Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study examines the history of water in two small Karoo towns. The main argument of the thesis is that the availability of and access to water has played influential roles in the development of Williston and Prince Albert. The ambitions of this thesis are three-fold: firstly, the approach is socio-environmental history and therefore it provides insight into the environmental as well as the social history of the resource in each region. It consciously reflects on the notion of power and explores the manner in which access to water was racialised by authorities in each town. Secondly, this thesis provides insight into the technological and legislative water supply and development of sanitation at both settlements, which is outlined in a broader national development to contextualise the local trajectories. Thirdly, through personal narratives it offers an ethnographic analysis of mind-sets such as fatalism and hopefulness in the face of extreme climatic conditions are examined. The experiences of the socially marginalised and underrepresented are intended to challenge the whiggish celebration of anthropogenic ascendancy over nature in the historiography. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek die geskiedenis van water in twee klein Karoo dorpies. The hoof argument van die tesis is dat die beskikbaarheid van en toegang tot water bepalende rolle gespeel het in die ontwikkeling van Williston en Prins Albeit. Die doelstellings van hierdie tesis is drievoudig: eerstens, is die benadering sosio-omgewingsgeskiedenis en verskaf dit dus insig oor die omgewings- sowel as die sosiale geskiedenis van hierdie natuurlike hulpbron in elke streek. Hierdie werk weerspieel doelbewus die idee van mag en ondersoek die wyse waarop toegang tot water deur die dorpsowerhede rasbevooroordeeld was. Tweedens, verskaf hierdie tesis insig oor die water toevoer en die ontwikkeling van sanitere geriewe in beide nedersettings, waama die plaaslike ontwikkeling gesien word binne ' n breer nasionale konteks. Derdens word daar deur middel van persoonlike vertellings gekyk na die opkoms van etnografiese ingesteldhede soos fatalisme en hoop wanneer uiterste klimaatstoestande in die gesig gestaar word. Die ervannge van die sosiaal gemarginaliseerde en die onderverteenwoordigde groepe word uitgelig ten einde die liberate viering van antropogeniese dorninasie oor die natuur uit te daag.

Pourquoi et comment les grandes entreprises traitent-elles les réclamations de leur clientèle ? Quels effets ce traitement a-t-il sur les régulations internes des firmes ? Que peut espérer le réclamant ? Cette thèse se propose de traiter ce faisceau de questions par une enquête ethnographique menée dans deux grandes entreprises françaises. S’appuyant sur l’outillage analytique développé par Albert O. Hirschman, elle propose une description historique et sociologique des pratiques de traitement des réclamations. Ainsi, elle souhaite contribuer à la problématique de l’influence du destinataire final d’une marchandise sur les entreprises qui la produisent et la vendent. / Why and how do large companies deal with customer complaints? What effects does this treatment have on the internal regulation of firms? What can the customer expect? This thesis proposes to deal with this set of questions by an ethnographic survey conducted in two large French companies. Based on the analytical tools developed by Albert O. Hirschman, it provides a historical and sociological description of the complaint-handling practices. Thus, it wishes to contribute to the question of the influence of the client of a commodity on the companies that produce and sell it.

Cette étude montre comment Albert Camus et Tawfik Al-Hakim, deux dramaturges appartenant à deux cultures différentes, se sont servi, chacun à sa manière, de la parole, pour défendre la liberté dans leurs théâtres. La thèse comprend quatre parties. Partant d'un panorama biographique qui permettra de situer les deux dramaturges dans le contexte social et littéraire de leur temps, nous passerons, dans la deuxième partie, à une analyse du thème de la liberté dans le corpus. A travers une analyse textuelle des pièces traitées, nous découvrirons, dans la troisième partie, comment la parole a été instituée en système de tyrannie. En dénonçant une telle stratégie des régimes totalitaires, les deux dramaturges ont défendu la liberté de parole délibérément écrasée par les tyrans de tous les temps. Nous réfléchirons enfin sur le double jeu de la parole dans les deux théâtres. En y examinant le cas des personnages-prisonniers, nous mettrons en évidence comment la parole peut être aussi bien un moyen de liberté qu'un moyen d'enfermement. Se servir des ressources du théâtre pour être la voix des sans-voix ; plaider en faveur de tous les opprimés sur la terre pour leur rendre la justice et la liberté qu'ils ont perdues, c'est le souci commun de Camus et d'Al-Hakim. / This study shows how Albert Camus and Tawfik Al-Hakim, two playwrights belonging to two different cultures, used speech, each to his manner, to defend freedom in their theatres. The thesis includes four parties. Starting with a biographical panorama that will allow situating the two playwrights in their social and literary time, we shall pass, in the second party, to an analysis of the theme of the freedom in the corpus. Through a textual analysis of studied plays, we shall discover, in the third party, how speech was instituted in totalitarian systems. By a denouncing such strategy of totalitarian regimes, the two playwrights defended the freedom of speech crushed by the tyrants of all the times. We shall reflect finally on the double set of speech in the two theatres. By examining the case of the figures-prisoners, we shall show how speech can be both a means of freedom that one way of confinement. Use the resources of the theater to be the voice of the voiceless, to plead in favor of all the oppressed on the earth to do them justice and freedom that they have lost, is the common concern of Camus and Al-Hakim.

