In 1953, two individuals were excavated in Erik XIII’s alley, Visby, Gotland. After the excavation, the individuals did not undergo an osteological examination and were preserved for several years by the Gotland Museum. These two individuals were selected for this thesis to undergo an osteological analysis. The purpose of the essay was to identify and investigate the two individuals from Erik XIII's alley and illuminate the Viking age of Visby. A spatial analysis of Erik XIII's alley and the surrounding environment was carried out, to emphasize Visby’s Viking-age. Erik XIII's alley is in the northern part of Visby's inner city and is within walking distance of the two largest Viking-era burial grounds in Visby, Kopparsvik and Gustavsvik. Individual 1, who was judged to be a man, was approximately 182cm tall and was between 33-45 years old when he died. Individual 2 was judged to be a probable man and was between 17-25 at the time of his death and had an approximate length of 173cm. The individuals have only two common pathologies, which are osteophytes and tartar. Individual 2 had significantly fewer pathologies than individual 1, which may be a side effect of the age difference between them. In individual 1, enthesopathies were also identified, which were roughly consistent throughout the body, ligamente flava, pitting and osteoarthritis. Individual 2 showed changes from two different deficiency diseases, cribra orbitalia and enamel hypoplasia. The discussion is divided into three parts that emphasize the individuals, the comparison with other Viking-era individuals on Gotland and the spatial context. The individuals' pathologies are discussed, and possible interpretations of the individuals are presented. When the individuals from Erik XIII's alley are compared to other Viking-age individuals who have undergone osteological examinations, the result mainly varies. In the spatial context, possible interpretations of the graves are presented, which consist of an additional burial ground with different interpretations, as a burial ground for the king's company, or simple farm burials.

This paper explores how cities have integrated formal planning into improving public space. Through a review of literature on the topic, this the paper identifies the potential design has to renovate narrow streets and alleys, within the public right of way. By preforming an assessment of plans and programs, this paper identifies the common themes or components that have been used by planners, architects, and engineers to improve the urban environment for pedestrians. Based on this information, a pilot study was created to measure the influence the most common components have on pedestrian route choice. The results are then compared to the information gathered from the assessed plans and programs. Suggestions for expanding the pilot study and other recommendations are presented upon the conclusion of this report.

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Resumo: Os objetivos do presente estudo foram: (i) avaliar a sustentabilidade do agrossistema de plantio direto na palha com leguminosas cultivadas em aléias, por meio de seu efeito sobre os indicadores qualitativos químicos e físicos de um Argissolo do trópico úmido; (ii) identificar como a combinação de resíduos de leguminosas de diferentes qualidades interferem nos indicadores de sustentabilidade do uso do solo, por meio das produtividades do arroz e do milho. Foram avaliadas duas espécies de leguminosas de alta qualidade de resíduos - Leucaena leucocephala (leucena) e Cajanus cajan (guandu), e duas espécies de baixa qualidade de resíduos - Clitoria fairchildiana (sombreiro) e Acacia mangium (acácia), combinadas entre si, nos seguintes tratamentos: Sombreiro + Guandu (S+G); Leucena + Guandu (L+G); Acácia + Guandu (A+G); Sombreiro + Leucena (S+L); Leucena + Acácia (L+A) e Testemunha, sem leguminosas. Concluiu-se que o sistema de plantio direto na palha com leguminosas cultivadas em aléias pode ser considerado alternativa de uso sustentável do solo nas condições de regime pluviométrico e nos ARGISSOLOS arênicos, por sua capacidade de reciclar nutrientes e melhorar os indicadores de qualidade do solo ao longo do tempo. Os principais indicadores influenciados pelo sistema são: a capacidade de aeração, as quantidades de N adicionadas ao solo via resíduos de leguminosas e o tamponamento dos teores de Ca na zona radicular que resultam na melhoria na qualidade do solo, com reflexos notáveis no aumento da produtividade do milho. A combinação acácia+leucena apresenta, além da precocidade, grande eficiência na cobertura do solo e na reciclagem de nutrientes, mas o uso do sombreiro, como fornecedora de resíduo de baixa qualidade, por sua facilidade de 2 implantação, não pode ser descartado. A incapacidade do sistema em aumentar a retenção do K e Mg na zona radicular... