Introdução: Mudanças na composição corporal de indivíduos podem fornecer indícios importantes sobre a saúde individual e coletiva. Objetivo: Identificar mudanças na estatura e gordura corporal em crianças de 7 a 10 anos. Métodos: Foram utilizados dados de três coortes de nascimento de escolares da Escola de Aplicação da USP, mensurados duas vezes ao ano, no período de 2005 a 2008. Foram avaliados a estatura, o peso e pregas cutâneas (tricipital, bicipital, suprailíaca e subescapular). Resultados: O estudo teve início com 161 escolares com 7, 8 e 9 anos e terminou com 37 escolares com 10 anos. Neste estudo, não foi verificada existência de efeito de coorte. Agregando-se os participantes nas idades de 7, 8, 9 e 10 anos, tem-se que foram acompanhados no período de 4 anos, 457 escolares. Observou-se aumento da estatura com a idade, seguindo um padrão linear, com taxas diferentes de crescimento médio para meninos e meninas (em média 5,4 cm e 6,4 cm ao ano, respectivamente); Observou-se ganho médio de peso igual a 4,4 kg ao ano e diferenças entre os sexos, com meninos apresentado 2,4 kg a mais que meninas para cada idade; Observou-se aumento do tecido adiposo tanto pela soma das pregas cutâneas como pela prega cutânea tricipital com aumento médio de 7,0 mm e 2,3 mm ao ano, respectivamente. Conclusão: Conclui-se que, crianças de coortes mais recentes alcançam estatura, peso e soma de pregas cutâneas de crianças de coortes anteriores, não indicando efeito de coorte. Crianças de 7 a 10 anos apresentam crescimento linear na faixa etária, com valores médios maiores para meninas. O ganho de peso vem acompanhado do acúmulo de tecido adiposo, indicando ganho de gordura corporal / Introduction: Changes in body composition of individuals may provide important clues about individual and collective health. Objective: To identify changes in height and body fat in 7-10 year-old children. Methods: Data from three cohorts of students from Escola de Aplicação, University of São Paulo. Height, weight and skinfolds (triceps, biceps, suprailiac and subscapular) were measured twice a year and assessed. Results: At baseline 161 students aged 7, 8 and 9 years were enrolled. At the end, there were 37 10-year-old students. In this study, there was no cohort effect. Altogether, 457 students were followed for 4 years (7, 8, 9 and 10-year-old participants), who contributed with more than one measurement of each variable. Height increased with age following a linear pattern, with different growth rates when boys and girls are compared (on average 5.4 cm and 6.4 cm per year, respectively). Mean weight gain was 4.4 kg per year, with significant differences between genders (boys were 2.4 kg heavier than girls at each age). Adipose tissue increased when assessed through sum of skinfolds and tricipital skinfold, with mean increases of 7.0mm and 2.3mm per year. Conclusion: Given the results, it seems that 7 to 10 yearold schoolchildren of both sexes exhibit linear physical growth as regards to height, weight and body fat accumulation

O nariz, ocupando o terço médio da face, tem marcada influência cognitiva sobre a imagem facial. Constitui-se em grande parte por tecido cartilaginoso, músculos, pele e gordura, perdendo sua forma durante a decomposição cadavérica. A técnica de Reconstrução Facial no restabelecimento da aparência nasal pode influenciar o reconhecimento de um crânio sem identidade atribuível e tem sido alvo de numerosas críticas. Os métodos conhecidos para estimar essa projeção nasal a partir de elementos do crânio carecem de praticidade e reprodutibilidade. Neste estudo, buscou-se relacionar os pontos prosopométricos Rinio ( Rhi - ósseo), Pronasal ( Pn -no tecido mole) e Próstio (Pr ósseo) estudando o ângulo formado pelas retas que os unem, observando-se a possibilidade de sua utilização na determinação do comprimento nasal. Dois examinadores independentes e calibrados mensuraram esse ângulo com o auxílio do programa de análise e processamento de imagens Image J, versão 1.43; diretamente em radiografias cefalométricas selecionadas a partir do acervo de documentações em arquivos digitais de quatro Institutos de Radiologia Odontológica situados na cidade de São Paulo Brasil. Medidas lineares foram tomadas considerando a diferença do valor encontrado para o ângulo proposto e o valor hipotético de 90.00 graus. A amostra foi constituída por 600 radiografias laterais da cabeça (300 de indivíduos do sexo masculino com idade entre 24 e 77 anos e 300 do sexo feminino, com idade de 24 a 69 anos). Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se o programa Microsoft Office Excel 10.0. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que os valores referentes às mensurações de ambos examinadores foram muito próximos a uma relação linear perfeita (r=0.99). Ambos os sexos apresentaram a mesma distribuição de idades nas amostras. O ângulo proposto Rinio-Pronasal-Próstio apresentou valores entre 80.00° e 100.00° em ambos os sexos e para todas as idades. No sexo masculino, a distribuição da variável ângulo foi mais simétrica, centrada em 90.88 graus, enquanto no sexo feminino existiu uma maior freqüência de valores maiores ou iguais a 90.00 graus, com média de 92.89°. Para as medidas lineares a maior freqüência relativa na amostra feminina foi de 0.31 mm e na masculina 0.32 mm, ou seja, cada grau de diferença entre o ângulo real mensurado e o ângulo sugerido de 90.00° correspondeu em medida linear a aproximadamente 0.31 mm. Sendo os pontos prosopométricos Rinio e Próstio de fácil localização no crânio, o cruzamento das retas que passam por esses pontos determinam o ponto Pronasal como vértice desse ângulo. Diante dos resultados obtidos, considerou-se possível a utilização do valor de 90.00° para o ângulo Rhi-Pn-Pr na determinação da projeção nasal em brasileiros adultos. / The nose, occupying the middle third of the face, has a marked cognitive influence on facial image. It consists largely of cartilage tissue, muscles, skin and fat, and loses its shape during cadaveric decomposition. The technique of facial reconstruction to restore nasal appearance can influence the recognition of a skull that has no assignable identity and has been the subject of much criticism. The known methods of estimating nasal projection using elements of the skull are lacking in practicality and reproducibility. In this study, we attempted to relate the prosopometric points Rhinion (Rhi, bone), Pronasale (Pn, soft tissue) and Prosthion (Pr, bone) by studying the angle formed by straight lines that connect them, noting the possibility of its use in determining the length of the nose. Two independent and calibrated examiners measured this angle with the help of analysis and image processing software, Image J, version 1.43, directly from cephalometric radiographs, which had been selected from a collection of documentation from the digital archives of four Dental Radiology institutes, located in São Paulo Brazil. Linear measurements were taken by taking into consideration the difference of the value found for the proposed angle and the hypothetical value of 90.00 degrees. The sample consisted of 600 lateral radiographs of the head (of 300 males aged between 24 and 77 years and 300 females, aged 24 to 69 years). The data were analyzed using Microsoft Office Excel 10.0. The results showed that the values for the measurements of both investigators were very close to a perfect linear relationship (r = 0.99).Both gender had the same age distribution. The proposed Rhinion-Pronasale-Prosthion angle varied from 80.00° to 100.00° in both genders and all ages. In males, the distribution of the angle was more symmetrical, centered at 90.88 degrees, while in females there was a higher frequency of values greater than or equal to 90.00 degrees, with a mean of 92.89°. For the linear measurements, the highest relative frequency of the female sample was 0.31 mm and for the male sample it was 0.32 mm that is, each degree of difference between the actual measured angle and suggested one of 90.00° corresponded to the linear measure of about 0.31 mm. Because the Rhinion and Prosthion prosopometric points are easy to find in the skull, the crossing of lines that pass through these points determine the Pronasale point as the apex of the angle. Considering the results obtained, it was possible to use the value of 90.00° for the angle Rhi-Pn-Pr in order to determine nasal projection in Brazilian adults.