Cette étude tente d’apporter une analyse comparée et détaillée des réflexions d’Albert Camus et d’Arthur Koestler ayant un rapport avec cette volonté de défendre l’homme oppressé. Notre apport littéraire à travers cette analyse est de travailler en profondeur sur les textes de Koestler, d’en dégager les particularités lexiques et stylistiques, de les rapprocher de celles de Camus, d’en tirer une analyse subtile et minutieuse de la pensée de l’auteur hongrois, déplorablement méconnu, et de montrer comment deux intellectuels d’origines différentes et de langues d’expression différentes peuvent mener un même combat, avoir les mêmes influences littéraires, les mêmes « ennemis », les mêmes doutes et la même passion. / This study tries to bring a comparative and detailed analysis of the reflections of Albert Camus and Arthur Koestler having a relation with this will to defend the oppressed man. Our literary contribution through this analysis is to work in depth on Koestler 's texts, to identify its lexical and stylistic peculiarities, to bring them closer to those of Camus, to draw from them a subtle and minute analysis of the thought of the " A Hungarian author, deplorably misunderstood, and to show how two intellectuals of different origins and different languages of expression can lead the same struggle, have the same literary influences, the same "enemies", the same doubts and the same passion.

LÉtranger e Le Mythe de Sisyphe fazem parte do que Camus nomeou de ciclo do absurdo,no qual se unem sob esse mesmo tema a escrita literária e a reflexão filosófica. O absurdo é essencialmente definido como um divórcio do homem com o mundo, mas encontramos no percurso filosófico do autor uma noção anterior a essa, as núpcias. A análise de todos os textos anteriores ao ciclo do absurdo nos mostra, porém, que núpcias e absurdo sempre fizeram parte da reflexão camusiana. Essas duas noções opostas sempre conviveram juntas, formando o que chamamos de o avesso e o direito, ideia que se reflete no título da primeira recolha de ensaios do autor. O objetivo dessa dissertação é, através de todos os escritos anteriores à narrativa, definir o avesso e o direito como um tema fundamental para a escritura de LÉtranger, onde se conjugam as núpcias e o absurdo, a literatura e a filosofia. / LÉtranger and Le Myth de Sisyphe make part of what Camus named as the absurd cycle, where the literary writing and the philosophical reflection are joined together under the same theme. The absurd is essentially definite as a divorce of man with the world, but we meet in the authors philosophical course a previous notion to it, the nuptials. The analysis of all former texts to the absurd cycle, show us, nevertheless, that nuptials and absurd always were part of camusian reflection. These two opposite notions always lived together, shaping what we call the wrong side and the right side, the title of the authors first reunion of essays. The purpose of this dissertation is, through the all writings written before the narrative, definite the wrong side and the right side as a fundamental theme to the scripture of LÉtranger, where the nuptials and the absurd, the literature and philosophy are joined together.

