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This thesis examines Nietzsche’s relationship to Socrates through his positive philosophy of education, arguing that the latter is crucial to resolving the apparent contradictions of the former. While there is a good deal of literature dealing with Nietzsche’s criticisms of the educational system of his day, there is relatively little on his own account of what education should be. I point out that the Greek conception of agon (roughly “contest” in English), is central to Nietzsche’s understanding of education, and informs his ideal of the student-mentor relationship. This is the model on which, I contend, Nietzsche’s relation to Socrates needs to be interpreted. Such an interpretation helps to make sense of, and reconcile, the divergent pictures of Socrates Nietzsche presents in his texts, which are sometimes admiring and imitative, sometimes hostile and contemptuous, and have led to conflicting interpretations within the scholarship on this subject. My analysis aims to shed new light on both the figure of Nietzsche’s Socrates, and Nietzsche’s philosophy of education, by relating these to one another.

This thesis examines Nietzsche’s relationship to Socrates through his positive philosophy of education, arguing that the latter is crucial to resolving the apparent contradictions of the former. While there is a good deal of literature dealing with Nietzsche’s criticisms of the educational system of his day, there is relatively little on his own account of what education should be. I point out that the Greek conception of agon (roughly “contest” in English), is central to Nietzsche’s understanding of education, and informs his ideal of the student-mentor relationship. This is the model on which, I contend, Nietzsche’s relation to Socrates needs to be interpreted. Such an interpretation helps to make sense of, and reconcile, the divergent pictures of Socrates Nietzsche presents in his texts, which are sometimes admiring and imitative, sometimes hostile and contemptuous, and have led to conflicting interpretations within the scholarship on this subject. My analysis aims to shed new light on both the figure of Nietzsche’s Socrates, and Nietzsche’s philosophy of education, by relating these to one another.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:12:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2439.pdf: 963653 bytes, checksum: 7a769952199dac7a5f6440367be3862b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-27 / Instituto Internacional de Ecologia / Many are the productions already developed about nihilism in Nietzsche s work, wich the perspective of unconditional affirmation of the world and life is assumed as an inevitable consequence on the overcomig of nihilism itself. However, even admiting that Nietzsche s thougth about nihilism conducts him to an unconditional affirmation of every happening, our research is developed by the nitzschean notion of redemption. Since The Birth of Tragedy, Nietzsche explores the theme in the reconciliation fullfilled by the tragical art between the apollonian and dionisian.In his work of 1872, the philosopher finds in Dionysus shapes a god that affirms the suffering, wich is a crucial subject to the future guiding of his supreme-affirmative thought. In contrast to the tragical conception that was formed as a way to escape from the pessimism, the socratism-platonism is understood by Nietzsche as a movement that puts in progress the nihilist logical in the West, consummated on the christian conception of negativity. In front of a terrible diagnosis presented by Nietzsche in his works of maturity, we ve try to show in what measure on one hand, answering to the question about provenience of nihilism, in the other hand, explicitating it s developing on moderness, Nietzsche s philosophy is able to think radically on the overcomig of nihilism, reaching expressively in the project of transvaluation with the same notion of human s redemption. / Muitos são os trabalhos já desenvolvidos sobre o tema do niilismo na obra de Nietzsche em que a perspectiva da afirmação incondicional do mundo e da vida é assumida como conseqüência inevitável da superação do próprio niilismo. No entanto, mesmo admitindo que o pensamento de Nietzsche sobre o niilismo conduza a uma afirmação incondicional de todo acontecimento, a nossa pesquisa se desenvolve a partir da noção nietzscheana de redenção. Desde o nascimento da tragédia, Nietzsche explora o tema da redenção na conciliação realizada pela arte trágica entre o apolíneo e o dionisíaco. Nesta obra de 1872, o filósofo encontra na figura de Dionisio, o deus afirmador do sofrimento, um mote decisivo para o encaminhamento futuro de seu pensamento supremoafirmativo. Em contraposição à concepção trágica que se formou como meio de escapar do pessimismo, o socratismo-platonismo é entendido por Nietzsche como um movimento que coloca em marcha a lógica niilista no Ocidente, consumada na concepção cristã, mas que perfaz todos os domínios da cultura nas suas formas mais variada de negatividade. Diante de um diagnóstico terrível apresentado por Nietzsche em suas obras da maturidade, procuramos mostrar em que medida, por um lado, respondendo à questão sobre a procedência do niilismo e, por outro, explicitando seu desenvolvimento na modernidade, a filosofia de Nietzsche consegue pensar radicalmente o a superação do niilismo tendo como alcance mais expressivo do projeto de transvaloração com a noção mesma de redenção do homem.