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The present study was carried out focused in the following subjects: (i) Evaluation of no tillage agriculture sustainability over green manure straws in alley system throughout of its effects on the soil’s chemical and physical qualitative parameters; (ii) Identification of what and how different green manure residues combine each other to improve the rice and corn crops in sustainability alleys system way. Two green manure species with high residues and other two with low quality had been evaluated: Leucaena leucocephala and Cajanus cajan, and Clitoria fairchildiana and Acacia mangium respectively. A combination between these green manures were made as the treatments: Clitoria + Cajanus (S+G); Leucaena + Cajanus (L+G); Acacia + Cajanus (A+G); Clitoria + Leucaena (S+L); Leucaena + Acacia (L+A) and the control treatment with no green manure. It was concluded that the no tillage soil management using green manure straws in alleys systems could be an alternative as a sustainable way to the crop productions, considering the environments and soil conditions. It was observed that the soil where the trial was carried out has the capacity to recycle nutrients and improve the quality parameters throughout the management used as far. It was observed also that the mainly parameters as aeration capacity, nitrogen range added by the green manure of leguminous species residues, and the Ca++ content in the rizosphere environment were the factors that improve the soil physical and chemical quality, with higher corn crop productivities. The Leucaena + Acacia combination has shown precocious behavior and more efficiency to cover the soil and to recycle nutrients. The Clitoria residues, even as a low quality green manure, could be na option for implanting a alley system because it is easier to 4 management. It was observed that the studied system has no capacity of K+ and Mg++ retain... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below) / Orientador: Silvio José Bicudo / Coorientador: Emanoel Gomes de Moura / Banca: Dirceu Maximino Fernandes / Banca: Iraê Amaral Guerrini / Banca: Edmilson José Ambrosano / Banca: Ricardo Augusto Dias Kanthack / Doutor

Brutalist architecture, popularized in Britain in the late 1950s and heralded as a progressive form of Modernism in the United States until the 1970s, now presents a conundrum to preservationists as it ages. Once critically acclaimed, many Brutalist buildings have lost their appeal over time. The unpolished materials have proven unpopular with many who live and work in these structures, and key examples of the style are now facing demolition. Though “Brutalism” has become a nebulous architectural designation in the preservation community, this paper focuses on a specific subset of late Modernist architecture that primarily utilizes unfinished concrete to promote the philosophy of material truth and unapologetic permanence. While artistry of form and overall functionality affect preservation of Brutalist buildings in the United States, an important factor in the decision to demolish is often overlooked: the interplay of public opinion with critical acclaim, both in the past and within current architectural climates. This project examines the Brutalist approach to architecture and chronicles the shifts in critical and public perspective of several key case studies, focusing on university structures (the Yale Art and Architecture Building, Harry Ransom Center, and the University of Texas School of Nursing), theaters (Morris Mechanic Theater and Alley Theater), and civic buildings (Orange County Government Center, Boston City Hall, and Prentice Women’s Hospital). Understanding how and why shifts in opinion took place is critical in making informed preservation decisions about Brutalist architecture. / text