Orientador: Rosana de Fátima Possobon / Dissertação (mestrado profissional) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T14:41:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nogueira_LuciaYassueTutui_M.pdf: 863234 bytes, checksum: 9b80ffe67c4ebeb0c764716bc27ef6c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A população brasileira está passando por uma situação caracterizada como de transição nutricional, ou seja, ao mesmo tempo em que diminui a ocorrência da desnutrição em crianças e adultos num ritmo bem acelerado, aumenta consideravelmente a prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade, evidenciando um comportamento epidêmico. Este estudo, realizado com alunos do ensino fundamental de nove escolas públicas do município de Ourinhos-SP, teve como objetivo avaliar o estado nutricional de crianças e adolescentes, investigando sua associação com condições socioeconômicas e autoestima. Trata-se de um estudo transversal descritivo, com 3106 alunos de 06 a 18 anos participantes do Programa Saúde na Escola. Esses alunos foram avaliados em relação ao peso e altura e coletadas as informações a respeito da situação socioeconômica da família, por meio do questionário de Meneghim et al(2007). Para a coleta de dados sobre a autoestima do aluno, utilizou-se a Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg. Para o cálculo do índice antropométrico, utilizou-se o software WHO Anthro plus, desenvolvido pela OMS para facilitar o monitoramento do crescimento e desenvolvimento de indivíduos e populações. Feitas as análises descritivas, observou-se que 34,0% dos alunos estão com excesso de peso (sobrepeso ou obesidade). O tamanho da amostra analisada (n=3106) propiciou um erro de amostragem de 1,7%, assumindo um nível de confiança de 95%, para a análise nutricional e um poder do teste de no mínimo 80% com nível de significância de 5% nas associações estudadas. O excesso de peso esteve associado à autoestima, sendo que as pessoas com excesso de peso tinham melhor nível de autoestima do que as pessoas sem excesso de peso, mostrando que é preciso cuidado com observações generalizadas quando se trata de associar a obesidade com problemas emocionais, particularmente a autoestima.Verificou-se, também, a presença de magreza em 2,0% da amostra, sendo maior entre os meninos (p=0,034). de peso / Abstract: The brazilian population is going through a situation characterized as nutritional transition, in other words, at the same time that reduces the occurrence of malnutrition in children and adults very fast, the prevalence of overweight and obesity increases significantly, showing an epidemic situation. This study, which was done with primary public school students of Ourinhos city, in particular the number of 9 schools, had its purpose knowing the nutritional status of children and teenagers, investigating its association with socio-economic and behavioural status and self-esteem. That is about a transversal and analytical study, with 3106 students of 06 to 18 years of age which had participate in "Healthier Students at School Program". These students were evaluated according to their weight and height and informations about socio-economic status of the families were obtained using Meneghim questionnaire and to get informations about the self-esteem of students, it was used Rosemberg's Self-Esteem Scale. For calculating the anthropometric indicators, it was apply the WHO Anthro plus software, that was developed by World Healthy Organization to facilitate the monitoring of people and population growth and development. The result of the descriptive analysis shows that 34% of the students are excess weight (overweight or obesity). The size of sample examined (n=3106) has provided a sampling error of 1,7%, assuming confidence level of 95%, for nutritional analysis and power of the test at least 80% with significance level of 5% in that associations studied. The excess weight was associated with the self-esteem, in other words, people with excess weigth had better or more self-esteem level than people without excess weight. It shows that we should be careful with general observations when it is about the relation between obesity with emotional problems, in particular self-esteem. It was also noted the thinness in 2% of the sample, being majority boys (p=0,034) / Mestrado / Odontologia em Saude Coletiva / Mestra em Odontologia em Saúde Coletiva