This thesis examines Nietzsche’s relationship to Socrates through his positive philosophy of education, arguing that the latter is crucial to resolving the apparent contradictions of the former. While there is a good deal of literature dealing with Nietzsche’s criticisms of the educational system of his day, there is relatively little on his own account of what education should be. I point out that the Greek conception of agon (roughly “contest” in English), is central to Nietzsche’s understanding of education, and informs his ideal of the student-mentor relationship. This is the model on which, I contend, Nietzsche’s relation to Socrates needs to be interpreted. Such an interpretation helps to make sense of, and reconcile, the divergent pictures of Socrates Nietzsche presents in his texts, which are sometimes admiring and imitative, sometimes hostile and contemptuous, and have led to conflicting interpretations within the scholarship on this subject. My analysis aims to shed new light on both the figure of Nietzsche’s Socrates, and Nietzsche’s philosophy of education, by relating these to one another.

Mit der Behauptung, dass seine eigene Philosophie als »umgedrehter Platonismus« verstanden werden soll, stellt Nietzsche seine Beziehung zum platonischen System dar. Dieses Forschungsprojekt sucht nach einer neuen Variation dieser Darstellung, um die philosophischen Analogien beider Autoren aufzuspüren. Das erste Kapitel beschäftigt sich mit einer Erläuterung des Begriffes „umgedrehter Platonismus“, womit die Differenz zwischen diesen beiden Systemen definiert wird. Diese Diskrepanz ist spürbar in vier verschiedene Bereichen: metaphysisch, axiologisch, gnoseologisch und ästhetisch. Das zweite Kapitel behandelt die Rolle des Apollinischen und des Dionysischen in der nietzscheschen Theorie. Die beiden Konzepte werden mit dem des platonischen Eros verglichen, da diese es dem Menschen ermöglichen, die sinnliche Welt zu verlassen und eine Ur-Realität kennenzulernen. Das dritte Kapitel analysiert die Verurteilung der Kunst in Platon’s „Staat“. Der griechische Philosoph strebt die wahre Kenntnis an und verbindet seine ästhetischen Überlegungen mit der Idee der Wahrheit. Nietzsche bearbeitet diese Verbindung zwischen Ästhetik und Erkenntnistheorie unter dem Begriff »amor fati«. Das vierte Kapitel ist der Physiologie der Liebe gewidmet. Nietzsche verwandelt der Erkenntnisprozess in eine leidenschaftliche Liebe. Die Erkenntnis nimmt die Form einer Passion an und kristallisiert sich allmählich und nach einem langen Prozess mit Höhen und Tiefen in »amor fati«. »Amor fati« schafft eine Ästhetisierung der Erkenntnis und Epistemologiesierung der Ästhetik. Somit liegt Nietzsches Erkenntnistheorie parallel zu jener Platons. / By claiming that his philosophy should be understood as “inverted Platonism” Nietzsche defined his relationship to the Platonic system. This research project aims to articulate a new understanding of this relationship by analyzing philosophical similarities between the two authors'' respective philosophies. The first chapter is dedicated to the explanation of the term “inverted Platonism” and articulates the differences between Plato''s and Nietzsche''s systems. These discrepancies are manifested in four main areas: the metaphysical, the axiological, the gnosiological and the aesthetic. The second chapter deals with the roles of the Apollonian and the Dionysian in Nietzschean theory. Both concepts are compared with the Platonic Eros, as they invite man to abandon the sensual world and instead to commune with the very origin of reality. The third chapter analyzes Plato´s denunciation of art in “The Republic”. The Greek philosopher seeks true knowledge and connects his aesthetic concerns with the idea of Truth. Nietzsche refers to the cynosure between aesthetics and cognitive theory as “amor fati”. The fourth chapter is dedicated to the physiology of love. Nietzsche transforms the cognitive process into a passionate love. Cognition assumes the shape of passion, slowly crystallizing over time, with many twists and turns, into “amor fati”. “Amor fati” aestheticizes cognition and epistemologizes aesthetics. Therefore Nietzsche''s cognitive theory is actually equivalent to that of Plato.