The city with its urban density, infrastructure, and cultural, social and educational opportunities can be a desirable place to live for all - regardless of age, income or background. The city of today has changed considerably from the city of the 19th century. Neither is it the city of the future. However, it has great potential to anticipate to the challenges we will face in the future. It is a place that constantly changes. It is a living organism! This constant change is a challenge for architects to develop concepts and design-solutions that can react to shifting uses, zoning requirements, and dweller habits. The constant alteration of lifestyle, residential and commercial use, as well as job-related needs demands a high flexibity and adaptability in architecture and urban planning. Today's life is fast and unpredictable. Other contemporary issues such as sustainabilty or climate change are becoming key issues of today's discussion - in society, in the media and in world policy. Architects - responsible for our built environment - have to find innovative solutions to such ever-changing problems within their profession - within architecture. How can a concept, project or building be designed or constructed to anticipate those future needs, and what are the limits? To explore these questions and many more that followed I chose a site in midtown Washington DC. My thesis project includes 23 townhouses with partial retail, incorporated along an alley in the interior of a city block. The new development is integrated into the existing structure. / Master of Architecture

Diese Arbeit zeigt, dass Agroforstsysteme einen Beitrag zur Lösung der 3 größten aktuellen Probleme der brandenburgischen Landwirtschaft leisten können: der Biodiversitätskrise, Klimakrise und der wirtschaftlichen Krise vieler landwirtschaftlicher Unternehmen. Hierfür wurden insgesamt 642 verschiedene 20 ha große Modellschläge mit den 5 verschiedenen Brandenburger Landbaugebieten und verschieden strukturierten Agroforstsystemen über einen Zeitraum von 24 Jahren betrachtet. Die Kalkulationen der Agroforstsysteme ermöglichten einen ökonomischen Vergleich unter Einbeziehung der durch diese zusätzlich erbrachten Ökosystemdienstleistungen. Die kalkulierten Agroforstsysteme in dieser Arbeit bestehen aus ackerbaulich genutzten Flächen und Gehölzstreifen, welche aus Pappeln (Populus spp.) im Kurzumtrieb in Kombination mit Kiefern (Pinus sylvestris) im Mittelumtrieb bestehen. Ohne Abzinsung können diese Agroforstsysteme dieselben Erlöse wie eine rein ackerbaulich genutzte Fläche erreichen. Bei einer Berücksichtigung eines Zinssatzes von 3,5% erreichen die Agroforstsysteme maximal 97.60% der Annuität einer rein ackerbaulich genutzten Fläche. Die höchsten Annuitäten erreichen Agroforstsysteme mit der Produktion von Pflanzenkohle oder einem maximal großen Anteil an Ackerbaufläche. Die Produktion von Pflanzenkohle und deren Einarbeitung in den Ackerboden ist besonders vorteilhaft, wenn dadurch eine Steigerung der Ackererträge bewirkt wird. Wird das im Agroforstsystem dauerhaft gespeicherte CO2 mit einem CO2-Preis von 55€/t bepreist, können Agroforstsysteme auch bei einem Zinssatz von 3,5% genauso wirtschaftlich wie reine Ackerbauflächen sein. In diesem Fall haben Agroforstsysteme mit Pflanzenkohleproduktion oder integrierten Kiefern die höchsten Annuitäten. Für die ökologische Aufwertung der Gehölzstreifen sind die Integration von ökologisch wertvollen Gehölzen und die zeitversetzte Teilernte der Gehölzstreifen mit durchschnittlichen Annuitätskosten von 4,01 €/ha wesentlich günstiger als 4m breite Brachstreifen neben den Gehölzstreifen mit durchschnittlichen Annuitätskosten von 20,45 €/ha. Die ökonomisch optimale Gestaltung eines Agroforstsystems hängt neben dem jeweiligen Landbaugebiet von vielen weiteren Faktoren ab. Für die großflächige erfolgreiche Etablierung von Agroforstsystemen in Brandenburg sind daher 4 Maßnahmen nötig: sicherer Rechtsrahmen für die Bewirtschaftung und Förderung, Bezahlung der zusätzlich bereitgestellten Ökosystemdienstleistungen durch die Gesellschaft, Beratung der landwirtschaftlichen Betriebe vor der Etablierung eines Agroforstsystems, deutliche Verringerung der verpachteten landwirtschaftlichen Flächen.:Abstract 1 Introduction: actual problems in agricultural………………………..………………….11 1.1 Climate change and erosion……………………………………….………….……...11 1.2 Biodiversity…………………………………………………………...…………………13 1.3 Economy………………………………………………………………….……….……13 1.4 Potential of agroforestry systems………………………………………….