Orientador: Antonio Fernando Ribeiro / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T22:25:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Hortencio_TaisDaieneRusso_M.pdf: 1685079 bytes, checksum: 586bb369408c101282af49fea1f312b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A Fibrose Cística (FC) é uma doença que pode interferir no crescimento na infância por causar desnutrição decorrente da digestão e absorção deficiente de nutrientes, pelo aumento das necessidades calóricas devido ao declínio da função pulmonar. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o impacto da FC, evolutivamente, através de parâmetros clínicos e laboratoriais, sobre o crescimento e o estado nutricional. Realizou-se um estudo retrospectivo, de corte transversal. Foram avaliados 52 pacientes menores de 10 anos, antes do início da triagem neonatal. A coleta dos dados para avaliação antropométrica atual foi realizada em dias de consulta habitual no período de setembro de 2009 a março de 2010. Neste momento também foram coletadas a estatura dos pais. As medidas antropométricas retrospectivas e os marcadores de gravidade clínica foram coletados nos seguintes momentos: ao nascimento, na primeira consulta no serviço, ao diagnóstico e assim anualmente no mês de aniversário do paciente. Quanto ao estado nutricional, 4 pacientes apresentaram escore Z ? -2 para os índice estatura/idade e IMC/idade. As variáveis, menor número de internações, maior tempo entre a primeira consulta ao diagnóstico, maior tempo entre nascimento e o diagnóstico e início tardio de manifestações respiratórias apresentaram associação estatisticamente significativa com melhor relação estatura/idade. As variáveis CVF(%), VEF(%), FEF 25/75%, tempo de gestação, peso ao nascimento e início de manifestações respiratórias apresentaram associação estatisticamente significativa com o índice IMC/I. Pode-se concluir que, para os principais parâmetros estudados, houve impacto negativo da FC sobre o crescimento e o estado nutricional dos pacientes avaliados / Abstract: Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a disease that can interfere at growth in childhood to cause malnutrition due to poor digestion and absorption of nutrients, the increased energy requirements due to the decline in lung function. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of CF evolution through clinical and laboratory parameters on nutritional status during treatment of these patients. We conducted a retrospective cross sectional. Were evaluated 52 patients less than 10 years, before the start of neonatal screening. Data collection for the current anthropometric assessment was performed on days of normal consultation between September 2009 and March 2010. At this time were also collected parents' statures. The retrospective anthropometric and clinical risk markers were collected at the following times: at birth, the first appointment in the service, diagnosis, and thus every year in the patient's birthday. Regarding nutritional status, 4 patients had Z score ? -2 score height/age and BMI/age. The variables, fewer number of hospitalizations, greater time from first consultation to diagnosis and longer time between birth and late early diagnosis of respiratory disease were significantly associated with the best height/age. The FVC(%), FEV1(%), FEF 25/75%, gestational age, birth weight and early respiratory symptoms were significantly associated with BMI/I. It can be concluded that for the main parameters studied, there was impact of FC on nutritional status of patients / Mestrado / Saude da Criança e do Adolescente / Mestre em Saude da Criança e do Adolescente

Orientador: Gil Guerra Júnior / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T19:08:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Goncalves_EzequielMoreira_D.pdf: 5365817 bytes, checksum: 7f7c98bf013498181e9a1d0f32614cfc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Objetivos: a) Validar equações com base nas espessuras de dobras cutâneas (EDC) para estimar o percentual de massa gorda (%MG) e na impedância bioelétrica (BIA) para a massa isenta de gordura (MIG) em pacientes com hiperplasia adrenal congênita por deficiência da enzima 21-hidroxilase (HAC-D21OH); b) desenvolver equações específicas para estes pacientes para estimar o %MG e MIG, utilizando os valores determinados pela absorciometria por dupla emissão de raio X (DXA) como referência; e c) avaliar a relação entre os parâmetros da massa óssea (MO) determinados pela ultrassonometria quantitativa (QUS) das falanges proximais e sua capacidade de diagnosticar a baixa MO para a idade cronológica em comparação ao DXA em pacientes com HAC-D21OH. Casuística: Foram avaliados 71 pacientes de ambos os sexos, com idades entre seis e 27 anos. Métodos: Foram realizadas medidas antropométricas, de BIA, de DXA e de QUS em um mesmo dia. Foram testadas quatro equações (Eq. 1, 2, 3 e 4), previamente publicadas para a estimativa do %MG e quatro equações (Eq. 5, 6, 7, e 8) para a estimativa da MIG em kg, todas específicas para o sexo e faixa etária. Foram utilizados o teste t de Student, os parâmetros da regressão linear simples e a concordância entre os métodos para testar a validade das equações, regressão linear múltipla para desenvolver os novos modelos e a análise dos parâmetros da curva ROC para avaliar a capacidade diagnóstica do QUS. Resultados: Eq. 1, 2, 3, e 4, apresentaram alta correlação (R>0,80), porém subestimaram significativamente (p<0,01) os valores de %MG em comparação ao DXA. Com relação à MIG, apesar de todas as equações apresentarem R> 0,95, no geral apenas uma apresentou validade considerada aceitável (Eq. 6, grupo masculino). Foram desenvolvidas e validadas quatro equações propostas no presente estudo específicas para a estimativa do %MG e uma para a estimativa da MIG em pacientes HAC-D21OH. Os parâmetros do QUS apresentaram valores variando entre: 