The thesis is focused on geographic information systems and geographic data analyses tools. Examples of spatial analyses and tools for their creation are presented in ArcGIS at work. The main goal was to create a simulation camera system in the 3D urban model and to create spatial analyzes resulting in the camera's field of vision being intersected with the 3D model of the city. The result is 3D visualization, which shows the range of camera shooting areas. The results obtained were evaluated at the end.

Im Rahmen dieser Diplomarbeit entstand in Zusammenarbeit des Instituts für Kartographie der Technischen Universität Dresden und Archäologen der Universität Gent in Belgien ein dreidimensionales Landschaftsmodell einer Teilregion des Naturparks „Uch-Enmek“, gelegen in der Republik Altai. Diese Region beinhaltet die wichtigsten und größten bekannten Begräbnisstätten skythischen Ursprungs, für die es gilt, den Bekanntheitsgrad und das Bewusstsein dieses kulturellen Erbes durch diese Arbeit zu steigern. Im Zuge dessen wurden wichtige Geodaten, unter Berücksichtigung der prägenden Geoelemente einer Landschaft, in einem Geoinformationssystem zusammengetragen, um die Ausgrabungsstätten ergänzt und verfeinert und schließlich zu einem digitalen Landschaftsmodell ausgebaut. Die Wandlung zu einem dreidimensionalen Landschaftsmodell durch Hinzunahme von 3D-Objekten, wie Gebäuden oder Bäume, wurde in einer professionellen 3D-Software durchgeführt. Zur Visualisierung des Endproduktes wurden aus dem resultierenden 3D-Modell statische Bilder und eine Animation erstellt. Zukünftig können die Ergebnisse genutzt werden, um einen Internetauftritt des Naturparks zu ermöglichen. / Within the scope of this diploma thesis, a three-dimensional landscape model of a part of a region located in the nature park „Uch-Enmek“ (situated within the Altai Republic), was generated in cooperation with the Institut for Cartography of Dresden University of Technology and archaeologists of the University of Ghent in Belgium. The area of interest contains the most important and well-known burial mounds, that origin back to Scythian history. Aim of the thesis is to increase the degree of popularity and the awareness for this cultural heritage. In this case, important geodata were collected within a geo-informationsystem, with respect to characteristic geoelements of a landscape. The geodata were replenished and improved around the archaeological excavation and built up to a digital landscape model. The conversion to a three-dimensional landscape model by adding three-dimensional objects, like buildings and trees, was executed with the help of a professional 3D-software. To visualize the final product, static images and an animation were generated as results out of the 3D-model. Prospectively, the achievement can be used to establish an internet presentation of the nature park.

Fog of War is a term for uncertainty in situational awareness. Fog of War is an essential part of a wargame which causes the participating units’ perception of the environment to be distorted and altered. Introducing a certain amount of uncertainty helps to better mimic the situation on the battlefield. Fog of War comes in multiple forms and levels, whereas the visual detection level is of primary interest for this thesis. Two forms of visual detection have been implemented to simulate a simple and advanced form of Fog of War. The simple level is based solely on the distance between two units, while the advanced level determines whether two units possess a clear line of sight between them, to decisively add realism to a played scenario. The two models were created based on the Entity Component System software architecture, and the maps used for the wargame were based on data from ArcGIS. Extensive testing of the two models, for different types of terrains, show good performance and computational efficiency, however with the expected caveat that flat landscape requires significantly more processing power and memory capacity than a hilly terrain. / Krigsdimma är en term för osäkerhet inom situationsmedvetenhet. Krigsdimma är en väsentlig del av ett krigsspel och medför att deltagande förbands uppfattning av miljön förvrängs och förändras samt att ett visst mått av osäkerhet introduceras för att bättre efterlikna situationen på slagfältet. Krigsdimma kommer i flera former och flera nivåer, där visuell detektering är av primärt intresse för denna avhandling. Två former av visuell detektering har implementerats för att simulera en enkel och en avancerad form av krigsdimma. Den enkla nivån bygger enbart på avståndet mellan två förband medan den avancerade nivån kan avgöra om två enheter i verkligheten har en fri siktlinje mellan sig, något som på ett avgörande sätt kan tillföra realism till ett spelat scenario. De två realiseringarna skapades baserat på en Entity Component System mjukvaruarkitektur, och kartorna som användes för krigsspelet baserade sig på data från ArcGIS. Omfattande tester av de två modellerna, för olika terrängtyper, visar på god funktion och beräkningseffektivitet, dock kräver flackt landskap betydligt mer processorkraft och minneskapacitet än kuperad terräng.

