One of the main causes of premature mortality is decreased physical activity. The purpose of the study is to investigate, based on self-determination theory, the motives for choosing active transportation in the form of an electric bike instead of passive transportation such as bus or car among participants in the Elcyklist project. A qualitative research method was used, and 17 semi-structured interviews were conducted based on a motivational perspective. The results showed that the motive for electric biking was the experience of independence, challenge, community, and inspiration, which represented a sense of well-being. Additionally, enjoyment, environmentally, economically, and health were motives for electric biking that represented benefits in everyday life. Participants' choice to use electric bikes satisfied their basic needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Furthermore, the study showed that the participants were motivated to use the electric bike mainly by self-determined motivation. The main conclusion is the importance to address and promote self-determined motivation to support and maintain motivation healthy behaviors and lifestyles. The study showed that the opportunity to borrow an e-bike as offered in the Electric Biking project can be a good way to promote self-determined motivation for active transportation as well as health-promoting behaviors.

Tidigare studier har visat att receptionister brukar uppleva höga emotionella kravi arbetet. Föreliggande studie undersökte receptionisters upplevelser av emotionella kravoch socialt stöd. Studien genomfördes kvalitativt på fem verksamheter med åttasemistrukturerade intervjuer och analyserades genom tematisk induktiv metod. Iresultatet framkom fyra teman: ”Att träda in i en yrkesroll”, ”Känsloanpassning”,”Påverkan av arbetskrav” och ”Behov av stöd”. Resultatet visade att det kollegialastödet upplevdes som det mest betydande stödet för att hantera kraven i arbetet, detorganisatoriska stödet upplevdes även viktigt men var inte ett stöd som receptionisternavanligen använde sig av. Receptionisterna som arbetade inom sekretesskyddadeverksamheter upplevde sig även ha begränsade former av socialt stöd. I resultatetframkom även att respondenterna som upplevde sig ha avsaknad från detorganisatoriska och det kollegiala stödet valde att söka sig till professionellt stöd(samtalsstöd). I diskussionen knöts respondenternas reaktioner till olika teoretiskaförklaringar.

Individuals exhibit different reactions to stress, both between individuals and within individuals at different time points. A person’s current emotional state is one of the primary factors that influences how they handle a stressful situation. Someone who is feelingdepressed or anxious may not cope with stress as well as when they are feeling at peace. Another factor that impacts an individual’s ability to cope with stress is being, or at least feeling, in control of the stressful situation. Uncontrollable stress can cause greater emotional disruption and negatively affect behaviour and motivation. Stress-related psychiatric disorders are common today, and research in this field is essential to help individuals improve their stress-coping abilities. In this study, we measured physiological stress responses (heart rate variability and skin conductance) while participants performed a widelyused stress induction task and a novel stress induction task that systematically varied controllability. Before the tasks, participants reported their baseline levels of depression, anxiety, and stress. Our goal was to investigate if negative emotional states predicted the physiological stress response and if stress reactivity to the well-established task was related to stress reactivity when facing an uncontrollable stressor. We hypothesised that individuals who experience more negative emotional states would exhibit a stronger physiological stress response to both tasks. The data we obtained from 61 participants indicated that participants reacted differently to the two stress tasks, but we did not observe any significant impact of depression, anxiety, or stress levels.

The law of small numbers bias is a representativeness heuristic that often leads individuals to draw extensive conclusions from small samples while underestimating the generalizability in larger ones. This study investigated whether individuals overestimate perceived discrimination in small employment samples and underestimate it in large ones. A pre-registered scenario-based experiment was conducted, where participants (N = 874) estimated probability of discrimination versus chance in skewed hiring distributions. We manipulated employment sample size (filling four vs. 100 positions) and ethnic majority (hiring more immigrants or Swedes) using a 2x2 between-subject design. A tendency for people to overestimate perceived discrimination by underestimating the impact of chance in small employment samples was revealed. Conversely, in large employment samples, people tended to underestimate perceived discrimination by overestimating the impact of chance. Hence, results aligned with the law of small numbers. Furthermore, participants were more inclined to attribute an event as discriminatory when organizations hired more Swedes than immigrants, reflecting (accurate) prototypes of discrimination. This study's implications are discussed concerning the repercussions of underestimating and overestimating perceived discrimination in hiring situations. Future research suggestions are also provided.

This study aims to research whether there are any differences or associations between Sweden and Iceland regarding physical activity, loneliness, and mental health. The study included 109 participants aged 18-30, with 55 Swedish and 54 Icelandic. Data was collected online using a questionnaire that measured physical activity, loneliness, and mental health with three different scales; Physical activity (Leisure-Time Physical Activity Questionnaire), loneliness (Revised UCLA loneliness scale), and mental health (Kessler Psychological Distress scale). The study's result shows only a significant correlation between loneliness and mental distress. The results indicated that Swedish individuals are more physically active than Icelantic, despite Swedish participants reporting higher loneliness and mental distress levels than their Icelandic counterparts. In summary, this study has examined the differences and associations between Sweden and Iceland on how the Swedish and Icelandic individuals estimate themselves in physical activity, loneliness, and mental health.

