crop for centuries to a modern supercrop of the 21st century due to its exceptional nutritional value. In this context, the present thesis presents and discusses issues raised as a resut of the quinoa boom regarding trends in land-use change in Peru, which, as from 2014, has become the world’s largest producer of quinoa. Therefore, two studies were carried out. The first study aimed to analyze the dynamics of the expansion of quinoa cultivation and to identify land use changes resulting from the quinoa boom, as well as to determine whether such changes threaten agrobiodiversity in the major quinoa producing region: Puno. The second study aimed to calculate the impact of the quinoa boom on the expansion of quinoa production in terms of cultivated area, and to discuss the mechanisms by which the growing international demand for this product causes land use changes in Peru. Both studies are based on data available from official sources. Data were collected separately for the quinoa producing regions, 18 in total. It covers the period from 1995 to 2014. Data were analyzed using thematic maps with the following variables: harvested area and annual variation in the percentage of harvested area. There were also used the following statistical techniques: descriptive statistics, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and exponential smoothing. The findings showed that the quinoa boom in Peru began in 2009. From this year, the configuration of the area cultivated with quinoa has changed drastically, but the year 2014 marked the beginning of an unprecedented period in the history of the production of this crop. In this regard, it should be noted that if it had not occurred the quinoa boom, the area cultivated with quinoa in 2014 would have been 43% less than the observed quantity. From this, it was found three phenomena: (i) the evolution of the new geography of quinoa production in Peru; (ii) the diminished use of traditional farming practices (eg.: crop rotation with rest for the soil) due to the intensification of quinoa production; and (iii) the trend towards increased land use competition for Andean crop production in the Puno region (cañigua, mashua, oca e tarhui). Thus, the growing international quinoa trade since 2008 has started to reveal the consequences of land use changes in Peru: (i) displacement effect (migration of activities from one place to another, causing land use changes in new locations); (ii) rebound effect (land use changes in response to the measures introduced to improve production efficiency and the increase in the number of companies operating in the sector); and (iii) cascade effect (disorders that affect the land system as a result of the substitution of land area used to produce other crops in specific agro-ecological conditions). With the perspective on the link between the intensification of international trade of quinoa and the expansion of cultivated land in Peru, this study contributes to the literature by providing insights into the consequences of land use changes on the sustainability of agrobiological systems.

La pollution phytosanitaire diffuse est un enjeu majeur à l’interface de l’agriculture et l’environnement. Ses conséquences sur la santé humaine et l’environnement ont poussé la société à interroger les scientifiques sur les outils d’aide à la décision et d’évaluation adéquats. Dans cette perspective, ce travail interdisciplinaire entre géographie et agronomie porte sur la mise en place d’outils pour une gestion concertée de la pollution phytosanitaire diffuse au niveau d’un territoire: la Merja Zerga au Maroc. Dans le cadre d’une approche participative, ce travail est basé sur l’utilisation conjointe et interactive de plusieurs outils interdisciplinaires: les Systèmes d’Informations Géographiques (SIG), l’indicateur de fréquence de traitement (IFT), un indicateur de risque de toxicité sur la santé de l’applicateur (IRSA) et environnementale (IRTE), une plate-forme technico-économique et un jeu de simulation par lesquels sont exploitées les données issues de la recherche bibliographique, des relevés de terrain et d’enquêtes auprès des acteurs du territoire. Les résultats de l’analyse multi-échelle du territoire ont permis de mettre en exergue la construction de l’espace du territoire de la Merja Zerga, les conséquences des pratiques phytosanitaires sur la santé humaine de l’applicateur et l’environnement, l’iniquité spatiale et sociale en terme de propension à polluer. En dépassant la simple évaluation, cette approche basée sur des outils génériques, constitue une étape originale pour la mise en place de stratégies de gestion des pesticides sans nuire à la viabilité économique des exploitations agricoles. / The phytosanitary diffuse pollution is a major focus for the interface of the agriculture and the environment. Its consequences for the human health and the environment urged the society to question the scientists on adequate tools of decision-making support and evaluation. In this perspective, we adopted an interdisciplinary approach between geography and agronomy in order to implement tools for a joint management of the diffuse phytosanitary pollution at the level of a territory: Merja Zerga in Morocco. Within the framework of a participatory approach, this work was based on the joint and interactive use of several interdisciplinary tools: the Geographical Information systems (GIS), the indicator of frequency of treatments (IFT), an indicator of risk of toxicity for the health of the applicator (IRSA) and for the environment (IRTE), a technical-economic platform and a simulation game. These tools enabled us to analyze the data gathered from the bibliographic research, the field statements and the surveys with the farmers and stakeholders of the territory.The results of this multi-scale analysis, from the farmer plots to the watershed basin allowed us to highlight the construction of the Merja Zerga space as a territory and to understand the consequences of the phytosanitary and agricultural practices on the human health of the applicator and on the environment, the spatial and social injustice in terms of propensity to pollute. This study based on generic tools, and going beyond the mere evaluation, constitutes an original approach for the establishment of strategies for the management of pesticides without damaging the economic sustainability of farms.