The Swedish Red Cross (SRK) plays an important humanitarian role by selling donated clothes in order to collect more money to help people in need. An extended network of 251 second-hand stores is built nationwide, where donors leave their clothes and buyers can buy them at competitive prices. However, an amount of these clothes remain unsold and ends up being shipped to textile recycling centers. The organization plans to build some Regional Sorting Facilities, where a careful sorting will take place and the clothes will be stored, until they will be redistributed to other stores within thecountry.This project aims to find the optimal number and location of these facilities in a way that the transportation cost from stores to facilities is minimized. SRKs Logistics Department operationalizes this aim to the following objective: place a minimum number of facilities such that at least 50% of the stores or 50% of the produced revenues are reached in less than 90 minutes of driving time. Thus, modern GIS software is used in a Location-Allocation analysis to solve the p-median problem. The core of the methodology in this thesis is the well known Vertex Substitution heuristic algorithm (Teitz & Bart).Empirical evaluations of seven (7) scenarios comprised of optimally placing an increasing number of facilities from one (1) to seven (7) reveal that five (5) facilities is sufficient to meet the operational objective with the minimal number of resources/facilities. The solutions for all scenarios are analyzed in terms of statistics (Key Performance Indicators) and are illustrated on maps.

The Swedish power grid is facing challenging times to cope with the transition to green renewable energy and to ensure safe and sustainable transportation through the country. The need to upkeep with maintenance and reconstruction as well as construction of new power lines requires planning and overhead power lines require extensive areas of safe zones below the power lines. In the planning stage of these streaks there are multiple areas of interest that require careful consideration and therefore evaluations of the area of interest are necessary.This bachelor thesis aims to develop a prototype for an automated tool in the initial suite selection of possible streaks for new power lines. The project is done in collaboration with NEKTAB who want to investigate the potential of developing their own tool for standardized evaluations of suite selections and to reduce workload. By utilizing multicriteria analysis (MCA) and geographical information systems (GIS), two software packages are used and compared, i.e. FME and ArcGIS Pro. Prototypes are developed from a reference project Eon is working on alongside NEKTAB. A sophisticated weighting system to evaluate areas of interest against each other is designed using the weighing method SWING and MCA-method weighted linear combination (WLC). The two prototypes from the software are compared through grid comparisons and by utilizing a predefined classification. The results show limited differences between the software though greater disparity when it comes to stability and the capability to manage larger amounts of data.The conclusions of the development and comparisons of the software and results show that both are capable in managing large amounts of data and accomplish the task, though the stability and functions are better within FME thus being more suitable for further optimization. Further development is required as the prototypes still do not manage all the requested features. Further developments are also required with the weighing system to meet expectations on a larger scale with more local and national areas of interest. / Det svenska elnätet står inför en enorm utmaning för att klara omställningen till grön energi och för att säkert transportera elen genom landet. Många kraftledningar är i behov av underhåll, ombyggnad och nybyggnation och när de gäller nybyggnation kräver luftledningar breda ledningsgator som tar stora arealer i anspråk. Det finns dock ett stort antal intressen som riskerar hamna i konflikt med etablering av kraftledningar och därför krävs en undersökning av aktuella markområden.Detta examensarbete syftar till att ta fram prototyper på automatiserade verktyg för ett första urval av möjliga etableringsområden. Arbetet utförs tillsammans med företaget NEKTAB som vill undersöka förutsättningarna för att utveckla ett eget verktyg för att standardisera urvalet och korta ned arbetstiden, detta genomförs med multikriterieanalys (MKA) och geografiska informationssystem (GIS). I arbetet med att ta fram automatiska modeller har två programvaror jämförts, ArcGIS Pro och FME, utifrån ett referensprojekt med Eon. För att uppnå detta har en viktningsmodell tagits fram som implementeras med MKA metoden weitghted linear combination (WLC). De två prototyperna jämförs genom celljämförelser utifrån en definierad klassning, framtagen utifrån referensprojektet och resultatet av jämförelsen visar på små skillnader mellan FME och ArcGIS Pro, men större skillnader i programmens stabilitet och hur de hanterar större datamängder.Slutsatser som dras är att både FME och ArcGIS Pro är användbara kandidater för ett generaliserat och utvecklat verktyg men att stabiliteten är bättre hos FME och därför mer lämplig att använda. Fortsatt arbete kommer krävas i den fortsatta utvecklingen av prototyperna tillsammans med en vidareutveckling av viktningen för att säkerställa att denna fungerar på större skala, med fler lokala och nationella intresseområden.