…………13 2 Characteristics and basics of agroforestry systems................................................14 2.1 Definition…………………………………………………………………....……..……14 2.2 Policy……………………………………………………………………….……...……15 2.2.1 Legal framework…………………………………………………………............….15 2.2.2 Grants……………………………………………………………………............…..15 2.2.2.1 Current situation……………………………………………….....................…...15 2.2.2.2 Outlook into the future……………………………….....................…………….16 2.3 Different systems (outline)………………………………………………….…………18 2.4 Tree-environment interactions……………………………..…………………………22 2.5 Characteristics of short rotation alley cropping systems (SRACS)……….………23 2.5.1 Influence of woody stripes in SRACS on the arable crop yields in modelling..25 2.5.2 Wind speed reduction……………………………………………………….35 2.5.3 Carbon sequestration………………………………………………………..35 2.5.4 biochar production through pyrolysis………………………………………37 2.5.5 Influence of outer rows on the wood yields (WS)…………………..……...41 2.6 Limitations of the assumptions of this thesis…...…………………………………41 3 Research question……………………………………………………………….….…42 3.1 Research field……………………………………………………………….……..…42 3.2 Research gaps……………………………………………………………….……..…46 3.2.1 Modelling long standing valuable wood production…………………………46 3.2.2 Short rotation alley cropping systems (SRACS)……………………….….…48 3.2.2.1 Medium to long standing trees for log production (timber)……….….48 3.3 Elected Questions……………………………………………………………….……49 4 Methods…………………………………………………………………………….…….50 4.1 Characteristics of the examined agroforestry systems (AS)…………..……….…50 4.2 Economic calculations…………………………………………………………………54 4.3 Carbon storage…………………………………………………………………………60 4.4 Reference arable area……………………………………………………..…………62 4.5 Discounting.……………………………………………………………………………66 4.6 Calculated model plots (MP)………………………………………………..………67 Results………………………………………………………………………………….……69 5.1 Analysis of the individual parameters………………………………………….…...73 5.1.1 Alley width (AW)…………………………………………………………….….73 5.1.2 Integrated timber production with pines……………………..…………….……74 5.1.3 Fallow strips, staggered partial harvest of the SRC and integration of ecological valuable coppices in the SRC…………………………………………………….……75 5.1.4 Biochar…………………………………………………………………….…….76 5.2 Compilation of the most economically advantageous agroforestry systems…….79 5.2.1 Analysis of the MP #47-48/6/0-LBGI-biochar……………………………….….80 5.2.2 Effects of establishing agroforestry systems all over Brandenburg…….…….81 6 Discussion……………………………………………………………………………..82 6.1 Limitations……………………………………………………………………..…..82 6.2 Answers to research questions………………………………………………….….87 7 Conclusions…………………………………………………………………..………..89 8 Outlook…………………………………………………………………………..…….90 9 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………92 / This thesis shows that agroforestry systems can make a contribution to solving the 3 biggest current problems of Brandenburg agriculture: the biodiversity crisis, climate crisis and the economic crisis of many agricultural companies. For this purpose, a total of 642 different 20-hectare model plots with the 5 different Brandenburg agricultural areas and differently structured agroforestry systems were considered over a period of 24 years. The calculations of the agroforestry systems enabled an economic comparison, taking into account the additional ecosystem services provided by them. The calculated agroforestry systems in this thesis consist of arable land and strips of wood, which consist of poplars (Populus spp.) in short rotation in combination with pines (Pinus sylvestris) in middle rotation. Without discounting, these agroforestry systems can achieve the same revenues as a purely arable land. If an interest rate of 3.5% is taken into account, the agroforestry systems achieve a maximum of 97.60% of the annuity of a purely arable land. Agroforestry systems achieve the highest annuities with the production of biochar or a maximum proportion of arable land. The production of biochar and its incorporation into the arable soil is advantageous if it results in an increase in arable yields. If the CO2 permanently stored in the agroforestry system is priced at a CO2 price of 55 €/t, agroforestry systems can be just as economical as pure arable land, even at an interest rate of 3.5%. In this case, agroforestry systems with biochar production or integrated pines have the highest annuities. For the ecological upgrading of the wood strips, the integration of ecologically valuable coppices and