Assim como Sócrates representa a filosofia de Platão em seus diálogos e Zaratustra encarna os conceitos da filosofia nietzschiana, também o Meursault de Albert Camus é um avatar para sua filosofia. No eterno presente de Meursault, na terna indiferença de seu amor e abertura ao mundo e ao destino, estão encarnados os principais conceitos da filosofia camusiana. Na obra de Camus, a tragédia do protagonista de O Estrangeiro e sua postura diante do tempo, do mundo e do destino têm sua raiz na tragédia do Mersault de A Morte Feliz e, em última análise, na tragédia do inválido Zagreus: na morte do inválido Zagreus de A Morte Feliz está a tragédia original do Mersault de A Morte Feliz e do Meursault de O Estrangeiro. E Camus não deu o nome de Zagreus a esta personagem por acaso. Na tragédia do inválido Zagreus de A Morte Feliz e na tragédia dos protagonistas de A Morte Feliz e O Estrangeiro, Camus fez referência ao mito de Dioniso Zagreus. Nesta dissertação, mostraremos que a origem da filosofia de Camus em O Estrangeiro e A Morte Feliz está no mito de Dioniso Zagreus e, mais precisamente, no mito de Dioniso Zagreus segundo o interpretou Nietzsche. No conceito de dionisíaco em O Nascimento da Tragédia e nos correlatos conceitos nietzschianos de amor fati e eterno retorno, encontramos o lugar de gênese dos conceitos camusianos de eterno presente, terna indiferença, amor ao destino, amor ao mundo e abertura ao mundo na Tradição Filosófica, encarnados na figura dos protagonistas de O Estrangeiro e A Morte Feliz. Na filosofia de Nietzsche, encontramos a principal influência de Camus para a criação de sua filosofia em O Estrangeiro e A Morte Feliz. / Just as Socrates represents the philosophy of Plato in his dialogues and Zarathustra embodies the concepts of the nietzschian philosophy, the Meursault of Albert Camus is an avatar for his philosophy. In the eternal present of Meursault, in the tendre indifférence of his love and opening towards the world and towards his destiny, the main concepts of the camusian philosophy are depicted. In the works of Camus, the tragedy of Meursault in LÉtranger is originally in the tragedy of the Mersault in La Mort Heureuse, and moreover, in the tragedy of the crippled Zagreus: in the death of the crippled Zagreus in La Mort Heureuse and in the final tragedies of La Mort Heureuse and LÉtranger, Camus referred to the myth of Dionysos Zagreus. In this dissertation, we shall indicate the origin of the philosophy of Camus in LÉtranger and La Mort Heureuse; we shall indicate its origin in the myth of Dionysos Zagreus and, more precisely, in Nietzsches interpretation of that myth. In the nietzschian concept of dionysian and in the related nietzschian concepts of amor fati and eternal recurrence, we have found the main influence in the genesis of the camusian concepts of eternal present, tendre indifférence, love of destiny, love of the world and opening towards the world, all embodied in the Meursault of LÉtranger and in the Mersault of La Mort Heureuse. In the philosophy of Nietzsche, we have found Camus main influence for the creation of his philosophy in LÉtranger and La Mort Heureuse.