I denna studie studeras tre tidigmedeltida gravlagda individer från S:t Hans kyrka i Visby. Syftet med uppsatsen är att belysa tidigmedeltida hälsa i Visby samt studera begravningspraktiker. För att uppnå detta har en osteologisk analys utförts på skeletten med syfte att undersöka individernas ålder, kön och kroppslängd samt identifiera eventuella patologier och skelettala förändringar. Resultaten sätts sedan i kontext till de övriga individerna från S:t Hans för att ge ett helhetsperspektiv. Utöver detta studeras den rumsliga spridningen av gravarna i ArcGIS för att undersöka ifall några mönster uppstår bland de gravlagda som kan avslöja hur de valt att gravlägga dem döda. Teorin är att använda den sociala indelningen på en medeltida kyrkogård för att försöka förstå de resultat vi ser gällande hälsa och begravningspraktiker. Resultatet visar att den vanligaste sjukdomsgruppen bland de gravlagda var degenerativa förändringar. Det var även vanligt med infektioner, näringsbristsjukdomar och karies. Gällande den rumsliga analysen kunde inga tydliga mönster urskiljas. / In this study, three early medieval buried individuals from St. Hans church in Visby are studied. The purpose of this thesis is to highlight early medieval health in Visby as well as study burial practices. To achieve this, an osteological analysis has been performed on the skeletons with the purpose to examine the individuals age, sex and body length as well as identify eventual pathologies and skeletal changes. The results are then put in to context to the other individuals from St. Hans to give an overall perspective. Aside from this the spatial distribution of the graves are studied in ArcGIS to examine if any patterns emerge among the buried that can reveal how they chose to bury their dead. The theory is to use the social division at a medieval graveyard to try and understand the results we see regarding health and burial practices. The result show that the most common disease group among the buried were degenerative changes. It was also common with infections, metabolic diseases and caries. In regards to the spatial analysis, no clear patterns could be discerned.

Karlstads kommun innehar en så kallad solkarta vars syfte är att ge kommunens invånare en översikt över hur mycket solenergi som infaller på varje individuell takyta och kan användas som underlag för beslut om installation av solpaneler på byggnadstak. Kartan är interaktiv och sträcker sig över hela kommunen. Tyvärr brister den i detaljnivå utanför Karlstad tätort och skulle behöva en uppdatering. Syftet med studien är att undersöka metoder att utvinna tvådimensionella takplansytor enligt LOD2 utifrån byggnadsfotavtryck och punktmolnsdata, som sedan ska kunna lägga grunden till en interaktiv solkarta. Tre metoder för takplanssegmentering valdes ut som baserades på tre olika GIS-mjukvaror: ArcGIS Pro, Whitebox Tools och TerraScan. Studieområdet, beläget på industriområdet Våxnäs i Karlstad, bestod av 68 byggnader med varierande taktyper av olika hög komplexitet. En ytterligare dimension till studien var att två olika indatamängder jämfördes för varje segmenteringsmetod: ett högupplöst fotogrammetriskt framställt punktmoln utifrån bilder tagna med UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) samt ett lägre upplöst punktmoln insamlat med flygburen laserskanning. Totalt erhölls sex olika resultat som utvärderades efter fullständighet och utseende. Den högsta medelfullständigheten för varje metod var: 99,6 % för metoden baserad på TerraScan, 90,2 % för metoden baserad på Whitebox Tools och 82,0 % för metoden baserad på ArcGIS Pro. Gällande indatamängder gav UAV-datamängden ca 6 procentenheter bättre medelfullständighet för de två bästa metoderna och 10 procentenheter lägre för metoden som funkade sämst. Gällande användbarheten av resultaten är kontentan att TerraScan-metoden hade lagt en bra grund för en solkarta. Whitebox Tools-metoden hade sannolikt också kunnat vara användbar om en förbättrad generaliseringsalgoritm i efterbearbetningen hade applicerats. Studien diskuterar skillnader, felkällor samt nämner några ytterligare beprövade metoder som aldrig färdigställdes på grund av odugliga resultat. Problem som återstår att lösa är hantering av hål i punktmolnsdata inför takplanssegmentering. / Karlstad Municipality has what is known as a solar radiation map with the purpose of providing an overview of how much solar irradiance that is received by individual roof planes. It serves as a basis for decisions regarding the installation of solar panels on building roofs. The map is interactive and covers the entire municipality. Unfortunately, it lacks detail outside the city of Karlstad and would benefit from an update. The study aims to explore methods for extracting two-dimensional roof planes according to LOD2 (Level of Detail 2) using building footprints and point cloud data. The roof planes could later form the foundation for an interactive solar map. Three methods for roof segmentation were examined, each based on different software: ArcGIS Pro, Whitebox Tools, and TerraScan. The study area, located in the Våxnäs industrial area in Karlstad consisted of 68 buildings with varying roof types and complexities. An additional dimension to the study involved comparing two different input datasets for each segmentation method: a high-resolution photogrammetric point cloud generated from UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) images and a lower-resolution point cloud collected with airborne laser scanning. In total, six different results were evaluated based on completeness and appearance. The highest mean completeness for each method was: 99,6 % for the TerraScan-based method, 90,2 % for the Whitebox Tools-based method and 82,0 % for the ArcGIS Pro-based method. Regarding input datasets, the two best methods showed an increase of approximately 6 percentage points in mean completeness for the UAV dataset, while the least effective method showed a decrease of 10 percentage points. In terms of practicality, the TerraScan method provided a solid basis for a solar map. The Whitebox Tools method could most likely be usable if a better generalization algorithm in post-processing is cultivated. The study also discusses differences, potential sources of error, and mentions some additional methods that were not fully developed due to inadequate results. Remaining challenges include addressing gaps of missing data in point clouds before roof plane segmentation.