Ett ökande antal individer rapporterar idag oro och ångest på grund av hur de upplever miljö- ochklimatmässiga problem. Detta utan att vara direkt drabbad av dessa. Samtidigt är kunskapen ombehandlingsinsatser för klimatrelaterad ångest generellt låg hos terapeuter. Syftet med denna uppsatsär att undersöka hur klimatångest kan beskrivas ur ett psykologiskt perspektiv samt identifiera hurKBT-terapi kan vara hjälpsamt för att hantera detta tillstånd. Den metod som användes var enlitteraturstudie där fem vetenskapliga artiklar söktes fram i databaserna PsycInfo, PubMed,ScienceDirect och GoogleScholar. För analysen användes en tematisk analys. Resultatet visar attklimatångest karaktäriseras av negativa känslor som vanligtvis är kopplade till framtida scenarion som väcker olika hanteringsstrategier (coping) och varierar från individ till individ. Hjälpsamma KBT-interventioner vid klimatångest behöver ses i ett vidare sammanhang bortom individen eftersom olika interventioner ger olika utfall beroende på om syftet är att gagna individ, samhälle och/ellerklimat/miljö. Slutsatsen är att klimatångest inte bör ses som en klinisk patologisk åkomma som skabehandlas bort. Den bör istället ses som en adekvat reaktion på ett reellt hot. De förstahandsval avKBT-interventioner som väljs i terapisammanhang bör i första hand vara hjälpsamma för "alla", detvill säga både individen, samhället och miljö/klimat. / <p>Grundläggande psykoterapiutbildning med KBT-inriktning, KBT-steg 1, Stockholm</p>

Meditation has in recent decades received attention mainly for its health benefits in western society, not least in the field of neuroscience. Researchers are frequently exploring the link between plasticity in the brain, and the practice of meditation. This systematic review aims to investigate the underlying functional and structural differences in brain mechanisms between long-term meditators and non-meditators, involving different meditation forms. A total of seven peer-reviewed articles were included after being screened for, and meeting inclusion criteria. Final outcomes demonstrated differences between meditators and non-meditators in both functional and structural measures. Some brain regions where changes were identified in meditators included higher-order cognitive areas (i.e., frontal and temporal brain regions). These brain regions are known to be involved in emotional, attentional and memory processing. Reduced connectivity within the default mode network (DMN) is known to be associated with meditation, which was supported in two of the studies. Furthermore, larger gray matter density was found in autonomous control centers (i.e., the brainstem), and larger callosal thickness in meditators. Based on the findings, the practice of long-term meditation appears to be linked with functional and structural changes in various regions of the brain. The findings give insight into the underlying neural correlates and brain plasticity in meditators compared to non-meditators. Nevertheless, future research is necessary for understanding the long-term effects of various meditation forms.