Assim como Sócrates representa a filosofia de Platão em seus diálogos e Zaratustra encarna os conceitos da filosofia nietzschiana, também o Meursault de Albert Camus é um avatar para sua filosofia. No eterno presente de Meursault, na terna indiferença de seu amor e abertura ao mundo e ao destino, estão encarnados os principais conceitos da filosofia camusiana. Na obra de Camus, a tragédia do protagonista de O Estrangeiro e sua postura diante do tempo, do mundo e do destino têm sua raiz na tragédia do Mersault de A Morte Feliz e, em última análise, na tragédia do inválido Zagreus: na morte do inválido Zagreus de A Morte Feliz está a tragédia original do Mersault de A Morte Feliz e do Meursault de O Estrangeiro. E Camus não deu o nome de Zagreus a esta personagem por acaso. Na tragédia do inválido Zagreus de A Morte Feliz e na tragédia dos protagonistas de A Morte Feliz e O Estrangeiro, Camus fez referência ao mito de Dioniso Zagreus. Nesta dissertação, mostraremos que a origem da filosofia de Camus em O Estrangeiro e A Morte Feliz está no mito de Dioniso Zagreus e, mais precisamente, no mito de Dioniso Zagreus segundo o interpretou Nietzsche. No conceito de dionisíaco em O Nascimento da Tragédia e nos correlatos conceitos nietzschianos de amor fati e eterno retorno, encontramos o lugar de gênese dos conceitos camusianos de eterno presente, terna indiferença, amor ao destino, amor ao mundo e abertura ao mundo na Tradição Filosófica, encarnados na figura dos protagonistas de O Estrangeiro e A Morte Feliz. Na filosofia de Nietzsche, encontramos a principal influência de Camus para a criação de sua filosofia em O Estrangeiro e A Morte Feliz. / Just as Socrates represents the philosophy of Plato in his dialogues and Zarathustra embodies the concepts of the nietzschian philosophy, the Meursault of Albert Camus is an avatar for his philosophy. In the eternal present of Meursault, in the tendre indifférence of his love and opening towards the world and towards his destiny, the main concepts of the camusian philosophy are depicted. In the works of Camus, the tragedy of Meursault in LÉtranger is originally in the tragedy of the Mersault in La Mort Heureuse, and moreover, in the tragedy of the crippled Zagreus: in the death of the crippled Zagreus in La Mort Heureuse and in the final tragedies of La Mort Heureuse and LÉtranger, Camus referred to the myth of Dionysos Zagreus. In this dissertation, we shall indicate the origin of the philosophy of Camus in LÉtranger and La Mort Heureuse; we shall indicate its origin in the myth of Dionysos Zagreus and, more precisely, in Nietzsches interpretation of that myth. In the nietzschian concept of dionysian and in the related nietzschian concepts of amor fati and eternal recurrence, we have found the main influence in the genesis of the camusian concepts of eternal present, tendre indifférence, love of destiny, love of the world and opening towards the world, all embodied in the Meursault of LÉtranger and in the Mersault of La Mort Heureuse. In the philosophy of Nietzsche, we have found Camus main influence for the creation of his philosophy in LÉtranger and La Mort Heureuse.

nÃo hà / Nesta dissertaÃÃo objetiva-se analisar a realizaÃÃo humana segundo a perspectiva do filÃsofo Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900). Considera-se, para tanto, o processo vital circunscrito pelo subtÃtulo dado à autobiografia: âcomo alguÃm se torna o que Ãâ. Privilegiando os temas tratados em Ecce Homo, intermedeiam-se as discussÃes com o cotejamento daqueles assuntos abordados por outras obras do FilÃsofo. Tornar-se o que se à constitui nÃo apenas um cume perseguido, mas igualmente uma sobredeterminaÃÃo inapelÃvel para a filosofia de Nietzsche. Nesse caminho, ele valorizou, contra a tradiÃÃo filosÃfica e religiosa, o cultivo de si e o amor de si como propiciadores do grande e fecundo egoÃsmo. Apontou para a superaÃÃo de tudo aquilo que amesquinha e enfraquece o homem, elogiando o que fortalece e plenifica a vida compreendida por ele como vontade de poder em expansÃo. O cultivo da grande individualidade surge como contraposiÃÃo, nessa filosofia, à massificaÃÃo do homem pelas forÃas gregÃrias que arrebanham os âseres supÃrfluosâ em igrejas, povos e estados. Percorrem-se, entÃo, as ponderaÃÃes de Nietzsche sobre o que ele nomeou de âcasuÃstica do egoÃsmoâ, sua pretensa extemporaneidade, bem como se delimita aquilo designado pelo FilÃsofo como die Wohlgeratenheit, âa vida que vingouâ. SÃo trabalhadas, a seguir, as relaÃÃes dessa vida bem lograda com as teses de Nietzsche sobre a razÃo, a subjetividade, o cultivo de si mediante a disciplina do guerreiro â ele prÃprio entendia-se como um filÃsofo guerreiro. Por fim, apresenta-se sua compreensÃo acerca do que à a mÃxima auto-realizaÃÃo depois que o Ãltimo homem se configurou no niilismo caracterÃstico da contemporaneidade: a figura de Zaratustra como super-homem, mestre do eterno retorno e amante do destino.

The paper thematizes the concept of science in mid- and late thinking of Friedrich Nietzsche in the context of his understanding of scientific cognition of both: human and its world. The study introduces the problem of science and cognition in general in connection with significant motives of Nietzsche's thinking: morality, the revaluation of all values, thinking and living "beyond good and evil", freedom, human body, the superhuman motive, ascetic ideals, and more. Emphasis is put on the problem of veracity in the context of Nietzsche's attitude to idealism. Keywords Human; Superhuman; Nietzsche; Moral Philosophy; Cognition; Truth; Error; Intelect; Body; The Will to Power; Drive and Instinct; Evolution; Idealism; Nihilism; Amor fati; Beyond Good and Evil; Freedom; Ascetic ideals