O boom do consumo e da produção de quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) é um fenômeno recente que representa a transição de um cultivo andino negligenciado e subutilizado durante séculos para um supercultivo moderno do século XXI, dado o seu aporte nutricional. Nesse sentido, a presente tese apresenta e discute questões que o boom da quinoa suscita acerca das tendências das mudanças no uso da terra no Peru ― país que se tornou o maior produtor e exportador mundial do produto a partir de 2014. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa realizaram-se dois estudos. O primeiro deles objetivou analisar a dinâmica da expansão do cultivo de quinoa e identificar as mudanças no uso da terra resultantes do boom da quinoa, assim como determinar se tais mudanças ameaçam a agrobiodiversidade na principal região produtora de quinoa: Puno. O segundo estudo buscou calcular o impacto do boom da quinoa na expansão do seu cultivo, em termos de área ocupada, além de discutir os mecanismos pelos quais a expansão da demanda internacional por este produto ocasiona mudanças no uso da terra no Peru. Ambos os estudos se basearam em dados disponibilizados por entidades e órgãos oficiais do Peru, os quais foram coletados separadamente para as 18 regiões produtoras de quinoa, no período de 1995-2014. Para a análise dos dados, construíram-se mapas temáticos com as variáveis: área cultivada e variação porcentual anual de área cultivada. Também foram utilizadas as seguintes técnicas estatísticas: estatística descritiva, Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA) e exponential smoothing. Os resultados evidenciaram que o boom da quinoa no Peru começou em 2009, sendo que, a partir desse ano, a configuração da área cultivada com quinoa foi alterada drasticamente. Já no ano de 2014, inicia-se um período de expansão sem precedentes na história de sua produção. Cabe destacar, nesse sentido, que se o boom da quinoa não tivesse ocorrido, no ano de 2014 teria sido cultivada uma área 43% menor de quinoa do que foi efetivamente observado. A partir disso, foram constatados três fenômenos: (i) a evolução de uma nova geografia da produção de quinoa; (ii) a redução do uso de práticas agrícolas tradicionais (p.ex.: rotação de cultivos, descanso do solo) decorrente da intensificação da produção de quinoa; e (iii) a tendência de competição pelo uso da terra para produção de cultivos Andinos na região Puno (cañigua, mashua, oca e tarhui). Dessa forma, a expansão do mercado internacional de quinoa a partir de 2008 já começa a revelar suas consequências sobre as mudanças no uso da terra no Peru: (i) efeito de deslocamento (migração de atividades de um lugar para outro de uma maneira a ocasionar mudanças no uso da terra em novas localidades), (ii) efeito rebote (mudanças no uso da terra com as medidas adotadas para incrementar a eficiência da produção e aumento do número de empresas atuando no setor), e (iii) efeito cascata (perturbações que afetam o sistema terrestre em decorrência da substituição de áreas destinadas à produção de outros cultivos em condições agroecológicas específicas). Ao trazer uma perspectiva sobre a relação entre a intensificação do comércio internacional da quinoa e a expansão de terra cultivada no Peru, este trabalho contribui para a literatura, ainda em construção, sobre consequências das mudanças no uso da terra na sustentabilidade dos sistemas agrobiológicos. / The boom in consumption and production of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a recent phenomenon that represents the transition from a neglected and underutilized Andean crop for centuries to a modern supercrop of the 21st century due to its exceptional nutritional value. In this context, the present thesis presents and discusses issues raised as a resut of the quinoa boom regarding trends in land-use change in Peru, which, as from 2014, has become the world’s largest producer of quinoa. Therefore, two studies were carried out. The first study aimed to analyze the dynamics of the expansion of quinoa cultivation and to identify land use changes resulting from the quinoa boom, as well as to determine whether such changes threaten agrobiodiversity in the major quinoa producing region: Puno. The second study aimed to calculate the impact of the quinoa boom on the expansion of quinoa production in terms of cultivated area, and to discuss the mechanisms by which the growing international demand for this product causes land use changes in Peru. Both studies are based on data available from official sources. Data were collected separately for the quinoa producing regions, 18 in total. It covers the period from 1995 to 2014. Data were analyzed using thematic maps with the following variables: harvested area and annual variation in the percentage of harvested area. There were also used the following statistical techniques: descriptive statistics, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and exponential smoothing. The findings showed that the quinoa boom in Peru began in 2009. From this year, the configuration of the area cultivated with quinoa has changed drastically, but the year 2014 marked the beginning of an unprecedented period in the history of the production of this crop. In this regard, it should be noted that if it had not occurred the quinoa boom, the area cultivated with quinoa in 2014 would have been 43% less than the observed quantity. From this, it was found three phenomena: (i) the evolution of the new geography of quinoa production in Peru; (ii) the diminished use of traditional farming practices (eg.: crop rotation with rest for the soil) due to the intensification of quinoa production; and (iii) the trend towards increased land use competition for Andean crop production in the Puno region (cañigua, mashua, oca e tarhui). Thus, the growing international quinoa trade since 2008 has started to reveal the consequences of land use changes in Peru: (i) displacement effect (migration of activities from one place to another, causing land use changes in new locations); (ii) rebound effect (land use changes in response to the measures introduced to improve production efficiency and the increase in the number of companies operating in the sector); and (iii) cascade effect (disorders that affect the land system as a result of the substitution of land area used to produce other crops in specific agro-ecological conditions). With the perspective on the link between the intensification of international trade of quinoa and the expansion of cultivated land in Peru, this study contributes to the literature by providing insights into the consequences of land use changes on the sustainability of agrobiological systems.