Suicid är en global folkhälsofråga och enligt World Health Organization (WHO) dör cirka 703 000 personer till följd av suicid varje år. Statistiken från 2019 klargör att suiciden var dödsorsaken för 1/3 del av alla dödsfall. Från WHO data insamlingar framkommer att suicid är den vanligaste dödsorsaken och leder toppen med flera dödsfall än malaria, bröstcancer, mord, krig eller HIV/AIDS (World Health Organization, 2019).Trenden i världen under senaste 2 (två) dekader är minskning med 36 % av suicidantalet och detta sker i de flesta åldersgrupper. Undantaget från denna trend är åldersgruppen 15 – 24 där suicidantalet har ökat (Suicide worldwide in 2019). Till exempel, i Sverige har suicidantalet ökat med 1% per år samt i USA har ökat med 21% i intervallet 2000 – 2015 (Hinduja &amp; Patchin, 2018). Bris - Barnens rätt i samhället (2022) anmärker samma ökande trend i jämförelse med föregående år, där samtalet om suicid har ökat med 87%. Denna situation är oroande både nationellt och internationellt och får att kunna fastställa vilka faktorer som leder till detta oönskade fenomen, har forskare med olika inriktningar undersökt vilka omständigheter kopplas med den ökande suicidtrend bland tonåringar.  Syfte: att hitta om det finns likheter och/eller skillnader i tonåringarnas suicidsbeteende relaterat till nätmobbning, som kan kopplas till sociodemografiska faktorer som ålder och genus.  Metod: systematisk litteraturöversikt av sexton akademiska artiklar med kvantitativ ansats.Litteraturöversikt inriktning är narrativ analys och de inkluderade artiklarna har analyserats utifrån en manifest innehållsanalys. Resultat: I de analyserade studierna har identifierats 2 (två) kategorier av suicidbeteende relaterade till nätmobbning och som har analyserats i samband med socio-demografiska faktorer såsom kön och ålder. Som resultat framkommer att nätmobbnings offer har en ökad risk för suicidbeteende oavsett kön och ålder jämfört med icke – mobbade tonåringar. Slutsats: Bland tonåringarna runt om i världen framkommer några likheter i deras suicidala beteende rapporterat till nätmobbning, som till exempel att kvinnorna blir oftare nätmobbningsoffer än männen och samtidigt upplever de en högre risk för suicidbeteende. / Suicide is a global public health issue and according to the World Health Organization (WHO) approximately 703,000 people die because of suicide each year. Statistics from 2019 clarify that suicide was the cause of death for 1/3 of all death’s world around. WHO data collections show that suicide is the most common cause of death and leads to more deaths than malaria, breast cancer, murder, war, or HIV / AIDS (World Health Organization, 2019).The trend in the world over the last 2 (two) decades is a reduction of 36% in the number of suicides and this occurs in most age groups. The exception to this trend is the age group 15 - 24 where the number of suicides has increased (Suicide worldwide in 2019). For example, in Sweden the suicide rate has increased by 1% per year and in the US has increased by 21% in the interval 2000 - 2015 (Hinduja &amp; Patchin, 2018). Bris - Children's rights in society (2022) notes the same increasing trend in comparison with the previous year, where the conversation about suicide has increased by 87%. This situation is worrying both nationally and internationally and to determine what factors lead to this undesirable phenomenon, researchers with different orientations have examined what circumstances are linked to the increasing suicide trend among teenagers. Aim: to find similarities and / or differences in adolescents' suicidal behavior related to cyberbullying, which can be linked to sociodemographic factors such as age and gender. Method: systematic literature review of sixteen academic articles with a quantitative approach. Literature overview focus is narrative analysis and the articles included have been analyzed based on a manifest content analysis. Results: The analyzed studies have identified 2 (two) categories of suicidal behavior reported to cyberbullying that have been analyzed in connection with socio-demographic factors such as gender and age. As a result, cyberbullying victims have an increased risk of suicidal behavior regardless of gender and age compared to non-bullied teens. Conclusion: Among teenagers around the world, there are some similarities in their suicidal behavior reported to cyberbullying, such as the fact that women are more often victims of cyberbullying than men and at the same time, they experience a higher risk of suicidal behavior.

Bakgrund: I Sverige har alla barn en lagstadgad rätt till utbildning, trots detta är den problematiska skolfrånvaron hög. Vid en granskning som Skolinspektionen genomförde 2015, gällande elever med ogiltig frånvaro, kunde omkring 1800 elever identifieras vilka då varit frånvarande upprepade gånger under två månader. Konsekvenserna av detta kantas av ett utanförskap vilket i flera fall kan vara förödande för eleven. Att utreda problematisk skolfrånvaro är därför viktigt och bör ske skyndsamt. Trots det finns det en stor okunskap kring orsaks – och närvarofrämjande faktorer. Syfte: Att med hjälp av tidigare forskning beskriva och analysera orsaksfaktorer till problematisk skolfrånvaro på individ, hem/familj-, och skolnivå, samt redogöra för och analysera närvarofrämjande faktorer. Metod: Allmän litteraturstudie där studiens resultat baseras på både kvalitativa och kvantitativa studier från databaserna ERIC, APA psycInfo samt SwePub vilka genererade 11 studier. Resultat: Psykiskt ohälsa är den främsta orsaksfaktorn som identifieras på individnivå, men även bristande relationer till både klasskompisar och lärare. Att skapa goda relationer är en närvarofrämjade faktor. Elevens hemmiljö och vårdnadshavares arbetssituation är ytterligare två orsaksfaktorer. I skolan identifieras flertalet orsaksfaktorer men även närvarofrämjandefaktorer. Mobbning, en otrygg skolmiljö och skolans bristande kunskap är samtliga orsaksfaktorer. Slutsats: Att motverka de orsaksfaktorer som föreligger en problematisk skolfrånvaro är att samtidigt arbeta närvarofrämjande. Detta är ett multifaktoriellt problem

Speech understanding is a fundamental human ability that enable flexible communication among individuals. Understanding natural speech in normal conditions is a fast and automatic process. It is facilitated through integration between prior knowledge about a speech signal and multimodal speech inputs. In situations where listening conditions are adverse, for example due to hearing impairment or environmental noise, speech understanding is challenged and reliance on prior knowledge increases. Prior knowledge about phonology and semantics are involved in predictive mechanisms that generates more successful speech understanding. Working memory processing seems to be involved in influencing the quality of such predictions. To evaluate the role of working memory in the quality of linguistic predictions, a cortical comparison using MEG was used. MEG data from a previous experiment, where participants performed an auditory sentence completion task with background noise was analyzed. Results from statistical analysis, time-domain analysis and time frequency analysis suggests that differences in working memory processing does not influence the quality of linguistic predictions. Further research is required to assess what factors are involved in the quality of linguistic predictions which could lead to unsuccessful speech understanding, in order to improve communication in everyday situations.