Esta pesquisa analisou a trajetória intelectual e a produção científica do naturalista sueco Johan Albert Constantin Löfgren (1854-1918) contribuindo, assim, com a história das ciências naturais no Brasil na transição entre os séculos XIX e XX. Para atingirmos este objetivo realizamos uma análise do conteúdo da sua produção técnico-científica para identificamos a estruturação das suas publicações (temáticas e abordagens predominantes). Este processo possibilitou a seleção dos tópicos aprofundados na análise do discurso, cuja decodificação revelou a visão de ciência e o papel do conhecimento; o conteúdo geográfico a ele inerente, vinculado à formação e organização do espaço e de formação da identidade nacional; seu pioneirismo em várias áreas do saber; sua atuação em importantes instituições de pesquisa; e, a atualidade de seu pensamento. Apesar de estrangeiro, Löfgren inseriu-se muito bem na sociedade brasileira do século XIX: estabeleceu relações sociais; manteve contato com o governo de diversas províncias e com instituições científicas nacionais e internacionais; e, assumiu a chefia de importantes seções ligadas a institutos de pesquisas, tais como a Seccção Botanica e Meteorologia da Commissão Geographica e Geologica de São Paulo, o Museu Sertório (atual Museu Paulista), o Horto Botânico (atualmente conhecido como Horto Florestal, Parque Estadual Albert Löfgren), a Secção de Botânica da Inspetoria de Obras Contra as Seccas, e Secção de Botânica do Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Revelando a influência que as visões de ciência de Humblodt e Ritter tiveram em sua formação, Löfgren valorizou o entendimento da influência do meio físico nas sociedades e se dedicou à preservação de peças de arqueologia e de história natural, em particular dos sambaquis do litoral paulista. Por sua iniciativa, foi organizado o serviço meteorológico em São Paulo e no Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro. Dedicou-se ao estudo da flora brasileira sob a ótica evolucionista, descrevendo seus aspectos fisionômicos e florísticos, sendo o primeiro a indicar um sistema para caracterizar os tipos e formas de vegetação do Cerrado. Löfgren envolveu-se no discurso científico durante o processo de formação e organização do espaço e da identidade nacional. Seus estudos sobre o potencial agrícola dos campos paulistas e do semiárido nordestino o levaram a combater a prática das queimadas e a dedicação exclusiva à monocultura. Ao denunciar os danos ambientais provocados pelo avanço das atividades econômicas e pelo crescimento desordenado das cidades, conseguiu o apoio de outros conservacionistas, que também se ergueram em defesa dos recursos florestais. Sua maior luta foi pela implantação de um serviço florestal que, por força de lei, garantisse a conservação das florestas. Albert Löfgren foi um cientista de seu tempo e criativo nas análises, propostas e prognósticos futuros. Um personagem da história da ciência paulista e brasileira, pouco conhecido e valorizado, cuja ampla contribuição, se colocada em prática, teria resultado em cenários melhores dos que existem hoje. O resgate histórico, a sistematização e a análise de sua produção permitiram fazer jus à sua memória científica e divulgar seu papel no entendimento do mundo geográfico paulista nos finais do século XIX e início do XX. / This research analyzed the intellectual and scientific history of the swedish naturalist Johan Albert Constantin Löfgren (1854-1918) thereby contributing to the history of natural sciences in Brazil in the transition between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. To achieve this goal we performed a content analysis of its technical-scientific production, to identify the structuring of his publications (predominant themes and approaches). This process enabled the selection of topics in-depth discourse analysis, which revealed the decoding view of science and the role of knowledge; geographic content to it inherently linked to the formation and organization of space and formation of national identity; his pioneering work in several areas of knowledge; his performance in major research institutions; and the current of his thought. Despite being foreign, Löfgren was introduced into Brazilian society of the nineteenth century: established social relations; maintained contact with the government of various provinces and with national and international scientific institutions; and assumed leadership of important sections linked to research institutes, such as Section Botany and Meteorology of Geographical and Geological Commission of São Paulo, the Museum Sertório (now Museu Paulista), the Horto Botânico (now Horto Florestal, Albert Löfgren State Park), Section of Botany, of Inspetoria de Obras Contra as Seccas, and the Section of Botany of Botanical Garden of Rio de Janeiro. Revealing the influence that the visions of science of Humblodt and Ritter had in his formation, Löfgren gave importance to the understanding of the influence of the physical environment in the societies, and was dedicated to the preservation of archaeological and natural history artifacts, in particular the sambaquis on the coast of São Paulo. By his initiative, was organized the weather service in São Paulo and in the Botanical Garden of Rio de Janeiro. He devoted himself to the study of flora in the evolutionary perspective, describing its physiognomic and floristic aspects, and was the first to indicate a system to characterize the types and forms of Cerrado vegetation. Löfgren engaged in scientific discourse during the formation and