0,57-0,74 (R), 62,5-100% (sensibilidade) e 21-64,4% (especificidade) em relação ao DXA. Conclusão: As equações específicas para indivíduos com HAC-D21OH demonstraram maior validade para estimar a MIG e principalmente o %MG, comparadas as equações previamente publicadas e desenvolvidas a partir de amostras com pessoas saudáveis. O QUS apresentou relação significativa, porém moderada e baixa capacidade de diagnosticar a baixa MO para a idade cronológica quando comparado ao DXA nestes pacientes / Abstract: Objectives: a) To evaluate the accuracy of skinfold-based models, to estimate the percentage of fat mass (%FM) and the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) to estimate fat-free mass (FFM) in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency (CAH-21OHD); b) to develop specific equations for these patients to estimate the % MG and MIG using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as the reference method; and c) to evaluate the relationship between the parameters of bone mass (BM) determined by quantitative ultrasound of proximal phalanges (QUS) and the ability to diagnose low bone mass for chronological age in comparison to DXA in patients with CAH-21OHD. Patients: Seventy one patients of both genders, with age ranged from six and 27 years were inclued. Methods: Anthropometric measurements, BIA, DXA and to QUS were evaluated in the same day. Four equations (Eq. 1, 2, 3 and 4) previously published to estimate the %FM, and four equations (Eq. 5, 6, 7, and 8) to estimated the FFM, all specific for sex and age, the Student t test, the parameters of simple linear regression and the agreement between methods were used to test the validity of the equations, multiple linear regression to develop the new model and the parameters of the ROC curve to evaluate the diagnostic ability of QUS. Results: The four equations (Eq. 1, 2, 3, and 4) were highly correlated (R>0.80), but the %FM values were significantly underestimated (p<0.01) when compared to DXA. With respect to MIG, despite all the equations presented R>0.95, only one had acceptable validity (Eq. 6 for males). Four new specific equations to estimated %FM and one FFM were developed and validate in patients with CAH-21OHD. QUS parameters showed values ranging from 0.57 to 0.74 (R), 62.5 to 100% (sensitivity) and 21 to 64.4% (specificity) compared to DXA. Conclusion: The new specific equations for patients with CAH-21OHD showed greater validity to estimate FFM and mainly the %FM compared to previously equations published and developed with samples from healthy pearsons. The QUS showed a significant relationship, but moderate and low ability to diagnose low bone mass for chronological age when compared to DXA in these patients / Doutorado / Saude da Criança e do Adolescente / Doutor em Saude da Criança e do Adolescente

Orientador: Lilia Freire Rodrigues de Souza Li / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T15:52:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Faicari_LilianydeMagalhaes_M.pdf: 2445419 bytes, checksum: 46e258668e0151bc18d866dba1295cd8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Introdução: O estado nutricional é um reflexo de diversos fatores que vão além da alimentação e exercem certa influência sobre a saúde de uma população. A avaliação antropométrica e de composição corporal de uma criança são importantes indicadores do crescimento progressivo, permitindo identificar precocemente risco de morbidades como desnutrição e obesidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a composição corporal e o perfil antropométrico de pré-escolares e escolares em escolas particulares em Campinas/SP e verificar se havia diferença destas prevalências entre os dois grupos. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo do tipo transversal e analítico. Utilizando medidas antropométricas e de composição corporal foi avaliado o estado nutricional em alunos de 2 a 10 anos medindo: peso, estatura, circunferência abdominal e do braço, dobra cutânea triciptal e subescapular. A partir destas variáveis foram calculados z-score de IMC/I, P/I, A/I, e soma das dobras cutâneas. A associação e risco de obesidade e desnutrição entre os grupos estudados (pré-escolar e escolar) utilizando as diferentes variáveis foi analisadas através do Teste de Qui-quadrado e teste exato de Fischer, Odds Ratio e intervalo de confiança. Resultados: Foram avaliados 509 alunos com idade média e desvio padrão respectivamente de 5,54±2,2 anos, sendo 65% pré-escolares. As prevalências de sobrepeso e de obesidade bem como de desnutrição, variaram significativamente entre as avaliações antropométricas. Utilizando o IMC, 29% dos pré-escolares e 45% dos escolares apresentavam sobrepeso ou obesidade, com uma chance maior dos escolares de apresentarem sobrepeso e obesidade (OR 1,98, IC95% 1,33-2,94) enquanto que apenas 1,5% dos pré-escolares e 0,6% dos escolares foram classificados como desnutridos. No grupo pré-escolar 56% apresentavam eutrofia para massa magra pela AMB, e 27% excesso de adiposidade pela AAB. No grupo dos escolares 51% dos estavam com excesso de adiposidade pela AAB, e 46% dentro da normalidade