the timeshifted partial harvest of the wood strips with average annuity costs of 4.01 € / ha are much cheaper than 4m wide fallow strips next to the wood strips with average annuity costs of 20.45 €/ha. The economically optimal design of an agroforestry system depends on the respective agricultural area and many other factors. For the large-scale successful establishment of agroforestry systems in Brandenburg, 4 measures are therefore identified: Secure legal framework for the management and granting, payment of the additionally provided ecosystem services by society, advice to farms before the establishment of an agroforestry system, significant reduction of the leased agricultural land.:Abstract 1 Introduction: actual problems in agricultural………………………..………………….11 1.1 Climate change and erosion……………………………………….………….……...11 1.2 Biodiversity…………………………………………………………...…………………13 1.3 Economy………………………………………………………………….……….……13 1.4 Potential of agroforestry systems………………………………………….…………13 2 Characteristics and basics of agroforestry systems................................................14 2.1 Definition…………………………………………………………………....……..……14 2.2 Policy……………………………………………………………………….……...……15 2.2.1 Legal framework…………………………………………………………............….15 2.2.2 Grants……………………………………………………………………............…..15 2.2.2.1 Current situation……………………………………………….....................…...15 2.2.2.2 Outlook into the future……………………………….....................…………….16 2.3 Different systems (outline)………………………………………………….…………18 2.4 Tree-environment interactions……………………………..…………………………22 2.5 Characteristics of short rotation alley cropping systems (SRACS)……….………23 2.5.1 Influence of woody stripes in SRACS on the arable crop yields in modelling..25 2.5.2 Wind speed reduction……………………………………………………….35 2.5.3 Carbon sequestration………………………………………………………..35 2.5.4 biochar production through pyrolysis………………………………………37 2.5.5 Influence of outer rows on the wood yields (WS)…………………..……...41 2.6 Limitations of the assumptions of this thesis…...…………………………………41 3 Research question……………………………………………………………….….…42 3.1 Research field……………………………………………………………….……..…42 3.2 Research gaps……………………………………………………………….……..…46 3.2.1 Modelling long standing valuable wood production…………………………46 3.2.2 Short rotation alley cropping systems (SRACS)……………………….….…48 3.2.2.1 Medium to long standing trees for log production (timber)……….….48 3.3 Elected Questions……………………………………………………………….……49 4 Methods…………………………………………………………………………….…….50 4.1 Characteristics of the examined agroforestry systems (AS)…………..……….…50 4.2 Economic calculations…………………………………………………………………54 4.3 Carbon storage…………………………………………………………………………60 4.4 Reference arable area……………………………………………………..…………62 4.5 Discounting.……………………………………………………………………………66 4.6 Calculated model plots (MP)………………………………………………..………67 Results………………………………………………………………………………….……69 5.1 Analysis of the individual parameters………………………………………….…...73 5.1.1 Alley width (AW)…………………………………………………………….….73 5.1.2 Integrated timber production with pines……………………..…………….……74 5.1.3 Fallow strips, staggered partial harvest of the SRC and integration of ecological valuable coppices in the SRC…………………………………………………….……75 5.1.4 Biochar…………………………………………………………………….…….76 5.2 Compilation of the most economically advantageous agroforestry systems…….79 5.2.1 Analysis of the MP #47-48/6/0-LBGI-biochar……………………………….….80 5.2.2 Effects of establishing agroforestry systems all over Brandenburg…….…….81 6 Discussion……………………………………………………………………………..82 6.1 Limitations……………………………………………………………………..…..82 6.2 Answers to research questions………………………………………………….….87 7 Conclusions…………………………………………………………………..………..89 8 Outlook…………………………………………………………………………..…….90 9 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………92

The theme of master’s thesis is the newly built sports center in Rosice. This work aids to develop design documents for building construction. The building is partial basement, four-storey. The building is designed of systém Heluz with cast-in-place reinforced concrete floors. The roof construction is single-flat, over part of the building is composed of timber truss Gang-nail. In the building there is the bar with bowling alley, squash, small multipurpose sports hall, fitness room, table tennis and spinning. In the basement are designed three saunas. Tennis courts with playground are outside next to the building.

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