organization of space and national identity. His studies on the agricultural potential of the fields in São Paulo and of semi-arid Northeast led him to combat the practice of burning and the dedication to monoculture. Denouncing the environmental damage caused by the advancement of economic activities and the unplanned growth of cities, won the backing of other conservationists, who also rose in defense of forest resources. His biggest fight was for the establishment of a forest service that, by law, guarantees the conservation of forests. Albert Löfgren was a scientist of his time and creative in the analyzes, proposals and future predictions. A character in the history of São Paulo and Brazilian science, little known and valued, whose large contribution, if put into practice, would result in the best scenarios that exist today. The historical review, systematization and analysis of his production allowed doing justice to his memory scientific and disseminating his role in the understanding of the São Paulo geographic world in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-05-17T12:55:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 rafaeldecastrolins.pdf: 1654542 bytes, checksum: 80d0563141064395821f3394ca631d28 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-05-22T13:58:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rafaeldecastrolins.pdf: 1654542 bytes, checksum: 80d0563141064395821f3394ca631d28 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-22T13:58:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rafaeldecastrolins.pdf: 1654542 bytes, checksum: 80d0563141064395821f3394ca631d28 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-22 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O trabalho de pesquisa concentrou-se na análise de seletas obras do literato franco-argelino Albert Camus, com vistas no trato camusiano ao que tange o imaginário religioso cristão do século XX. Inicialmente, fez-se uma passagem analítica pelo Teatro do Absurdo – as peças Calígula e O Equívoco – a fim de retratar a concepção camusiana da divindade cristã sob o prisma da negação. O passo seguinte concentrou-se sobre o romance A Peste, à procura da percepção camusiana acerca da santidade sem Deus. No Teatro do Absurdo Deus fora representado em termos de silêncio, instituindo assim uma forma peculiar de escatologia negativa. No romance A Peste o silêncio de Deus precede e impele à santidade sem Deus. Nesse sentido, a pesquisa pôde realçar o itinerário lítero-dramático a partir do silêncio de Deus à santidade sem Deus. Os conceitos basilares do pensamento camusiano, Absurdo e Revolta, foram delimitados no que diz respeito à religião cristã e reduzidos, portanto, aos aspectos do silêncio e da santidade. Ao retratá-la em termos de opacidade, a Pergunta Deus fora abandonada no Teatro do Absurdo para dar lugar à pergunta pela santidade sem Deus em A Peste. Sob a influência da Guerra, Camus esboçou um mundo em ocaso, regido por forças trágicas, e acima dele um Deus omisso que se cala diante do espetáculo da morte. Não obstante, para Camus a Revolta é o único resultado lógico da constatação do Absurdo, por isso A Peste traduz-se em seguir moralmente em oposição à miséria e à morte, sem esperar de Deus senão o seu silêncio. Neste rompante de resistência à morte desponta o personagem tipo do romance, o Santo sem Deus. Por último fitou-se a moral do Santo sem Deus. Provida de compaixão e destituída de esperanças, a moral do Santo camusiano nasce da experiência sensível com o sofrimento, ela se sustém essencialmente sobre o horror à morte e o escândalo inexpiável na presença do mal. / The research paper was concentrated at the analysis of selected works of Albert Camus, a litter French-Algerian, seen at the treaty to the 20th century Christian religious imaginary. At the first hand, it was made an analytical passage at the Theater of the Absurd – the dramas Caligula and The Misunderstanding – in order to report the camusian conception of the Christian divinity. Under the denial‘s prism. At the second hand, it was concentrated on the novel The Plague, looking for the camusian perception about holiness without God. At the Theater of the Absurd, God was represented in silence terms. Thus, constituting a peculiar form of negative eschatology. At the novel The Plague, the God‘s silence precedes and impels holiness without God. In this sense, the research could focus on the litter-dramatic itinerary by God‘s silence to the holiness without God. The basic concepts of camusian thought, Absurd and Revolt, were delimited. Concerning to the Christian religion and reduced, thus, to the silence and holiness aspects. Retracting in the opacity terms, The God Question, were left on the Theater of the Absurd to give a place to the question about holiness with no God in The Plague. Under war‘s influence, Camus outlined a world in decay, governed by tragic force, and above it there was a missing God who stay in silence in front of the death spectacle. Despite, for Camus the Revolt is the only logic result of Absurd‘s confirmation, because of it, The Plague translate it by following morally in opposition to misery and death, without waiting God than him silence. In this outburst death‘s resistance rises the typical novel character, the holy without God. At the end, the moral in holy without God was focused. It was provided by compassion and hope deprived, the camusian holy was born by the sensible experience with suffering, it is held, essentially, by the horror of death and inexpiable scandal in the madness presence.