para AMB. Conclusão: Concluímos que pelos índices de IMC para idade houve um risco aumentado de obesidade entre os escolares, ainda mais alto do que estudos referenciados, sugerindo que a prevalência de obesidade encontra-se ainda em xii ascensão em nossa população. Além disso, uma prevalência considerável de excesso de adiposidade foi encontrada em ambos os grupos / Abstract: Introduction: Nutritional status is a reflection of many factors beyond the food intake and exert some influence on the health of a population. Anthropometric and body composition of a child are important indicators of progressive growth, allowing early identification of risk for morbidities such as malnutrition and obesity. The aim of this study was to assess body composition and anthropometric profile of preschool and school children in private schools in Campinas / SP and investigate if there was a difference between the prevalence of these two groups. Methods: This was a cross-sectional analytical study. Using anthropometric measurements and body composition was assessed the nutritional status of students 2-10 years old measuring weight, height, arm and waist circumference, triceps skinfold and subscapular. From these variables were calculated z-score of BMI / A, W / A / I, and sum of skinfolds. The association and risk of obesity and malnutrition among the groups (pre-school and school) using the different variables was analyzed using Chi-square and Fisher's exact test, odds ratio and confidence interval. Results: A total of 509 students with a mean age and standard deviation of 5.54 ± 2.2 years respectively were evaluated, and 65% were preschool children. The prevalence of overweight and obesity and malnutrition, varied significantly between anthropometric assessments. Using the BMI, 29% of preschoolers and 45% of students were overweight or obese, with a lower chance of schoolers being overweight and obesity (OR 1,98, 95% CI 1,33 to 2,94) while only 1.5% of preschool children and 0.6% of students were classified as malnourished. In the preschool group 56% presented eutrophy for lean mass, and 27% excess adiposity by AAB. In the group of the students, 51% were with excess adiposity by AAB, and 46% within normal ranges for AMB. Conclusion: We conclude that using the BMI for age there was an increased risk of obesity among school children, even higher than referenced studies, xiv suggesting that the prevalence of obesity is still on the rise in our population. Furthermore, considerable prevalence of obesity was found in both groups / Mestrado / Saude da Criança e do Adolescente / Mestra em Ciências

Orientador: Antonio de Azevedo Barros Filho / Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T21:53:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Wolf_MiriamRegina_M.pdf: 846436 bytes, checksum: 587b61fd7eddde79c6e4d7d216a04e56 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O Programa Bolsa Família (PBF) instituído em 2001 no Brasil é o único programa de âmbito nacional para o enfrentamento das questões relacionadas ao estado nutricional das crianças. Embora venha se expandindo ano após ano, ainda são poucas as avaliações no que se refere à repercussão nas condições de saúde e nutrição da população. O objetivo deste estudo é verificar o impacto do PBF no estado nutricional das crianças beneficiárias. Método: Inicialmente foi realizado um estudo de revisão sistemática com o objetivo de obter informações do estado nutricional dos beneficiários. Na sequência por meio de levantamento de dados secundários do Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional (SISVAN) de Blumenau-SC foi realizado um estudo de coorte longitudinal, comparando a evolução do estado nutricional das crianças beneficiárias e não beneficiárias do Programa Bolsa Família, durante os anos de 2006 a 2008. Resultado: Em ambos os trabalhos pode-se verificar que os dados não permitem concluir se o PBF modificou ou não o estado nutricional dos beneficiários / Abstract: The ¨Bolsa Família¨ Program (PBF) established in 2001 is the only nationwide program for dealing with issues related to food and nutrition. Although it will be expanding, there are few reviews regarding the impacts on health and nutrition. The objective of this study is to assess the impact of PBF on nutritional status of children beneficiaries. Method: Initially was made a systematic review study in order to obtain information of the nutritional status of the beneficiaries. Following through secondary survey data of system for food and nutritional surveillance (SISVAN) of Blumenau-SC was conducted a longitudinal cohort study, comparing the evolution of the nutritional status of children beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries of ¨Bolsa Família¨, during the years 2006 and 2008. Results: both studies don't allow to conclude that the PBF changed or not the nutritional status of the beneficiaries / Mestrado / Saude da Criança e do Adolescente / Mestra em Ciências