Thesis (M. Tech.) -- Central University of Technology, Free State, 2007 / In South Africa, water is a scarce resource and it has become very important to manage this resource effectively. The State developed a regulating framework, under the hospice of the Minister of Water Affairs and Forestry, which protects the country‟s water resources from over-exploitation by ensuring that it is protected, used, developed, conserved, and managed, in a sustainable and equitable manner. The laws and policies governing the use of water resources are contained in the National Water Act (South Africa, 1998), the National Water Policy (South Africa, 1997a), the National Water Resource Strategy, and the Water Services Act (South Africa, 1997b). In addition some water-related functions were transferred to Catchment Management Agencies and Water Users‟ Associations, and it is their task to ensure that the strategies, laws and policies are implemented. Effective water management can only be performed by making use of hydroinformatics which assists with simulations and estimations. As a result input data will be collected, added to a Relational Database Management System and output results generated. A Geographic Information System with the support of a geodatabase will allow users to store spatial and temporal data. The research project investigated different water-related data models (ArcHydro, Hydstra, GML, HYMOS, and WinHSPF), as well as hydrological modelling frameworks (BASINS, OMS, OpenMI, SPATSIM, and TIME) to determine whether they were adequate to assist with the decision making of water-related activities. It was found that these data models and hydrological modelling frameworks did not allow users to add new datasets to their existing data structures and in many cases only had a limited set of functions. For these reasons it was decided to develop a comprehensive, modifiable, geodatabase that will function in a modelling environment which will allow users to save their data in a centralised database. Additionally the functionality provided by other data models and modelling frameworks may be linked and used in the new modelling environment. A methodology that has been followed was to first establish the objectives of the research project, gather the necessary data, investigate various data models and hydrological modelling frameworks, determine the requirements for the modelling environment, design and create the modelling environment, design and create the geodatabase, and finally selecting the study area which will provide the research project with the necessary data. The following findings were made concerning the research project: firstly, that ArcHydro will be used as example data model to assist in designing the geodatabase. Secondly, that UML will be used as a development tool to assist with the development of the geodatabase. Thirdly, that the geodatabase will be generated from the XML schema and be made available to ArcCatalog. Fourthly, that data from different users/providers (Hydstra, Stats SA, Weather Bureau, Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, etc.) be inserted into the geodatabase. Fifthly, that any other hydrological modelling framework may make use of the data stored in the geodatabase. Finally, ArcGIS was selected as GIS application and Microsoft Access as a storage area.

GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and remote sensing techniques were used to predict relationships between bald eagle nest presences and land type, distance to land type and impervious surface cover area. Data plots revealed bald eagle nest presence decreases in response to an increase in area of bareland; increases with an increase in area of forested land; decreases with an increase in distance (m) to shoreline, and decreases in response to an increase in area of impervious surfaces. Logistic regression models identified impervious surfaces as an indicator for bald eagle nest presence (P 24% as unsuitable. Unsuitable area covered 17.82% of the total study area, impacted area covered 13.40%, and, sensitive area covered 68.77%. The projected increase in population in the state of Virginia and subsequent increase in impervious surfaces presents a challenge to the future viability of the Virginia Chesapeake Bay bald eagle population. The threshold analysis identified areas of prime conservation concern for bald eagle nest presence within the defined study area. These areas provide the basis for a conservation management plan and for further scientific study.

The diploma thesis deals with online map sources and the ability of using them in the Geography education on the 2nd grade of primary schools. The main goal is to create two map applications in the ArcGIS and worksheets and the possibility of applying them into the Geaography education in primary schools. The theoretical parts deals mainly with the issue of teaching Geography in primary schools and making of didactic tools, with focus on digital ones. In the practical part the author focuses on map applications, creating worksheets and their integration into the educational process. The practical part includes also a brief analysis of free accesible map sources and their usage in the educational process. At the end, there is an evaluation of the ability of using the ArcGIS applications in the education.