Le primat de la relation est une caractéristique fondamentale des philosophies contemporaines comme des évolutions récentes de la théologie : le but de cette étude est de retracer les développements de la notion de relation jusqu’aux grandes synthèses théologiques du 13è siècle, afin d’évaluer les fondements historiques et la légitimité conceptuelle des relationalismes contemporains. Après avoir étudié la naissance d’une ontologie des êtres relatifs chez Platon et Aristote, ainsi qu’à travers les ambiguïtés de leurs transmissions, nous montrons comment les théologiens de l’Antiquité ont exploité ces fondements philosophiques, autour des modèles de « l’attribution différenciée » chez Augustin et de « l’accidentalité différenciée » chez Boèce. Au 12è siècle, ces modèles antiques ont à leur tour donné lieu à un changement de paradigme, au sujet de la predicatio in divinis, de Gilbert de Poitiers jusqu’à Pierre Lombard. Nous centrons alors notre étude sur les synthèses sententiaires d’Albert le Grand et de Thomas d’Aquin, qui exploitent l’un et l’autre la notion comme l’élément clef d’une description unitaire et structurée de l’édifice théologique. Albert emploie une notion typiquement aristotélicienne de la relation comme instrument pour édifier une théologie cohérente et rationnelle ; Thomas développe ces intuitions albertiennes et met en œuvre une vue ordonnée du Monde dans ses rapports avec Dieu, dont la condition, contrairement à de nombreuses lectures thomistes, est la stricte accidentalité de l’être relatif. A l’issue de ce parcours historique, on aura donc mis en évidence la tentation platonisante qui constitue la source conceptuelle des relationalismes contemporains. / The primacy of relation is a fundamental characteristic of contemporary philosophies as well as recent evolutions of Christian theology: the goal of this study is to describe the first developments of the notion of relation up to the great theological synthesis of the 13th century, in order to evaluate the historical foundations and the conceptual validity of the contemporary “relationalisms”. After studying the birth of the ontology of relative beings by Plato and Aristotle, as well as through the ambiguities of their transmissions, we show how the theologians of Antiquity exploited those philosophical sources using two models: the “differentiated attribution” with Augustine, and the “differentiated accidentality” with Boethius. During the 12th century, those two antique models became in their turns the origin of a change of paradigm on the problem of predicatio in divinis, from Gilbert of Poitiers to Peter Lombard. We then center our study on the sentential synthesis of Albert the Great and Thomas Aquinas, who both exploited the notion of relation as a key-element of a united and well-structured description of their theological thought. Albert uses a typical Aristotelian notion of relation as a tool for building a coherent and rational theology; Thomas develops those albertian intuitions and organizes a well-ordered view of the World in its relations to God, whose condition, contrary to many thomistic interpretations, is a strictly accidental conception of the relative beings. At the end of this historical path, we will then have shown the Platonist temptation which constitutes the conceptual source of the contemporary “relationalisms”.

This thesis examines Albert Speer, minister of armaments in Germany during World War II, and the charges against him during the trial of the major war criminals in Nuremberg, Germany, 1945-1946. This thesis portrays Albert Speer as a good man enticed by the power of his position and subsequently playing a role in the crimes of the Third Reich. Primary sources included the Nuremberg Trial proceedings published by the International Military Tribunal and Speer's books, Inside the Third Reich; Spandau: The Secret Diaries; and Infiltration. The thesis has six chapters: preface, biography, the charges against Speer, the verdict, the aftermath concerning his time in Spandau Prison, and a conclusion. Albert Speer accepted his guilt, yet came to resent his imprisonment and questioned the validity of the trial.

Bereits sechs Jahre nach der Gründung der Bergakademie Freiberg nahm mit Anton Albert Vergeel aus Amsterdam der erste internationale Student sein Studium an der Bergakademie auf. Der Artikel beleuchtet, wie es dazu kam.