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:57:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Erika_Alejandra_Giraldo_Gallo.pdf: 1240790 bytes, checksum: e1c81f5b6b4450551bde3768d0565387 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-04 / The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between fetal growth and size at birth with mental health problems at 11 years of age in the 1993 Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohort Study. Newborns were weighed and measured and calculated anthropometric indexes. At age 11, were assessed mental health problems with the strengths and difficulties questionnaire (SDQ). The prevalence of mental health problems was 32%. After adjustment for potential confounders, we found that newborns with the z score of weight for age and body mass index (BMI) for age <-2 SD were respectively 27% (95% CI: 7to 49) and 29% (95% CI: 10 to 51) greater risk of developing mental health problems at age 11 than born with normal scores. Newborns with BMI z score for age and head circumference > +2 SD were respectively 34% (95% CI: 6 to 71) and 19% (95% : 1 to 40) greater risk of developing the disease than babies with normal scores. The results suggest that factors occurring during pregnancy that are reflected in measures of size at birth can cause mental health problems in late stages. / O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a associação entre crescimento fetal e tamanho ao nascer com problemas de saúde mental aos 11 anos na Coorte de Nascimentos de 1993 de Pelotas, RS. Recém-nascidos foram pesados e medidos, e calculados índices antropométricos. Aos 11 anos, foram avaliados problemas de saúde mental com o questionário de capacidades e dificuldades (SDQ). A prevalência de problemas de saúde mental foi 32%. Após ajuste para fatores de confusão, recém-nascidos com escore z de peso/idade e índice de massa corporal (IMC)/idade <-2 DP apresentaram respectivamente 27% (IC95%: 7 a 21) e 29% (IC95%: 10 a 51) maior risco de desenvolver problemas de saúde mental aos 11 anos que nascidos com escore normal. Recém-nascidos com escore z de IMC/idade e perímetro cefálico >+2 DP apresentaram respectivamente 34% (IC95%: 6 a 71) e 19% (IC95%: 1 a 40) maior risco de desenvolver estes problemas que nascidos com escore normal. Os resultados sugerem que fatores ocorridos na gestação e refletidos nas medidas de tamanho ao nascer podem ocasionar problemas de saúde mental em etapas tardias.

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Applied Science in Food and Nutrition, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2017. / Introduction: The nutrition transition is a global phenomenon affected by developing economic prosperity. ‘Nutrition transition’ may be defined as changes in dietary patterns and nutrient intakes occurring in individuals, families, groups of people or whole populations when the food environment and other circumstances change. Post-1994 democratic elections in South Africa, economic laws called for the de-racialization of the economy. As a result of the annulment of the apartheid laws in the 1990s entrepreneurial opportunities became available for black people. Based on the 2011 Census, the middle class constituted 8.3 million (17%) out of the 51 million population in South Africa. Blacks made up 51%, whites 34%, coloureds 9% and Indians 6%. This is a vast difference from two decades prior to this when blacks made up only 3.3% of the population, with coloureds making up 9.1% and Indians 18.5%. In a number of Sub-Saharan African studies obesity has been shown to have a significant link to socio-economic status determined by access to water and electricity, smaller numbers of members residing in one household and increased amounts of money spent on food among other factors, which all promote a tendency to leading a more Westernised lifestyle. The main objective of the study was to determine the anthropometric status and analyse the food consumption of a community of emerging middle income status in Umlazi Township (Ward 84) outside Durban in the province of KwaZulu-Natal. Methods: This study had a sample size of n=250 adult men (n=56) and women (n=194) who were heads of households or primary caregivers above the age of 19 years old with households receiving a total household income of more than R100 000.00 per annum/ more than R8000.00 per month. The study was quantitative and descriptive in nature with different tools used to measure the sample population. These included waist circumference and height and weight measurement to determine BMI and WHtR. A socio-demographic questionnaire was completed where the multi-dimensional poverty index (MPI) was established; a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and three 24-hour food recall were also administered to all participants; one weekend day recall and two weekday recalls. Data were analysed on SPSS and nutrient analysis done through Food Finder Version 3 Software and compared to the World Health Organisation standards recommendations for optimal health. Results: The mean age of the group was 52 years old. Slightly more than half (51.6%; n=129) of the population was unemployed. Retired participants made up 27.2% (n=68) of the population. The majority (80%) of the households indicated that between one to three members contributed to the total household income. The MPI of the Ward 84 community amounted to 9.09. The prevalence of obesity was 37.59% (n=21) among men and 76.80% (n=149) for women. Women had a higher prevalence of risk factors linked to non-communicable diseases than men. Mineral and fat soluble vitamin intake was deficient; however protein and carbohydrates were consumed in excess with means of 187.70% and 111.43% respectively. Top 20 foods consumed lists indicated that little fruit or vegetables were consumed. The average food variety score was medium indicating the consumption of between >30 but <60 different foods across the total population. A positive relationship of statistical significance was found between food variety score and income (p=0.007). Conclusion: The Ward 84 community consisted of an ageing population with households mostly supported by another member’s income from within or outside the household. The adults had sufficient education to have secured promotions in the employment arena and could afford a lifestyle similar to that of those who had always been more privileged. Although the Umlazi residents benefited from good housing and infrastructure and appeared to have averted poverty, the prevalence of overnutrition malnutrition was high and linked with an excessive intake of macronutrients. Majority (70%) of the community of Ward 84 is ‘food secure’ as indicated by the number of participants’ households indicating never having a shortage of money to buy food. This correlates negatively with the high prevalence of overweight and obesity (BMI) (p=-0.029). According to literature a persistent issue in black communities is the acceptance of an overweight body image being perceived as ‘healthy’ and an indicator of affluence. This community appears to be in the 4th stage/ pattern of the nutrition transition. It appears that a ‘westernised diet’ and lifestyle is more accessible and is embraced by this urban community as described in various literature and seen in the top 20 foods lists compiled from the 24 hour recalls. There is some oversight regarding the nutrient quality of a varied diet and achieving energy balance with macronutrient intake linked to informed nutritional choices. Suggested interventions could include the dissemination of information regarding nutrition and practical suggestions to achieve energy balance. In addition, future research could investigate the prospects of introducing participation in urban agriculture, investigate the issue of physical activity, and foster an environment for more physical activity and increase availability and access to micronutrient dense foods and investigate the development of a body mass index specifically for the black African population. / M

Magister Economicae - MEcon / Kenya has continued to record decreasing child mortality rates in recent years, with available data showing that the under-five mortality rate was 85 per 1000 live births in 2010, down from 117 in 1997 (World Bank, 2012). However, the country continues to battle with poor anthropometric status of children (stunting, wasting and underweight). The country also faces high incidences of food insecurity. It is estimated that one third of the country’s population is food and nutrition insecure, with about 10 million of Kenyans suffering from chronic food insecurity (ROK, 2011). The worst affected are children, who are deprived of sufficient nutrients required for proper growth and development. This study seeks to analyse the relationship between household food security and the anthropometric status of children. Specific objectives include identifying the prevalence and predictors of poor anthropometry, identifying the extent of food insecurity in the country and investigating the link between food security and the anthropometric status of children. The research uses data from the Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey (2005/2006). The survey which was carried out for a period of 12 months covered the entire country and collected data on the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the households. It also collected data on child anthropometric measurements and households’ food consumption patterns. The statistical software package STATA SE v.12 is used to run ordinary linear (OLS) and logistical regressions in order to analyse the relationship between household food security and the anthropometric status of children. Results show that the prevalence of malnutrition is high in the country with stunting coming out as the main form of malnutrition. Dietary diversity, a measure of food security, is found to be highest in the urban areas. Results from the regression analysis show that a Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) is positively associated with better anthropometry, with the prevalence of malnutrition decreasing with an increase in the score. The study also found that other risk factors associated with poor anthropometry are age of the child, gender, area of residence, diarrhoea, education, household size and income. The paper concludes with suggestions on measures that need to be put in place to curb child malnutrition.